1
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Morse KW, Sun J, Hu L, Bok S, Debnath S, Cung M, Yallowitz AR, Meyers KN, Iyer S, Greenblatt MB. Development of Murine Anterior Interbody and Posterolateral Spinal Fusion Techniques. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2024; 106:735-745. [PMID: 38194481 DOI: 10.2106/jbjs.23.00690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple animal models have previously been utilized to investigate anterior fusion techniques, but a mouse model has yet to be developed. The purpose of this study was to develop murine anterior interbody and posterolateral fusion techniques. METHODS Mice underwent either anterior interbody or posterolateral spinal fusion. A protocol was developed for both procedures, including a description of the relevant anatomy. Samples were subjected to micro-computed tomography to assess fusion success and underwent biomechanical testing with use of 4-point bending. Lastly, samples were fixed and embedded for histologic evaluation. RESULTS Surgical techniques for anterior interbody and posterolateral fusion were developed. The fusion rate was 83.3% in the anterior interbody model and 100% in the posterolateral model. Compared with a control, the posterolateral model exhibited a greater elastic modulus. Histologic analysis demonstrated endochondral ossification between bridging segments, further confirming the fusion efficacy in both models. CONCLUSIONS The murine anterior interbody and posterolateral fusion models are efficacious and provide an ideal platform for studying the molecular and cellular mechanisms mediating spinal fusion. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Given the extensive genetic tools available in murine disease models, use of fusion models such as ours can enable determination of the underlying genetic pathways involved in spinal fusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle W Morse
- Department of Spine Surgery, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY
| | - Jun Sun
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Lingling Hu
- Department of Spine Surgery, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
- Research Division, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY
| | - Seoyeon Bok
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Shawon Debnath
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Michelle Cung
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Alisha R Yallowitz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Kathleen N Meyers
- Department of Biomechanics, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY
| | - Sravisht Iyer
- Department of Spine Surgery, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY
| | - Matthew B Greenblatt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
- Research Division, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY
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2
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Bok S, Yallowitz AR, Sun J, McCormick J, Cung M, Hu L, Lalani S, Li Z, Sosa BR, Baumgartner T, Byrne P, Zhang T, Morse KW, Mohamed FF, Ge C, Franceschi RT, Cowling RT, Greenberg BH, Pisapia DJ, Imahiyerobo TA, Lakhani S, Ross ME, Hoffman CE, Debnath S, Greenblatt MB. A multi-stem cell basis for craniosynostosis and calvarial mineralization. Nature 2023; 621:804-812. [PMID: 37730988 PMCID: PMC10799660 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06526-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
Craniosynostosis is a group of disorders of premature calvarial suture fusion. The identity of the calvarial stem cells (CSCs) that produce fusion-driving osteoblasts in craniosynostosis remains poorly understood. Here we show that both physiologic calvarial mineralization and pathologic calvarial fusion in craniosynostosis reflect the interaction of two separate stem cell lineages; a previously identified cathepsin K (CTSK) lineage CSC1 (CTSK+ CSC) and a separate discoidin domain-containing receptor 2 (DDR2) lineage stem cell (DDR2+ CSC) that we identified in this study. Deletion of Twist1, a gene associated with craniosynostosis in humans2,3, solely in CTSK+ CSCs is sufficient to drive craniosynostosis in mice, but the sites that are destined to fuse exhibit an unexpected depletion of CTSK+ CSCs and a corresponding expansion of DDR2+ CSCs, with DDR2+ CSC expansion being a direct maladaptive response to CTSK+ CSC depletion. DDR2+ CSCs display full stemness features, and our results establish the presence of two distinct stem cell lineages in the sutures, with both populations contributing to physiologic calvarial mineralization. DDR2+ CSCs mediate a distinct form of endochondral ossification without the typical haematopoietic marrow formation. Implantation of DDR2+ CSCs into suture sites is sufficient to induce fusion, and this phenotype was prevented by co-transplantation of CTSK+ CSCs. Finally, the human counterparts of DDR2+ CSCs and CTSK+ CSCs display conserved functional properties in xenograft assays. The interaction between these two stem cell populations provides a new biologic interface for the modulation of calvarial mineralization and suture patency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seoyeon Bok
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alisha R Yallowitz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jun Sun
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jason McCormick
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michelle Cung
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lingling Hu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sarfaraz Lalani
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zan Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Branden R Sosa
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tomas Baumgartner
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paul Byrne
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tuo Zhang
- Genomics Resources Core Facility, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kyle W Morse
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| | - Fatma F Mohamed
- Department of Periodontics, Prevention and Geriatrics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Chunxi Ge
- Department of Periodontics, Prevention and Geriatrics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Renny T Franceschi
- Department of Periodontics, Prevention and Geriatrics, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Randy T Cowling
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Barry H Greenberg
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - David J Pisapia
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thomas A Imahiyerobo
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, New York-Presbyterian Hospital and Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shenela Lakhani
- Center for Neurogenetics, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - M Elizabeth Ross
- Center for Neurogenetics, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Caitlin E Hoffman
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine and New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shawon Debnath
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Matthew B Greenblatt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Research Division, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA.
