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Alirezaei M, Flynn CT, Garcia SD, Kimura T, Whitton JL. A food-responsive switch modulates TFEB and autophagy, and determines susceptibility to coxsackievirus infection and pancreatitis. Autophagy 2021; 17:402-419. [PMID: 32019403 PMCID: PMC8007148 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1720425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Almost a billion people worldwide are chronically undernourished. Herein, using a mouse model of coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) infection, we report that a single day of food restriction (FR) markedly increases susceptibility to attenuated enterovirus infection, replication, and disease. These "pro-viral" effects, which are rapidly-reversed by the restoration of food, are mediated by several genes whose expression is altered by FR, and which support CVB3 replication. Central to this is TFEB, a protein whose expression and activation status are rapidly increased by FR. TFEB, which regulates the transcription of >100 genes involved in macroautophagy/autophagy and lysosomal biogenesis, responds similarly to both FR and CVB3 infection and plays a pivotal role in determining host susceptibility to CVB3. We propose that, by upregulating TFEB, FR generates an intracellular environment that is more hospitable to the incoming virus, facilitating its replication. This interplay between nutritional status and enterovirus replication has implications for human health and, perhaps, for the evolution of these viruses.Abbreviations: Atg/ATG: autophagy-related; CAR: Coxsackievirus and adenovirus receptor; Cas9: CRISPR associated protein 9; Cre: recombinase that causes recombination; CRISPR: clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats; Ctsb/CTSB: cathepsin B; CVB3: coxsackievirus B3; DsRedCVB3: a recombinant CVB3 that encodes the Discosoma red fluorescent protein; EL: elastase; FR: food restriction; GFP: green fluorescent protein; gRNA: guide RNA; HBSS: Hanks Buffered Salt Solution; LYNUS: lysosomal nutrient sensing machinery; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3; MFI: mean fluorescence intensity; MOI: multiplicity of infection; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; Nluc: nanoluciferase; NlucCVB3: a recombinant CVB3 encoding nanoluciferase; pfu: plaque-forming unit(s); p.i.: post infection; rCVB: recombinant coxsackievirus B3; RPS6KB/p70S6K: ribosomal protein S6 kinase; RT: room temperature; siRNA: small interfering RNA; TFEB: transcription factor EB; tg: transgenic; TUBB: β-tubulin; UNINF: uninfected; wrt: with respect to; WT: wild type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehrdad Alirezaei
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Claudia T. Flynn
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Selma D. Garcia
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Taishi Kimura
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - J. Lindsay Whitton
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Sullivan BM, Sakabe S, Hartnett JN, Nho N, Goba A, Momoh M, Sandi JD, Kanneh L, Cubitt B, Garcia SD, Ware BC, Kotliar D, Robles-Sikisaka R, Gangavarapu K, de la Torre JC, Sabeti PC, Andersen KG, Garry RF, Grant DS, Schieffelin JS, Oldstone MB. Reevaluating HLA-A2-restricted Lassa epitopes in human Lassa fever survivors. The Journal of Immunology 2020. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.204.supp.140.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Many factors contribute to the selection of epitope-specific T cells. Often, candidate epitopes are generated through in silico prediction of various biological processes, mainly peptide generation and MHC binding, that are then tested in relevant biological assays. This is especially true of epitopes derived from BSL-4 pathogens or where relevant patient samples are difficult to obtain. Two previous studies identified CD8+ T cell epitopes from the Lassa virus glycoprotein through in silico prediction, experimental MHC binding assays, and epitope generation in HLA-A2 transgenic mice. Using samples from ten HLA-A*02:01 Lassa fever survivors, we tested whether these previously described epitope-specific CD8+ T cells were present and their relation to the broader Lassa virus-specific T cell response. Using overnight stimulation assays, we detected robust LASV-specific responses to the glycoprotein and nucleoprotein, but only one of the three epitopes (GP60–68)shown to be present and protective in mice made a substantial contribution to the overall LASV-specific response. Using a more sensitive proliferation assay, we detected the remaining two epitopes in some individuals at a very low frequency. Overall, this study shows the limitations of epitope discovery through in silico prediction, MHC binding and transgenic mouse models and highlights the complex nature of T cell selection during natural infection of humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saori Sakabe
- 1Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute
| | | | - Nhi Nho
- 1Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute
| | - Augustine Goba
- 3Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital
- 4Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Sierra Leone, Sierra Leone
| | - Mambu Momoh
- 4Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Sierra Leone, Sierra Leone
- 5Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Sierra Leone
- 6Eastern Polytechnic Institute, Sierra Leone
| | - John Demby Sandi
- 4Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Sierra Leone, Sierra Leone
- 5Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Sierra Leone
- 7Njala University, Sierra Leone
| | - Lansana Kanneh
- 4Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Sierra Leone, Sierra Leone
- 5Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Sierra Leone
| | - Beatrice Cubitt
- 1Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute
| | - Selma D Garcia
- 1Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute
| | - Brian C Ware
- 1Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute
| | - Dylan Kotliar
- 8FAS Center for Systems Biology, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard
| | - Refugio Robles-Sikisaka
- 1Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute
- 9Scripps Translational Research Institute, The Scripps Research Institute
| | - Karthik Gangavarapu
- 10Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute
| | | | - Pardis C Sabeti
- 8FAS Center for Systems Biology, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard
| | - Kristian G Andersen
- 1Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute
- 9Scripps Translational Research Institute, The Scripps Research Institute
| | | | - Donald S Grant
- 4Ministry of Health and Sanitation, Sierra Leone, Sierra Leone
- 5Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Program, Kenema Government Hospital, Sierra Leone
- 11College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone, Sierra Leone
| | | | - Michael B Oldstone
- 1Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute
