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Coney JM, McCoy JE, Buxy Sinha S, Sonbolian N, Zhou L, Hull TP, Lewis SA, Miller DG, Novak MA, Pendergast SD, Pham H, Platt SM, Rao LJ, Schartman JP, Singerman LJ, Donkor R, Fink M, Zubricky R, Karcher H. One-Year and 18-Month Outcomes in nAMD Patient Eyes Switched to Brolucizumab Alone versus to Brolucizumab Alternating with Other Anti-VEGF Agents. Clin Ophthalmol 2023; 17:3601-3611. [PMID: 38026599 PMCID: PMC10680460 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s432957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Retrospective, real-world study to evaluate visual acuity (VA), anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) injection intervals, and central macular thickness (CMT) in neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) eyes switched to brolucizumab only or to brolucizumab alternating with another anti-VEGF. Methods The overall study population comprised eyes that were given ≥1 brolucizumab injection between 1 October 2019 and 30 November 2021. The brolucizumab-only (BRO) cohort consisted of prior anti-VEGF-treated eyes treated exclusively with ≥3 brolucizumab injections over ≥12 or ≥18 months; the alternating brolucizumab (ALT) cohort comprised prior anti-VEGF-treated eyes treated with ≥2 brolucizumab injections and ≥1 other anti-VEGF over ≥12 or ≥18 months. Results A total of 482 eyes received ≥1 brolucizumab injection during the study period. Mean VA changes from baseline were -1.1±15.1 letters (BRO cohort; n = 174) and 1.3±13.0 letters (ALT cohort; n = 47) at Month 12, and 0.0±13.5 letters (BRO cohort; n = 95) and -7.3±17.2 letters (ALT cohort; n = 29) at Month 18. Mean changes in injection intervals were +26.9±48.1 days (BRO cohort) and +11.1±17.3 days (ALT cohort) at Month 12 and +36.3±52.3 days (BRO cohort) and +14.0±19.9 days (ALT cohort) at Month 18. Mean changes in CMT were -35.2±108.1 μm (BRO cohort) and -31.5±91.2 μm (ALT cohort) at Month 12 and -38.9±75.0 μm (BRO cohort) and -9.0±59.9 μm (ALT cohort) at Month 18. Intraocular inflammation-related adverse events were recorded in 22/482 (4.6%) eyes. Conclusion Treatment with either brolucizumab alone or brolucizumab alternating with another anti-VEGF can preserve vision, reduce CMT, and extend anti-VEGF injection intervals in patients with nAMD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Thomas P Hull
- Retina Associates of Cleveland Inc, Beachwood, OH, USA
| | - Shawn A Lewis
- Retina Associates of Cleveland Inc, Beachwood, OH, USA
| | | | | | | | - Hang Pham
- Retina Associates of Cleveland Inc, Beachwood, OH, USA
| | - Sean M Platt
- Retina Associates of Cleveland Inc, Beachwood, OH, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Margaret Fink
- Retina Associates of Cleveland Inc, Beachwood, OH, USA
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Coney JM, Zubricky R, Sinha SB, Sonbolian N, Zhou L, Hull TP, Lewis SA, Miller DG, Novak MA, Pendergast SD, Pham H, Platt SM, Rao LJ, Schartman JP, Singerman LJ, Donkor R, Fink M, McCoy J, Karcher H. Switching to brolucizumab: injection intervals and visual, anatomical and safety outcomes at 12 and 18 months in real-world eyes with neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Int J Retina Vitreous 2023; 9:8. [PMID: 36726178 PMCID: PMC9891747 DOI: 10.1186/s40942-023-00445-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) injection interval influences treatment burden and compliance in neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD). This real-world study investigates visual acuity (VA), injection-interval extension, central macular thickness (CMT) and safety in nAMD eyes switched to the anti-VEGF agent brolucizumab and followed for up to 18 months. METHODS This retrospective study included patients with nAMD who were switched from other anti-VEGF agents to brolucizumab only. Patient eyes were grouped into three nested cohorts with the overall cohort receiving ≥ 1 brolucizumab injection, the second receiving ≥ 3 brolucizumab injections with a follow-up period of ≥ 12 months and the third cohort receiving ≥ 3 brolucizumab injections with a follow-up period of ≥ 18 months. Study endpoints included changes from baseline at 12 or 18 months in VA, injection intervals, and CMT. Sub-group analyses were conducted using baseline injection interval length or baseline VA as qualifiers. RESULTS Overall, 482 eyes received ≥ 1 brolucizumab injection; 174 eyes received ≥ 3 brolucizumab injections with ≥ 12 months of follow-up, and 95 eyes received ≥ 3 brolucizumab injections with ≥ 18 months of follow-up. VA (mean [95% confidence intervals]) remained stable relative to baseline after 12 months (- 1.1 [- 3.7, 1.6] letters; p = 0.42) and 18 months (0.0 [- 3.1, 3.1] letters; p = 0.98) of