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3
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Sun J, Hu L, Bok S, Yallowitz AR, Cung M, McCormick J, Zheng LJ, Debnath S, Niu Y, Tan AY, Lalani S, Morse KW, Shinn D, Pajak A, Hammad M, Suhardi VJ, Li Z, Li N, Wang L, Zou W, Mittal V, Bostrom MPG, Xu R, Iyer S, Greenblatt MB. A vertebral skeletal stem cell lineage driving metastasis. Nature 2023; 621:602-609. [PMID: 37704733 PMCID: PMC10829697 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06519-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Vertebral bone is subject to a distinct set of disease processes from long bones, including a much higher rate of solid tumour metastases1-4. The basis for this distinct biology of vertebral bone has so far remained unknown. Here we identify a vertebral skeletal stem cell (vSSC) that co-expresses ZIC1 and PAX1 together with additional cell surface markers. vSSCs display formal evidence of stemness, including self-renewal, label retention and sitting at the apex of their differentiation hierarchy. vSSCs are physiologic mediators of vertebral bone formation, as genetic blockade of the ability of vSSCs to generate osteoblasts results in defects in the vertebral neural arch and body. Human counterparts of vSSCs can be identified in vertebral endplate specimens and display a conserved differentiation hierarchy and stemness features. Multiple lines of evidence indicate that vSSCs contribute to the high rates of vertebral metastatic tropism observed in breast cancer, owing in part to increased secretion of the novel metastatic trophic factor MFGE8. Together, our results indicate that vSSCs are distinct from other skeletal stem cells and mediate the unique physiology and pathology of vertebrae, including contributing to the high rate of vertebral metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Sun
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lingling Hu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Spine Surgery, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| | - Seoyeon Bok
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alisha R Yallowitz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michelle Cung
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jason McCormick
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ling J Zheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shawon Debnath
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yuzhe Niu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adrian Y Tan
- Genomics Resources Core Facility, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sarfaraz Lalani
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kyle W Morse
- Department of Spine Surgery, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel Shinn
- Department of Spine Surgery, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anthony Pajak
- Department of Spine Surgery, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mohammed Hammad
- Research Division, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vincentius Jeremy Suhardi
- Research Division, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zan Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Na Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Lijun Wang
- Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiguo Zou
- Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Vivek Mittal
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mathias P G Bostrom
- Research Division, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ren Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Sravisht Iyer
- Department of Spine Surgery, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| | - Matthew B Greenblatt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Research Division, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA.
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4
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Xu R, Li N, Shi B, Li Z, Han J, Sun J, Yallowitz A, Bok S, Xiao S, Wu Z, Chen Y, Xu Y, Qin T, Lin Z, Zheng H, Shen R, Greenblatt M. Schnurri-3 inhibition rescues skeletal fragility and vascular skeletal stem cell niche pathology in a mouse model of osteogenesis imperfecta. Res Sq 2023:rs.3.rs-3153957. [PMID: 37546916 PMCID: PMC10402191 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3153957/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a disorder of low bone mass and increased fracture risk due to a range of genetic variants that prominently include mutations in genes encoding type collagen. While it is well known that OI reflects defects in the activity of bone-forming osteoblasts, it is currently unclear whether OI also reflects defects in the many other cell types comprising bone, including defects in skeletal vascular endothelium or the skeletal stem cell populations that give rise to osteoblasts and whether correcting these broader defects could have therapeutic utility. Here, we find that numbers of skeletal stem cells (SSCs) and skeletal arterial endothelial cells (AECs) are augmented in Col1a2oim/oim mice, a well-studied animal model of moderate to severe OI, suggesting that disruption of a vascular SSC niche is a feature of OI pathogenesis. Moreover, crossing Col1a2oim/oim mice to mice lacking a negative regulator of skeletal angiogenesis and bone formation, Schnurri 3 (SHN3), not only corrected the SSC and AEC phenotypes but moreover robustly corrected the bone mass and spontaneous fracture phenotypes. As this finding suggested a strong therapeutic utility of SHN3 inhibition for the treatment of OI, a bone-targeting AAV was used to mediate Shn3 knockdown, rescuing the Col1a2oim/oim phenotype and providing therapeutic proof-of-concept for targeting SHN3 for the treatment of OI. Overall, this work both provides proof-of-concept for inhibition of the SHN3 pathway and more broadly addressing defects in the stem/osteoprogentior niche as is a strategy to treat OI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ren Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University
| | | | | | - Zan Li
- First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University
| | | | - Jun Sun
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University
| | | | - Seoyeon Bok
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Shuang Xiao