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3
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Torrecilha RBP, Milanesi M, Wade CM, Gallana M, Falbo AK, Reichler IM, Hug P, Jagannathan V, Trigo BB, Paulan SC, Bruno DB, Garcia SD, Scaramele NF, Lopes FL, Dolf G, Leeb T, Sölkner J, Garcia JF, Pieńkowska-Schelling A, Schelling C, Utsunomiya YT. Association of missense variants in GDF9 with litter size in Entlebucher Mountain dogs. Anim Genet 2019; 51:78-86. [PMID: 31802524 DOI: 10.1111/age.12882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In the past two decades, average litter size (ALS) in Entlebucher Mountain dogs decreased by approximately 0.8 puppies. We conducted a GWAS for ALS using the single-step methodology to take advantage of 1632 pedigree records, 892 phenotypes and 372 genotypes (173 662 markers) for which only 12% of the dogs had both phenotypes and genotypes available. Our analysis revealed associations towards the growth differentiation factor 9 gene (GDF9), which is known to regulate oocyte maturation. The trait heritability was estimated at 43.1%, from which approximately 15% was accountable by the GDF9 locus alone. Therefore, markers flanking GDF9 explained approximately 6.5% of the variance in ALS. Analysis of WGSs revealed two missense substitutions in GDF9, one of which (g.11:21147009G>A) affected a highly conserved nucleotide in vertebrates. The derived allele A was validated in 111 dogs and shown to be associated with decreased ALS (-0.75 ± 0.22 puppies per litter). The variant was further predicted to cause a proline to serine substitution. The affected residue was immediately followed by a six-residue deletion that is fixed in the canine species but absent in non-canids. We further confirmed that the deletion is prevalent in the Canidae family by sequencing three species of wild canids. Since canids uniquely ovulate oocytes at the prophase stage of the first meiotic division, requiring maturation in the oviduct, we conjecture that the amino acid substitution and the six-residue deletion of GDF9 may serve as a model for insights into the dynamics of oocyte maturation in canids.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B P Torrecilha
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Reproduction, School of Agriculture and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Via de acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.,International Atomic Energy Agency Collaborating Centre on Animal Genomics and Bioinformatics, Clóvis Pestana, 793, 16050-680, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - M Milanesi
- International Atomic Energy Agency Collaborating Centre on Animal Genomics and Bioinformatics, Clóvis Pestana, 793, 16050-680, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Support, Production and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Clóvis Pestana, 793, 16050-680, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - M Gallana
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Vetsuisse-Faculty University of Zurich, Eschikon 27, Lindau, 8315, Switzerland
| | - A-K Falbo
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Vetsuisse-Faculty University of Zurich, Eschikon 27, Lindau, 8315, Switzerland
| | - I M Reichler
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Vetsuisse-Faculty University of Zurich, Winterthurerstr. 260, Zürich, 8057, Switzerland
| | - P Hug
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse-Faculty University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109A, Bern, 3012, Switzerland
| | - V Jagannathan
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse-Faculty University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109A, Bern, 3012, Switzerland
| | - B B Trigo
- International Atomic Energy Agency Collaborating Centre on Animal Genomics and Bioinformatics, Clóvis Pestana, 793, 16050-680, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Support, Production and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Clóvis Pestana, 793, 16050-680, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - S C Paulan
- International Atomic Energy Agency Collaborating Centre on Animal Genomics and Bioinformatics, Clóvis Pestana, 793, 16050-680, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Support, Production and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Clóvis Pestana, 793, 16050-680, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - D B Bruno
- Department of Clinics, Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Clóvis Pestana, 793,, 16050-680, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - S D Garcia
- Department of Clinics, Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Clóvis Pestana, 793,, 16050-680, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - N F Scaramele
- Department of Support, Production and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Clóvis Pestana, 793, 16050-680, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - F L Lopes
- Department of Support, Production and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Clóvis Pestana, 793, 16050-680, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - G Dolf
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse-Faculty University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109A, Bern, 3012, Switzerland
| | - T Leeb
- Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse-Faculty University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109A, Bern, 3012, Switzerland
| | - J Sölkner
- Division of Livestook Sciences, Department of Sustainable Agriculture System, BOKU - University of Natural Resource and Live Sciences, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 33, 1180, Vienna, Austria
| | - J F Garcia
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Reproduction, School of Agriculture and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Via de acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil.,International Atomic Energy Agency Collaborating Centre on Animal Genomics and Bioinformatics, Clóvis Pestana, 793, 16050-680, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Support, Production and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Clóvis Pestana, 793, 16050-680, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A Pieńkowska-Schelling
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Vetsuisse-Faculty University of Zurich, Eschikon 27, Lindau, 8315, Switzerland.,Institute of Genetics, Vetsuisse-Faculty University of Bern, Bremgartenstrasse 109A, Bern, 3012, Switzerland
| | - C Schelling
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Vetsuisse-Faculty University of Zurich, Eschikon 27, Lindau, 8315, Switzerland
| | - Y T Utsunomiya
- International Atomic Energy Agency Collaborating Centre on Animal Genomics and Bioinformatics, Clóvis Pestana, 793, 16050-680, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Support, Production and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Clóvis Pestana, 793, 16050-680, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
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