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Kreitzman M, Eyster H, Mitchell M, Czajewska A, Keeley K, Smukler S, Sullivan N, Verster A, Chan KMA. Woody perennial polycultures in the U.S. Midwest enhance biodiversity and ecosystem functions. Ecosphere 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maayan Kreitzman
- Institute for Resources Environment, and Sustainability University of British Columbia 429‐2202 Main Mall Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Harold Eyster
- Institute for Resources Environment, and Sustainability University of British Columbia 429‐2202 Main Mall Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Matthew Mitchell
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems University of British Columbia 2357 Main Mall Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Aldona Czajewska
- Institute for Resources Environment, and Sustainability University of British Columbia 429‐2202 Main Mall Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z4 Canada
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems University of British Columbia 2357 Main Mall Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Keefe Keeley
- Savanna Institute 1360 Regent Street Madison Wisconsin 53715 USA
- Gaylord Nelson Institute for Environmental Studies University of Wisconsin‐Madison 550 North Park Street Madison Wisconsin 53706 USA
| | - Sean Smukler
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems University of British Columbia 2357 Main Mall Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Noah Sullivan
- Institute for Resources Environment, and Sustainability University of British Columbia 429‐2202 Main Mall Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Adrian Verster
- Biostatistics and Modeling Division Bureau of Food Surveillance and Science Integration Food Directorate, Health Canada 251 Sir Frederick Banting Driveway Ottawa Ontario K1A 0K9 Canada
| | - Kai M. A. Chan
- Institute for Resources Environment, and Sustainability University of British Columbia 429‐2202 Main Mall Vancouver British Columbia V6T 1Z4 Canada
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Harder R, Mullinix K, Smukler S. Assessing the Circularity of Nutrient Flows Across Nested Scales for Four Food System Scenarios in the Okanagan Bioregion, BC Canada. Front Sustain Food Syst 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2021.661870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In light of continued nutrient pollution in water bodies and anticipated insecurities related to future nutrient supplies, there is an increasing awareness of the need to use nutrients in a more circular way. As part of a food system design study in the Okanagan bioregion, BC Canada we set out to evaluate different food system scenarios for the year 2050 in terms of nutrient circularity. In doing so, the objective was to evaluate the circularity of nutrient flows not only in the Okanagan, but also in relation to exogenous regions, insofar as nutrient flows relate to feed and food consumption and production in the Okanagan. This is important because feed and food trade means that nutrient inputs to crop production in the Okanagan may make their way into organic residuals outside the Okanagan, and vice versa. If not accounted for, this may lead to a distorted picture when analyzing nutrient circularity. To this effect, we applied an analytical framework and calculation model that explicitly tracks nutrients from crop production to organic residual generation. The results of the study suggest that assessing nutrient circularity across nested scales was critical for two reasons. First, changes in overall nutrient flows in response to population increase and dietary change were found to be more pronounced outside the Okanagan. Second, our analysis clearly revealed the extent to which feed and food trade boost nutrient self-reliance in the Okanagan at the expense of nutrient self-reliance outside the Okanagan. This kind of analysis should therefore be useful to explore, ideally together with food system and organic residual management actors, how different food system and organic residual management scenarios perform in terms of nutrient circularity, in the geographical area being considered, but also how it impacts nutrient flows and circularity in the places with which feed and food are traded.
