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Donald PF, Buchanan GM, Balmford A, Bingham H, Couturier AR, la Rosa GE, Gacheru P, Herzog SK, Jathar G, Kingston N, Marnewick D, Maurer G, Reaney L, Shmygaleva T, Sklyarenko S, Stevens CM, Butchart SH. The prevalence, characteristics and effectiveness of Aichi Target 11′s “other effective area‐based conservation measures” (OECMs) in Key Biodiversity Areas. Conserv Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/conl.12659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Paul F. Donald
- BirdLife International The David Attenborough Building, Pembroke St Cambridge UK
- Conservation Science Group, Department of ZoologyUniversity of Cambridge Cambridge UK
| | | | - Andrew Balmford
- Conservation Science Group, Department of ZoologyUniversity of Cambridge Cambridge UK
| | - Heather Bingham
- UN Environment World Conservation Monitoring Centre Cambridge UK
| | | | - Gregorio E. la Rosa
- Haribon Foundation for the Conservation of Natural Resources, Inc. Quezon City the Philippines
| | | | | | - Girish Jathar
- Bombay Natural History Society Mumbai Maharashtra India
| | - Naomi Kingston
- UN Environment World Conservation Monitoring Centre Cambridge UK
| | | | - Golo Maurer
- BirdLife AustraliaNorth Australia Office Cairns Queensland Australia
- Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Studies, College of Science and EngineeringJames Cook University Cairns QLD Australia
| | - Leeann Reaney
- BirdLife AustraliaNorth Australia Office Cairns Queensland Australia
| | - Tatyana Shmygaleva
- Association for the Conservation of Biodiversity in Kazakhstan Beibitshilik 18 Astana 020000 Kazakhstan
| | - Sergey Sklyarenko
- Association for the Conservation of Biodiversity in Kazakhstan Beibitshilik 18 Astana 020000 Kazakhstan
| | | | - Stuart H.M. Butchart
- BirdLife International The David Attenborough Building, Pembroke St Cambridge UK
- Conservation Science Group, Department of ZoologyUniversity of Cambridge Cambridge UK
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Herzog SK, Hamel-Leigue AC, Larsen TH, Mann DJ, Soria-Auza RW, Gill BD, Edmonds WD, Spector S. Elevational distribution and conservation biogeography of phanaeine dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeinae) in Bolivia. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64963. [PMID: 23717678 PMCID: PMC3661563 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Insect macroecology and conservation biogeography studies are disproportionately scarce, especially in the Neotropics. Dung beetles are an ideal focal taxon for biodiversity research and conservation. Using distribution and body size data on the ecologically important Phanaeini, the best-known Neotropical dung beetle tribe, we determined elevational patterns of species richness, endemism, body size, and elevational range in Bolivia, specifically testing Bergmann’s and Rapoport’s rule. Richness of all 39 species and of 15 ecoregional endemics showed a hump-shaped pattern peaking at 400 m, but overall declined strongly with elevation up to 4000 m. The relationship between endemic and total species richness appeared to be curvilinear, providing only partial support for the null hypothesis that species-rich areas are more likely to be centers of endemism by chance alone. An elevational increase in the proportion of ecoregional endemics suggests that deterministic factors also appear to influence endemism in the Andes. When controlling for the effect of area using different species-area relationships, the statistically significant richness peak became more pronounced and shifted upslope to 750 m. Larger species did not have higher elevational mid-points, and mean body size decreased significantly with elevation, contradicting Bergmann’s rule. Rapoport’s rule was supported: species with higher elevational mid-points had broader elevational ranges, and mean elevational range increased significantly with elevation. The elevational decrease of phanaeine richness is in accordance with studies that demonstrated the combined influence of temperature and water availability on species diversity, but also is consistent with niche conservatism. For invertebrates, confirmation of Rapoport’s and refutation of Bergmann’s rule appear to be scale-invariant general patterns. Analyses of biogeographic patterns across elevational gradients can provide important insights for identifying conservation priorities. Phanaeines with narrow elevational ranges on isolated low-elevation mountains in eastern Bolivia are at greatest climate-change related extinction risk from range-shift gaps and mountaintop extinctions.
