Teperowski Monrad J, Quaade S, Powell-Jackson T. Supply, then demand? Health expenditure, political leanings, cost obstacles to care, and vaccine hesitancy predict state-level COVID-19 vaccination rates.
Vaccine 2022;
40:6528-6548. [PMID:
36202641 PMCID:
PMC9452439 DOI:
10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.08.050]
[Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES
To examine predictors of state-level COVID-19 vaccination rates during the first nine months of 2021.
METHODS
Using publicly available data, we employ a robust, iteratively re-weighted least squares multivariable regression with state characteristics as the independent variables and vaccinations per capita as the outcome. We run this regression for each day between February 1 and September 21, the last day before vaccine booster rollout.
RESULTS
We identify associations between vaccination rates and several state characteristics, including health expenditure, vaccine hesitancy, cost obstacles to care, Democratic voting, and elderly population share. We show that the determinants of vaccination rates have evolved: while supply-side factors were most clearly associated with early vaccination uptake, demand-side factors have become increasingly salient over time. We find that our results are generally robust to a range of alternative specifications.
CONCLUSIONS
Both supply and demand-side factors relate to vaccination coverage and the determinants of success have changed over time.
POLICY IMPLICATIONS
Investing in health capacity may improve early vaccine distribution and administration, while overcoming vaccine hesitancy and cost obstacles to care may be crucial for later immunisation campaign stages.
Collapse