brolucizumab treatment, respectively, and pre-switch injection intervals or baseline VA had no notable effect. Following the switch to brolucizumab, injection intervals were extended from baseline to month 12 by 26.9 (19.7, 34.0) days (p < 0.0001), and eyes with pre-switch injection intervals < 8 weeks were able to have their injection intervals extended by 23.6 days longer than eyes with pre-switch injection intervals ≥ 8 weeks. At 18 months, injection intervals were extended by 36.3 (25.6, 46.9) days (p < 0.0001) compared to baseline. Following switch to brolucizumab, CMT was reduced at both 12 and 18 months (12 months: - 35.2 (- 51.7, - 18.8) µm, p < 0.0001; 18 months: - 38.9 (- 54.3, - 22.0) µm, p < 0.0001). Intraocular inflammation-related adverse events were reported in 4.6% of brolucizumab-treated eyes. CONCLUSIONS This real-world study demonstrates that injection intervals may be significantly extended with maintained vision and reduced CMT in nAMD eyes switching to brolucizumab therapy from other anti-VEGFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M. Coney
- Retina Associates of Cleveland Inc, 24075 Commerce Park, Beachwood, OH 44122 USA
| | | | | | - Nina Sonbolian
- grid.419481.10000 0001 1515 9979Novartis AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Thomas P. Hull
- Retina Associates of Cleveland Inc, 24075 Commerce Park, Beachwood, OH 44122 USA
| | - Shawn A. Lewis
- Retina Associates of Cleveland Inc, 24075 Commerce Park, Beachwood, OH 44122 USA
| | - David G. Miller
- Retina Associates of Cleveland Inc, 24075 Commerce Park, Beachwood, OH 44122 USA
| | - Michael A. Novak
- Retina Associates of Cleveland Inc, 24075 Commerce Park, Beachwood, OH 44122 USA
| | - Scott D. Pendergast
- Retina Associates of Cleveland Inc, 24075 Commerce Park, Beachwood, OH 44122 USA
| | - Hang Pham
- Retina Associates of Cleveland Inc, 24075 Commerce Park, Beachwood, OH 44122 USA
| | - Sean M. Platt
- Retina Associates of Cleveland Inc, 24075 Commerce Park, Beachwood, OH 44122 USA
| | - Llewelyn J. Rao
- Retina Associates of Cleveland Inc, 24075 Commerce Park, Beachwood, OH 44122 USA
| | - Jerome P. Schartman
- Retina Associates of Cleveland Inc, 24075 Commerce Park, Beachwood, OH 44122 USA
| | | | - Richard Donkor
- Retina Associates of Cleveland Inc, 24075 Commerce Park, Beachwood, OH 44122 USA
| | - Margaret Fink
- Retina Associates of Cleveland Inc, 24075 Commerce Park, Beachwood, OH 44122 USA
| | - Jasmyne McCoy
- Retina Associates of Cleveland Inc, 24075 Commerce Park, Beachwood, OH 44122 USA
| | - Helene Karcher
- grid.419481.10000 0001 1515 9979Novartis AG, Basel, Switzerland
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Zubricky RD, Platt SM. Comparison of Face-down Positioning Durations Following Silicone Oil Tamponade. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina 2022; 53:285-292. [PMID: 35575742 DOI: 10.3928/23258160-20220415-02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the rate and timing of retinal redetachments and other complications following pars plana vitrectomy for retinal detachment repair with silicone oil tamponade and the effect of face-down positioning duration on these endpoints. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective study was performed on patients with retinal detachment repair via pars plana vitrectomy with silicone oil tamponade between 2015 and 2020. Surgery was performed by 10 physicians associated with a private retina practice in Cleveland, Ohio. Duration of postoperative face-down positioning was noted and patients were grouped by short (≤6 days) or long (≥7 days) durations. Outcome variables were retinal re-detachment, epiretinal membrane formation, cataract formation, and other complications. Timing and frequency of outcomes were noted and statistical analysis was performed. RESULTS The study was composed of 227 eyes. The mean age of patients was 62.09±13.65 years with 143 (63.00%) male and 84 (37.00%) female. Of the initial detachments, 63 (27.88%) were macula-on and 163 (72.12%) were macula-off. Overall, 128 (56.39%) patients were given instructions for face-down positioning for 6 days or less and 99 (43.61%) patients for 7 days or more. Retinal redetachment was seen in 42.19% of patients with face-down positioning ≤6 days and 29.29% of patients with face-down positioning ≥7 days (P = .045). No significant difference was found in epiretinal membrane formation or cataract formation (P >.05). CONCLUSION There was a lower rate of redetachment in patients who kept a face-down position for ≥7 days compared with ≤6 days. Further study to determine causality between duration of postoperative face-down positioning and retinal redetachment is recommended. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina. 2022;53:285-292.].