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Swenson JJ, Young BE, Beck S, Comer P, Córdova JH, Dyson J, Embert D, Encarnación F, Ferreira W, Franke I, Grossman D, Hernandez P, Herzog SK, Josse C, Navarro G, Pacheco V, Stein BA, Timaná M, Tovar A, Tovar C, Vargas J, Zambrana-Torrelio CM. Plant and animal endemism in the eastern Andean slope: challenges to conservation. BMC Ecol 2012; 12:1. [PMID: 22284854 PMCID: PMC3311091 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6785-12-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Andes-Amazon basin of Peru and Bolivia is one of the most data-poor, biologically rich, and rapidly changing areas of the world. Conservation scientists agree that this area hosts extremely high endemism, perhaps the highest in the world, yet we know little about the geographic distributions of these species and ecosystems within country boundaries. To address this need, we have developed conservation data on endemic biodiversity (~800 species of birds, mammals, amphibians, and plants) and terrestrial ecological systems (~90; groups of vegetation communities resulting from the action of ecological processes, substrates, and/or environmental gradients) with which we conduct a fine scale conservation prioritization across the Amazon watershed of Peru and Bolivia. We modelled the geographic distributions of 435 endemic plants and all 347 endemic vertebrate species, from existing museum and herbaria specimens at a regional conservation practitioner's scale (1:250,000-1:1,000,000), based on the best available tools and geographic data. We mapped ecological systems, endemic species concentrations, and irreplaceable areas with respect to national level protected areas. RESULTS We found that sizes of endemic species distributions ranged widely (< 20 km2 to > 200,000 km2) across the study area. Bird and mammal endemic species richness was greatest within a narrow 2500-3000 m elevation band along the length of the Andes Mountains. Endemic amphibian richness was highest at 1000-1500 m elevation and concentrated in the southern half of the study area. Geographical distribution of plant endemism was highly taxon-dependent. Irreplaceable areas, defined as locations with the highest number of species with narrow ranges, overlapped slightly with areas of high endemism, yet generally exhibited unique patterns across the study area by species group. We found that many endemic species and ecological systems are lacking national-level protection; a third of endemic species have distributions completely outside of national protected areas. Protected areas cover only 20% of areas of high endemism and 20% of irreplaceable areas. Almost 40% of the 91 ecological systems are in serious need of protection (= < 2% of their ranges protected). CONCLUSIONS We identify for the first time, areas of high endemic species concentrations and high irreplaceability that have only been roughly indicated in the past at the continental scale. We conclude that new complementary protected areas are needed to safeguard these endemics and ecosystems. An expansion in protected areas will be challenged by geographically isolated micro-endemics, varied endemic patterns among taxa, increasing deforestation, resource extraction, and changes in climate. Relying on pre-existing collections, publically accessible datasets and tools, this working framework is exportable to other regions plagued by incomplete conservation data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J Swenson
- NatureServe, 4600 North Fairfax Drive, Floor 7, Arlington, VA 22203, USA
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Box 90328, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Bruce E Young
- NatureServe, 4600 North Fairfax Drive, Floor 7, Arlington, VA 22203, USA
| | - Stephan Beck
- Herbario Nacional de Bolivia, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Pat Comer
- NatureServe, 4600 North Fairfax Drive, Floor 7, Arlington, VA 22203, USA
| | - Jesús H Córdova
- Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Apartado 140434, Lima-14, Perú
| | - Jessica Dyson
- NatureServe, 4600 North Fairfax Drive, Floor 7, Arlington, VA 22203, USA
- The Nature Conservancy, 99 Bedford St., 5th Floor, Boston MA 02111 USA
| | - Dirk Embert
- Fundación Amigos de la Naturaleza, km 7,5 Doble Vía la Guardia, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia, Casilla 2241
| | | | | | - Irma Franke
- Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Apartado 140434, Lima-14, Perú
| | - Dennis Grossman
- NatureServe, 4600 North Fairfax Drive, Floor 7, Arlington, VA 22203, USA
- The Nature Conservancy, 4245 Fairfax Drive, Arlington, VA 22203 USA
| | - Pilar Hernandez
- NatureServe, 4600 North Fairfax Drive, Floor 7, Arlington, VA 22203, USA
- Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, 50 Bloomington Road W, Aurora, ON L4G 3G8
| | - Sebastian K Herzog