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Kreitzman M, Toensmeier E, Chan KMA, Smukler S, Ramankutty N. Perennial Staple Crops: Yields, Distribution, and Nutrition in the Global Food System. Front Sustain Food Syst 2020. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2020.588988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Staple crops, which have large amounts of carbohydrates, proteins, and/or fats, provide the bulk of calories in people's diets. Perennial plants, which can be productive for many years without the need for replanting, can produce staple foods and environmental benefits, but their agronomic and nutritional properties haven't been considered synthetically in comparison to annual staples. Here we offer a framework to classify perennial staple crops according to their nutritional categories and cultivation status. We assemble literature to report on the yield potential of 51 perennial staple crops, only 15 of which are well-characterized in existing global datasets. We show the extent and distribution of perennial staple crop production in relation to annual crop types, calculate the carbon stocks they hold, and analyze their nutritional content for three macronutrients and nine micronutrients. We found that most perennial staple crops are regional crops (not globally traded) that grow in the subtropics to tropics. At least one perennial staple crop in each of the five nutritional categories has yields over 2.5 t/ha, in some cases considerably higher, competitive with and in many cases exceeding those of nutritionally comparable annual staples. Perennial staple crops only comprise ~4.5% of total cropland. They hold a modest ~11.4 GtC above and below ground, less than one third of the anthropogenic carbon-equivalent emissions for the year 2018, but more than the ~9 GtC held by the same amount of annual cropland. If linear growth in land under perennial staple production continues to 2040, and replaces only annual cropland, an additional ~0.95 GtC could be sequestered. Many perennial crops also had competitive macronutrient density and yield (per unit area) compared to annual staples; moreover, specific perennial staples are abundant in specific micronutrients, indicating that they can be a nutrient-dense part of diets, unlike the most ubiquitous annual staple crops (corn, wheat, rice) that do not appear in the top 85th percentile for any of the nine micronutrients analyzed. Transition of land and diets to perennial staple crops, if judiciously managed, can provide win-win solutions for both food production and ecosystems.
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Falardeau J, Walji K, Haure M, Fong K, Taylor G, Ma Y, Smukler S, Wang S. Native bacterial communities and Listeria monocytogenes survival in soils collected from the Lower Mainland of British Columbia, Canada. Can J Microbiol 2018; 64:695-705. [PMID: 29775543 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2018-0115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Soil is an important reservoir for Listeria monocytogenes, a foodborne pathogen implicated in numerous produce-related outbreaks. Our objectives were to (i) compare the survival of L. monocytogenes among three soils, (ii) compare the native bacterial communities across these soils, and (iii) investigate relationships between L. monocytogenes survival, native bacterial communities, and soil properties. Listeria spp. populations were monitored on PALCAM agar in three soils inoculated with L. monocytogenes (∼5 × 106 CFU/g): conventionally farmed (CS), grassland transitioning to conventionally farmed (TS), and uncultivated grassland (GS). Bacterial diversity of the soils was analyzed using 16S rRNA targeted amplicon sequencing. A 2 log reduction of Listeria spp. was observed in all soils within 10 days, but at a significantly lower rate in GS (Fisher's least significant difference test; p < 0.05). Survival correlated with increased moisture and a neutral pH. GS showed the highest microbial diversity. Acidobacteria was the dominant phylum differentiating CS and TS from GS, and was negatively correlated with pH, carbon, nitrogen, and moisture. High moisture content and neutral pH are likely to increase the ability of L. monocytogenes to persist in soil. This study confirmed that native bacterial communities and short-term survival of L. monocytogenes varies across soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Falardeau
- a Food, Nutrition and Health, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Khalil Walji
- b Applied Biology and Soil Science, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Maxime Haure
- c Agri-food engineering, Agrosup Dijon, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Karen Fong
- a Food, Nutrition and Health, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Greg Taylor
- d British Columbia Genome Sciences Centre, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - Yussanne Ma