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Miller CW, Wilneff MA, Wuller AL, Platt SM, Schartman JP, Lewis SA, Rao LJ, Wuller SL, Miller DG. Frequency and Symptoms of Intravitreal Silicone Oil Droplets Following Becton Dickinson and Norm-Ject Bevacizumab Injections. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina 2022; 53:108-112. [PMID: 35148214 DOI: 10.3928/23258160-20220124-03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE To determine silicone oil droplet frequency and symptomatic impact in patients injected with Norm-Ject (NJ) and/or Becton Dickinson (BD) intravitreal bevacizumab. PATIENTS AND METHODS This was a retrospective cohort study of 426 patients with prior bevacizumab injection(s). Symptomatic floaters questionnaire responses were compiled and statistical analysis was performed using Fisher's exact t test with 95% CI calculated via the modified Wald method. RESULTS Patients who received BD intravitreal bevacizumab showed more droplets (67.2%) than those who received NJ intravitreal bevacizumab (7.8%), and droplets increased with injection quantity. However, the symptomatic patients reporting new floaters were similar (NJ: 39.22%, BD: 39.47%). [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina. 2022;53:108-112.].
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Platt SM, Barkmeier AJ. Endoscope-assisted scleral buckle procedure. Int J Retina Vitreous 2020; 6:52. [PMID: 33292773 PMCID: PMC7659157 DOI: 10.1186/s40942-020-00260-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinal reattachment surgery requires clear visualization of the posterior segment for optimal outcomes. Select patients may benefit most from primary scleral buckling without vitrectomy, but lack adequate posterior segment ophthalmoscopic visualization to use standard techniques. CASE PRESENTATION The authors describe a retinal reattachment technique utilizing endoscope-assisted visualization to perform a primary scleral buckle procedure for a 34yo female with Peters' Anomaly and a macula-sparing retinal detachment. Retinal reattachment was achieved with a single procedure and she remained stable with preservation of baseline visual acuity at 30 months follow-up. CONCLUSION In cases where a primary scleral buckle procedure is the preferred retinal detachment repair technique but posterior segment visualization is limited, intraoperative fundus examination, cryotherapy administration, and scleral buckle positioning can be facilitated with intraocular endoscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M Platt
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.,Retina Associates of Cleveland, Inc., Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Andrew J Barkmeier
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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Platt SM, Iezzi R, Mahr MA, Erie JC. Surgical removal of dystrophic calcification on a silicone intraocular lens in association with asteroid hyalosis. J Cataract Refract Surg 2019; 43:1608-1610. [PMID: 29335107 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrs.2017.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 09/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We present a case of successful removal of late calcium deposition on the posterior surface of a silicone intraocular lens (IOL) optic in association with asteroid hyalosis using a surgical technique that included pars plana vitrectomy, a lighted pick, and a modified silicone-tipped cannula. The lighted pick provided the most efficient and complete removal of calcium deposits. Postoperatively, the dystrophic calcification was removed and the IOL optic was clear at 6 months follow-up. The patient's symptoms resolved and uncorrected distance visual acuity returned to 20/20. This method can be considered in patients with dystrophic calcification of a silicone IOL in association with asteroid hyalosis and might avoid the need for IOL exchange and its associated complications and uncertain refractive outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean M Platt
- From the Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Raymond Iezzi
- From the Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Michael A Mahr
- From the Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jay C Erie
- From the Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA.
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Platt SM, El Haddad I, Pieber SM, Zardini AA, Suarez-Bertoa R, Clairotte M, Daellenbach KR, Huang RJ, Slowik JG, Hellebust S, Temime-Roussel B, Marchand N, de Gouw J, Jimenez JL, Hayes PL, Robinson AL, Baltensperger U, Astorga C, Prévôt ASH. Gasoline cars produce more carbonaceous particulate matter than modern filter-equipped diesel cars. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4926. [PMID: 28706240 PMCID: PMC5509693 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03714-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbonaceous particulate matter (PM), comprising black carbon (BC), primary organic aerosol (POA) and secondary organic aerosol (SOA, from atmospheric aging of precursors), is a highly toxic vehicle exhaust component. Therefore, understanding vehicle pollution requires knowledge of both primary emissions, and how these emissions age in the atmosphere. We provide a systematic examination of carbonaceous PM emissions and parameterisation of SOA formation from modern diesel and gasoline cars at different temperatures (22, -7 °C) during controlled laboratory experiments. Carbonaceous PM emission and SOA formation is markedly higher from gasoline than diesel particle filter (DPF) and catalyst-equipped diesel cars, more so at -7 °C, contrasting with nitrogen oxides (NOX). Higher SOA formation from gasoline cars and primary emission reductions for diesels implies gasoline cars will increasingly dominate vehicular total carbonaceous PM, though older non-DPF-equipped diesels will continue to dominate the primary fraction for some time. Supported by state-of-the-art source apportionment of ambient fossil fuel derived PM, our results show that whether gasoline or diesel cars are more polluting depends on the pollutant in question, i.e. that diesel cars are not necessarily worse polluters than gasoline cars.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Platt
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, CH-5232, Villigen, Switzerland
- NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, PO Box 100, 2027, Kjeller, Norway
| | - I El Haddad
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, CH-5232, Villigen, Switzerland.