- Asociación Armonía, BirdLife Internacional, Avenida Lomas de Arena 400, Casilla 3566, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia
| | - Carmen Josse
- NatureServe, 4600 North Fairfax Drive, Floor 7, Arlington, VA 22203, USA
| | | | - Víctor Pacheco
- Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Apartado 140434, Lima-14, Perú
| | - Bruce A Stein
- NatureServe, 4600 North Fairfax Drive, Floor 7, Arlington, VA 22203, USA
- National Wildlife Federation, 901 E Street, NW Suite 400, Washington DC, 20004 USA
| | - Martín Timaná
- NatureServe, 4600 North Fairfax Drive, Floor 7, Arlington, VA 22203, USA
- Departamento de Ciencias, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, Av. Universitaria 1801, Lima 32, Peru
| | - Antonio Tovar
- Centro de Datos para la Conservación, Departamento de Manejo Forestal, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Apartado 456, Lima 100, Perú
| | - Carolina Tovar
- Centro de Datos para la Conservación, Departamento de Manejo Forestal, Facultad de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Apartado 456, Lima 100, Perú
| | - Julieta Vargas
- Museo Nacional de Historial Natural, Colección Boliviana de Fauna, Casilla 8706, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Carlos M Zambrana-Torrelio
- Herbario Nacional de Bolivia, Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, La Paz, Bolivia
- EcoHealth Alliance - 460 W 34th Street, 17th Floor, New York, NY 10001, USA
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Pyritz LW, Büntge ABS, Herzog SK, Kessler M. Effects of Habitat Structure and Fragmentation on Diversity and Abundance of Primates in Tropical Deciduous Forests in Bolivia. INT J PRIMATOL 2010; 31:796-812. [PMID: 20949116 PMCID: PMC2945471 DOI: 10.1007/s10764-010-9429-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2009] [Accepted: 03/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Habitat structure and anthropogenic disturbance are known to affect primate diversity and abundance. However, researchers have focused on lowland rain forests, whereas endangered deciduous forests have been neglected. We aimed to investigate the relationships between primate diversity and abundance and habitat parameters in 10 deciduous forest fragments southeast of Santa Cruz, Bolivia. We obtained primate data via line-transect surveys and visual and acoustic observations. In addition, we assessed the vegetation structure (canopy height, understory density), size, isolation time, and surrounding forest area of the fragments. We interpreted our results in the context of the historical distribution data for primates in the area before fragmentation and interviews with local people. We detected 5 of the 8 historically observed primate species: Alouatta caraya, Aotus azarae boliviensis, Callithrix melanura, Callicebus donacophilus, and Cebus libidinosus juruanus. Total species number and detection rates decreased with understory density. Detection rates also negatively correlated with forest areas in the surroundings of a fragment, which may be due to variables not assessed, i.e., fragment shape, distance to nearest town. Observations for Alouatta and Aotus were too few to conduct further statistics. Cebus and Callicebus were present in 90% and 70% of the sites, respectively, and their density did not correlate with any of the habitat variables assessed, signaling high ecological plasticity and adaptability to anthropogenic impact in these species. Detections of Callithrix were higher in areas with low forest strata. Our study provides baseline data for future fragmentation studies in Neotropical dry deciduous forests and sets a base for specific conservation measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lennart W. Pyritz
- Behavioral Ecology & Sociobiology Unit, German Primate Center, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anna B. S. Büntge
- Department of Evolutionary Genetics, Max-Planck-Institute for Evolutionary Biology, 24306 Plön, Germany
| | - Sebastian K. Herzog
- Asociación Armonía – BirdLife International, Casilla, 3566 Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia
| | - Michael Kessler
- Institute of Systematic Botany, University of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
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Abstract
Abstract
