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Aghi K, Anderson BM, Castellano BM, Cunningham A, Delano M, Dickinson ES, von Diezmann L, Forslund-Startceva SK, Grijseels DM, Groh SS, Guthman EM, Jayasinghe I, Johnston J, Long S, McLaughlin JF, McLaughlin M, Miyagi M, Rajaraman B, Sancheznieto F, Scheim AI, Sun SED, Titmuss FD, Walsh RJ, Weinberg ZY. Rigorous science demands support of transgender scientists. Cell 2024; 187:1327-1334. [PMID: 38490174 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
To build a just, equitable, and diverse academy, scientists and institutions must address systemic barriers that sex and gender minorities face. This Commentary summarizes (1) critical context informing the contemporary oppression of transgender people, (2) how this shapes extant research on sex and gender, and (3) actions to build an inclusive and rigorous academy for all.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krisha Aghi
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Maggie Delano
- Department of Engineering, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA, USA
| | | | - Lexy von Diezmann
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
| | - Sofia Kirke Forslund-Startceva
- Experimental and Clinical Research Centre, a joint venture of Charité University Hospital and the Max Delbrück Centre, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dori M Grijseels
- Social Systems and Circuits Group, Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Sebastian S Groh
- Quality Enhancement Directorate, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Eartha Mae Guthman
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA; Center for Applied Transgender Studies, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Izzy Jayasinghe
- School of Biosciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK; Department of Molecular Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Juliet Johnston
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Sam Long
- Denver Public Schools, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Jess F McLaughlin
- Department of Environmental Conservation, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Maeve McLaughlin
- Department of Microbiology, Genetics, and Immunology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA.
| | - Miriam Miyagi
- Center for Computational Molecular Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Bittu Rajaraman
- Departments of Biology and Psychology, Ashoka University, Sonipat, Haryana, India
| | - Fátima Sancheznieto
- Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ayden I Scheim
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Simón E D Sun
- Center for Applied Transgender Studies, Chicago, IL, USA; Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY, USA.
| | - F Dylan Titmuss
- Department of Applied Ocean Physics and Engineering, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | - Reubs J Walsh
- Center for Applied Transgender Studies, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts & Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Zara Y Weinberg
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, UCSF, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Groh SS, Upchurch P, Day JJ, Barrett PM. The biogeographic history of neosuchian crocodiles and the impact of saltwater tolerance variability. R Soc Open Sci 2023; 10:230725. [PMID: 37800151 PMCID: PMC10548099 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.230725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
Extant neosuchian crocodiles are represented by only 24 taxa that are confined to the tropics and subtropics. However, at other intervals during their 200 Myr evolutionary history the clade reached considerably higher levels of species-richness, matched by more widespread distributions. Neosuchians have occupied numerous habitats and niches, ranging from dwarf riverine forms to large marine predators. Despite numerous previous studies, several unsolved questions remain with respect to their biogeographic history, including the geographical origins of major groups, e.g. Eusuchia and Neosuchia itself. We carried out the most comprehensive biogeographic analysis of Neosuchia to date, based on a multivariate K-means clustering approach followed by the application of two ancestral area estimation methods (BioGeoBEARS and Bayesian ancestral location estimation) applied to two recently published phylogenies. Our results place the origin of Neosuchia in northwestern Pangaea, with subsequent radiations into Gondwana. Eusuchia probably emerged in the European archipelago during the Late Jurassic/Early Cretaceous, followed by dispersals to the North American and Asian landmasses. We show that putative transoceanic dispersal events are statistically significantly less likely to happen in alligatoroids. This finding is consistent with the saltwater intolerant physiology of extant alligatoroids, bolstering inferences of such intolerance in their ancestral lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian S. Groh
- Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Quality Enhancement Directorate, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Llandaff Campus, Cardiff CF5 2YB, UK
| | - Paul Upchurch
- Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Julia J. Day
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Paul M. Barrett
- Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Fossil Reptiles, Amphibians and Birds Section, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London SW7 5BD, UK
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Groh SS, Upchurch P, Barrett PM, Day JJ. The phylogenetic relationships of neosuchian crocodiles and their implications for the convergent evolution of the longirostrine condition. Zool J Linn Soc 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Since their origin in the Late Triassic, crocodylomorphs have had a long history of evolutionary change. Numerous studies examined their phylogeny, but none have attempted to unify their morphological characters into a single, combined dataset. Following a comprehensive review of published character sets, we present a new dataset for the crocodylomorph clade Neosuchia consisting of 569 morphological characters for 112 taxa. For the first time in crocodylian phylogenetic studies, quantitative variation was treated as continuous data (82 characters). To provide the best estimate of neosuchian relationships, and to investigate the origins of longirostry, these data were analysed using a variety of approaches. Our results show that equally weighted parsimony and Bayesian methods cluster unrelated longirostrine forms together, producing a topology that conflicts strongly with their stratigraphic distributions. By contrast, applying extended implied weighting improves stratigraphic congruence and removes longirostrine clustering. The resulting topologies resolve the major neosuchian clades, confirming several recent hypotheses regarding the phylogenetic placements of particular species (e.g. Baryphracta deponiae as a member of Diplocynodontinae) and groups (e.g. Tethysuchia as non-eusuchian neosuchians). The longirostrine condition arose at least three times independently by modification of the maxilla and premaxilla, accompanied by skull roof changes unique to each longirostrine clade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian S Groh
- Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, London, UK
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - Paul Upchurch
- Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, London, UK
| | - Paul M Barrett
- Department of Earth Sciences, Natural History Museum, London, UK
| | - Julia J Day
- Department of Genetics, Environment and Evolution, University College London, London, UK
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