| | - S M Pieber
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, CH-5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - A A Zardini
- European Commission Joint Research Centre, Directorate for Energy, Transport and Climate, Sustainable Transport Unit, 21027, Ispra, (VA), Italy
| | - R Suarez-Bertoa
- European Commission Joint Research Centre, Directorate for Energy, Transport and Climate, Sustainable Transport Unit, 21027, Ispra, (VA), Italy
| | - M Clairotte
- European Commission Joint Research Centre, Directorate for Energy, Transport and Climate, Sustainable Transport Unit, 21027, Ispra, (VA), Italy
| | - K R Daellenbach
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, CH-5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - R-J Huang
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, CH-5232, Villigen, Switzerland
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - J G Slowik
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, CH-5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - S Hellebust
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCE, Marseille, France
- Central Statistics Office, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - N Marchand
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, LCE, Marseille, France
| | - J de Gouw
- NOAA Earth System Research Laboratory, Boulder, CO, USA
- CIRES, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - J L Jimenez
- CIRES, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - P L Hayes
- Département de Chimie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - A L Robinson
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - U Baltensperger
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, CH-5232, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - C Astorga
- European Commission Joint Research Centre, Directorate for Energy, Transport and Climate, Sustainable Transport Unit, 21027, Ispra, (VA), Italy
| | - A S H Prévôt
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, CH-5232, Villigen, Switzerland.
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Singh AD, Platt SM, Lystad L, Lowe M, Oh S, Jones SE, Alzahrani Y, Plesec T. Optic Nerve Assessment Using 7-Tesla Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Ocul Oncol Pathol 2016; 2:178-80. [PMID: 27239461 DOI: 10.1159/000443650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to correlate high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and histologic findings in a case of juxtapapillary choroidal melanoma with clinical evidence of optic nerve invasion. METHODS With institutional review board approval, an enucleated globe with choroidal melanoma and optic nerve invasion was imaged using a 7-tesla MRI followed by histopathologic evaluation. RESULTS Optical coherence tomography, B-scan ultrasonography, and 1.5-tesla MRI of the orbit (1-mm sections) could not detect optic disc invasion. Ex vivo, 7-tesla MRI detected optic nerve invasion, which correlated with histopathologic features. CONCLUSIONS Our case demonstrates the potential to document the existence of optic nerve invasion in the presence of an intraocular tumor, a feature that has a major bearing on decision making, particularly for consideration of enucleation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arun D Singh
- Department of Ophthalmic Oncology, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Sean M Platt
- Department of Ophthalmic Oncology, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Lisa Lystad
- Department of Ophthalmic Oncology, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Mark Lowe
- Imaging Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Sehong Oh
- Imaging Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Yahya Alzahrani
- Department of Ophthalmic Oncology, Cole Eye Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Thomas Plesec
- Pathology Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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Abstract
PURPOSE To describe a clinical case of an orbital paraganglioma that displayed regression after biopsy alone. METHODS Case report. RESULTS A 75-year-old female was examined for a right orbital tumor suspected to be metastatic breast carcinoma. An orbital biopsy was performed with significant hemorrhage encountered requiring extensive cautery. There was apparent clinical regression of the tumor with no signs of proptosis or eye movement restriction two years after this patient's biopsy. Histology was consistent with paraganglioma (glomus tumor). CONCLUSION Although we cannot rule out spontaneous regression of this unique tumor, we postulate that tissue necrosis caused by the use of cautery induced regression. Unless encapsulated and easily accessible, we suggest that the best management of this rare tumor is that of observation after being found negative for malignancy by biopsy given their propensity for slow progression and in rare cases, regression.
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Platt SM. A review of current practices for fire alarm detection systems in UK NHS hospitals. Health Estate J 1990; 44:4-7. [PMID: 10105135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
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Platt SM. A review of lighting standards for NHS hospitals and health care buildings. J Inst Hosp Eng 1988; 42:18-20. [PMID: 10287659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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