Rapid assessment surveys of tropical bird communities are increasingly used to estimate species richness and to determine conservation priorities, but results of different studies are often not comparable due to the lack of standardization. On the basis of computer simulations and six years of field testing, we evaluated the recently proposed “20-species-list” survey method and statistical estimators for assessing species richness of tropical bird communities. This method generates a species-accumulation curve by subdividing consecutive observations of birds into lists of 20 species, thus relating cumulative species richness to the number of observations rather than time or space and thereby accounting for moderate differences in observer qualification and field conditions. Species accumulation curves from computer-simulated communities and two empirical data sets from Bolivia were analyzed with nine species richness estimators to evaluate estimator accuracy with respect to variations in species-list size, sample size, species-pool size, and community structure. For empirical and most simulated data sets, the MMMEAN estimator performed best, but it was more sensitive to differences in community structure than most other estimators. The CHAO 2 estimator, which was recommended by previous studies, performed reasonably well but was considerably more sensitive to sample size than MMMEAN. The bootstrap and first- and second-order jackknife estimators performed poorly. We recommend using MMMEAN or, when standard deviations of richness estimates are indispensable, CHAO 2 with 10-species lists for estimating species richness of tropical bird communities and propose a set of standard survey rules. Careful examination of estimator accumulation curves is required, however, and a technique based on the ratio between estimator and species accumulation curve is suggested to control for the confounding effects of sampling effort. Overall, the species-list method combined with statistical richness estimation is doubtlessly much more standardized and valuable than simple comparisons of one-dimensional locality lists and represents a promising tool for conservation assessment and the study of avian diversity patterns in the tropics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian K. Herzog
- Institut für Vogelforschung “Vogelwarte Helgoland”, An der Vogelwarte 21, 26386 Wilhelmshaven, Germany
| | - Michael Kessler
- Albrecht-von-Haller Institut für Pflanzenwissenschaften, Abteilung Systematische Botanik, Untere Karspüle 2, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas M. Cahill
- Canadian Environmental Modelling Centre, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, Ontario K9J 7B8, Canada
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Anderson DW, Newman SH, Kelly PR, Herzog SK, Lewis KP. An experimental soft-release of oil-spill rehabilitated American coots (Fulica americana): I. Lingering effects on survival, condition and behavior. Environ Pollut 2000; 107:285-294. [PMID: 15092974 DOI: 10.1016/s0269-7491(99)00180-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/1999] [Accepted: 07/08/1999] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In spring 1995, we studied survival, condition and behavior of 37 oiled/rehabilitated (OR) American coots (Fulica americana) (RHB) and compared them to 38 wild-caught, non-oiled and non-rehabilitated coots (REF). All coots were wing-clipped to prevent long-range dispersal, mixed equally and randomly and soft-released into two fenced marshes. Twenty RHB+20 REF coots were subjected to handling and sampling four times during the 4-month study and the remainder were left undisturbed. The study ended before any coots dispersed following remige regrowth. Overall survival was significantly lower for RHB coots, regardless of the way survival was viewed (four Chi 2 tests varied between p<0.045 and p<0.006). Mortality was 2.1 times higher in RHB coots: 51% mortality in RHB coots and 24% in REF coots (4 months total). RHB coots began the experiment 9% lighter in mean body condition indices (BCI=a standardization that corrected for different-sized birds) than REF coots, but REF coots also needed a period of adjustment to captivity. BCIs then varied (p<0.02) similarly among both groups throughout the experiment. Initially, RHB coots lost more weight in comparison to REF coots (although RHB coots fed more), but those RHB coots that did survive recovered to REF-comparable BCIs after about 6 weeks: both higher and equivalent at the beginning of moult and then both equivalent but lower through the moulting period. Long-term RHB coot and REF coot survivors both had significant (p<0.001) positive correlations between their initial and ending body weights. A similar relationship was also suggested for the non-surviving REF coots, but could not be tested for statistical significance. In contrast to all other groups, however, non-surviving RHB coots failed to show any relationship between their initial and ending body weights (p>0.10), indicating that non-surviving RHB coots were unable to gain or maintain body condition for about 2-3 months following their oiling/rehabilitation experience. Throughout the experiment, RHB coots preened more on water and on land, bathed more, slept less during the day, and exhibited feeding and drinking behaviors more frequently or of greater duration than REF coots (all statistical tests with Bonferroni-corrected p<0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Anderson
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, & Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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