- d British Columbia Genome Sciences Centre, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4S6, Canada
| | - Sean Smukler
- b Applied Biology and Soil Science, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Siyun Wang
- a Food, Nutrition and Health, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
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Maltais-Landry G, Neufeld K, Poon D, Grant N, Nesic Z, Smukler S. Protection from wintertime rainfall reduces nutrient losses and greenhouse gas emissions during the decomposition of poultry and horse manure-based amendments. J Air Waste Manag Assoc 2018; 68:377-388. [PMID: 29215969 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2017.1409294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Manure-based soil amendments (herein "amendments") are important fertility sources, but differences among amendment types and management can significantly affect their nutrient value and environmental impacts. A 6-month in situ decomposition experiment was conducted to determine how protection from wintertime rainfall affected nutrient losses and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in poultry (broiler chicken and turkey) and horse amendments. Changes in total nutrient concentration were measured every 3 months, changes in ammonium (NH4+) and nitrate (NO3-) concentrations every month, and GHG emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) every 7-14 days. Poultry amendments maintained higher nutrient concentrations (except for K), higher emissions of CO2 and N2O, and lower CH4 emissions than horse amendments. Exposing amendments to rainfall increased total N and NH4+ losses in poultry amendments, P losses in turkey and horse amendments, and K losses and cumulative N2O emissions for all amendments. However, it did not affect CO2 or CH4 emissions. Overall, rainfall exposure would decrease total N inputs by 37% (horse), 59% (broiler chicken), or 74% (turkey) for a given application rate (wet weight basis) after 6 months of decomposition, with similar losses for NH4+ (69-96%), P (41-73%), and K (91-97%). This study confirms the benefits of facilities protected from rainfall to reduce nutrient losses and GHG emissions during amendment decomposition. IMPLICATIONS The impact of rainfall protection on nutrient losses and GHG emissions was monitored during the decomposition of broiler chicken, turkey, and horse manure-based soil amendments. Amendments exposed to rainfall had large ammonium and potassium losses, resulting in a 37-74% decrease in N inputs when compared with amendments protected from rainfall. Nitrous oxide emissions were also higher with rainfall exposure, although it had no effect on carbon dioxide and methane emissions. Overall, this work highlights the benefits of rainfall protection during amendment decomposition to reduce nutrient losses and GHG emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Maltais-Landry
- a Soil and Water Sciences Department , University of Florida , Gainesville , FL , USA
- b Faculty of Land and Food Systems , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada
| | - Katarina Neufeld
- b Faculty of Land and Food Systems , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada
| | - David Poon
- c British Columbia Ministry of Agriculture , Abbotsford , British Columbia , Canada
| | - Nicholas Grant
- b Faculty of Land and Food Systems , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada
| | - Zoran Nesic
- b Faculty of Land and Food Systems , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada
| | - Sean Smukler
- b Faculty of Land and Food Systems , University of British Columbia , Vancouver , British Columbia , Canada
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Harvey CA, Chacón M, Donatti CI, Garen E, Hannah L, Andrade A, Bede L, Brown D, Calle A, Chará J, Clement C, Gray E, Hoang MH, Minang P, Rodríguez AM, Seeberg‐Elverfeldt C, Semroc B, Shames S, Smukler S, Somarriba E, Torquebiau E, Etten J, Wollenberg E. Climate‐Smart Landscapes: Opportunities and Challenges for Integrating Adaptation and Mitigation in Tropical Agriculture. Conserv Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Celia A. Harvey
- The Betty and Gordon Moore Center for Science and Oceans Conservation International 2011 Crystal Drive Suite 500 Arlington VA 22202 USA
| | - Mario Chacón
- The Betty and Gordon Moore Center for Science and Oceans Conservation International 2011 Crystal Drive Suite 500 Arlington VA 22202 USA
| | - Camila I. Donatti
- The Betty and Gordon Moore Center for Science and Oceans Conservation International 2011 Crystal Drive Suite 500 Arlington VA 22202 USA
| | - Eva Garen
- The Betty and Gordon Moore Center for Science and Oceans Conservation International 2011 Crystal Drive Suite 500 Arlington VA 22202 USA
- The Environmental Leadership & Training Initiative (ELTI) Yale University 195 Prospect St. New Haven CT 06511 USA
| | - Lee Hannah
- The Betty and Gordon Moore Center for Science and Oceans Conservation International 2011 Crystal Drive Suite 500 Arlington VA 22202 USA
| | - Angela Andrade
- Conservation International—Colombia Colombia Carrera 13 No. 71–41 Bogotá Colombia
| | - Lucio Bede
- Conservation International—Brazil R. Tenente Renato César 78 30380–110 Belo Horizonte MG Brazil
| | - Douglas Brown
- World Vision International 1 World Drive Mississuaga Ontario L5T 2Y4 Canada
| | - Alicia Calle
- The Environmental Leadership & Training Initiative (ELTI) Yale University 195 Prospect St. New Haven CT 06511 USA
| | - Julian Chará
- Centre for Research on Sustainable Agricultural Production Systems (CIPAV) Carrera 25 No 6–62 Cali Colombia
| | - Christopher Clement
- University of Vermont Gund Institute 617 Main Street Burlington VT 05405 USA
- Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security Research Program (CCAFS) CGIAR 62 Cali Colombia
| | - Elizabeth Gray
- Africa Program, The Nature Conservancy 1917 First Avenue Seattle WA 98101 USA
| | - Minh Ha Hoang
- World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF) P.O. Box 30677 GPO 00100 Nairobi Kenya
| | - Peter Minang
- World Agroforestry Center (ICRAF) P.O. Box 30677 GPO 00100 Nairobi Kenya
| | - Ana María Rodríguez
- The Betty and Gordon Moore Center for Science and Oceans Conservation International 2011 Crystal Drive Suite 500 Arlington VA 22202 USA
| | - Christina Seeberg‐Elverfeldt
- FAO, Climate, Energy and Tenure Division (NRC) Viale delle Terme di Carcalla Rome 00153 Italy
- Federal German Ministry of Economic Development and Cooperation (BMZ) Dahlmannstrasse 4 Bonn 53113 Germany
| | - Bambi Semroc
- The Center for Environmental Leadership in Business (CELB) Conservation International 2011 Crystal Drive Suite 500 Arlington VA 22202 USA
| | - Seth Shames
- EcoAgriculture Partners 1100 17th St. NW, Suite 600 Washington DC 20036 USA
| | - Sean Smukler
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems The University of British Columbia MCML 123, 2357 Main Mall Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Eduardo Somarriba
- CATIE, The Tropical Agricultural Research and Higher Education Center Apdo 7170 Turrialba Costa Rica
| | - Emmanuel Torquebiau
- French Agricultural Research Center for International Development (CIRAD), UR 102 Avenue Agropolis Montpellier 34398 France
| | - Jacob Etten
- Bioversity International Regional Office for the Americas Recta Cali‐Palmira km 17 Palmira Colombia
| | - Eva Wollenberg
- University of Vermont Gund Institute 617 Main Street Burlington VT 05405 USA
- Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security Research Program (CCAFS) CGIAR 62 Cali Colombia
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Jain M, Prager C, Flynn D, Devan C, Hart G, Ahrestani F, Bunker D, Palmer M, Smukler S, Sircely J, Naeem S. Commonness and rarity of species: Does species' rank influence contribution to ecosystem function? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1038/npre.2010.5243.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAcross the globe, biodiversity loss is occurring at an unprecedented rate. Rare species are especially susceptible to extinction, given that they typically have small population sizes and restricted geographic ranges, are less adaptable to disturbances, and are greater habitat specialists. However, while rare species may be prone to extinction, it remains unclear whether the loss of rare species is important to ecosystem function. In addition, it is important to consider the way in which rarity is defined, given that there are multiple definitions of rarity based on a species' geographic range, habitat specificity, and abundance in a community. Therefore, to better understand the contribution of rare species to community function, our study has two goals: 1) to determine whether rare species contribute to community trait space, which serves as a proxy for ecosystem function, more than common species; 2) to determine if the effect of rare species differs based on the definition of rarity employed. Using grassland data from Cedar Creek Minnesota, we assessed the importance of rare species on community trait space. We found that rare species have an equal effect on trait space as common species, except in the case of rarity defined as mean abundance. This suggests that when defining rarity by geographic range and habitat specificity, rare species may play an important role in ecosystem functioning due to their unique contribution to trait space. When considering local abundance of species, however, rare species contribute less than common species to trait space, possibly due to habitat filtering. These results suggest that the importance of rare species to trait space, and possible ecosystem function, depend on the definition of rarity employed.
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