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University-ICMRS Collaborating Center for Skeletal Stem Cells, State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen
| | - Zouxing Wu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University-ICMRS Collaborating Center for Skeletal Stem Cells, State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen
| | | | - Yan Xu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410000, China
| | - Tian Qin
- Department of Sports Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410000, China
| | - Zhiming Lin
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University-ICMRS Collaborating Center for Skeletal Stem Cells, State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen
| | - Haiping Zheng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University-ICMRS Collaborating Center for Skeletal Stem Cells, State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen
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5
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Greenblatt M, Debnath S, Yallowitz A, McCormick J, Lalani S, Zhang T, Cung M, Bok S, Sun J, Ravichandran H, Liu Y, Healey J, Cohen P. Identification of a stem cell mediating osteoblast versus adipocyte lineage selection. Res Sq 2023:rs.3.rs-198922. [PMID: 36747839 PMCID: PMC9901016 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-198922/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Most skeletal fragility disorders are characterized by bone loss with a concurrent gain in marrow adipocytes 1-8. This suggests that a cell that forms adipocytes at the expense of osteoblasts is central to the pathogenesis of skeletal disorders. However, this cellular point of bifurcation between adipocyte and osteoblast differentiation pathways remains unknown. Here, we identify a new cell type defined by co-expression of skeletal stem cell and adipocyte precursor markers, 9-13 (CD24+CD29+ skeletal stem cells (SSCs)), that serves as a key cellular point of bifurcation between the osteoblast and adipocyte differentiation pathways, giving rise to closely related osteoblast and adipocyte lineage-restricted precursors. CD24+CD29+SSCs comprise a small fraction of SSCs, and only this fraction displays full stemness features, including the ability to undergo serial transplantation. In line with serving as the osteoblast/adipocyte bipotent cell, the "bone to fat" tissue remodeling occurring in models of postmenopausal osteoporosis or after high fat diet exposure occur in part by reprogramming these CD24+CD29+SSCs to change their output of lineage-restricted precursors. Lastly, as subcutaneous white adipose tissue displays a similar set of CD24+CD29+ stem cells and related lineage-restricted progenitors, these findings provide a new schema explaining the stem cell basis of bone versus adipose tissue production that unifies multiple mesenchymal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jun Sun
- Weill Cornell Medicine, Cornell University
| | | | - Yifang Liu
- Immunopathology Laboratory, New York Presbyterian
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6
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Sun J, Hu L, Bok S, Yallowitz AR, Cung M, McCormick J, Zheng LJ, Debnath S, Niu Y, Tan AY, Lalani S, Morse KW, Shinn D, Pajak A, Li Z, Li N, Xu R, Iyer S, Greenblatt MB. Discovery of a Vertebral Skeletal Stem Cell Driving Spinal Metastases. Res Sq 2023:rs.3.rs-2106142. [PMID: 36747772 PMCID: PMC9901027 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-2106142/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Vertebral bone is subject to a distinct set of disease processes from those of long bones, notably including a much higher rate of solid tumor metastases that cannot be explained by passive blood flow distribution alone. The basis for this distinct biology of vertebral bone has remained elusive. Here we identify a vertebral skeletal stem cell (vSSC), co-expressing the transcription factors ZIC1 and PAX1 together with additional cell surface markers, whose expression profile and function are markedly distinct from those of long bone skeletal stem cells (lbSSCs). vSSCs display formal evidence of stemness, including self-renewal, label retention and sitting at the apex of their differentiation hierarchy. Lineage tracing of vSSCs confirms that they make a persistent contribution to multiple mature cell lineages in the native vertebrae. vSSCs are physiologic mediators of spine mineralization, as genetic blockade of the ability of vSSCs to generate osteoblasts results in defects in the vertebral neural arch and body. Human counterparts of vSSCs can be identified in vertebral endplate specimens and display a conserved differentiation hierarchy and stemness. Multiple lines of evidence indicate that vSSCs contribute to the high rates of vertebral metastatic tropism observed clinically in breast cancer. Specifically, when an organoid system is used to place both vSSCs and lbSSCs in an identical anatomic context, vSSC-lineage cells are more efficient than lbSSC-lineage cells at recruiting metastases, a phenotype that is due in part to increased secretion of the novel metastatic trophic factor MFGE8. Similarly, genetically targeting loss-of-function to the vSSC lineage results in reduced metastasis rates in the native vertebral environment. Taken together, vSSCs are distinct from other skeletal stem cells and mediate the unique physiology and pathology of vertebrae, including contributing to the high rate of metastatic seeding of the vertebrae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Sun
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lingling Hu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Spine Surgery, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| | - Seoyeon Bok
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alisha R Yallowitz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michelle Cung
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jason McCormick
- Flow Cytometry Core Facility, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ling J Zheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shawon Debnath
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yuzhe Niu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Adrian Y Tan
- Genomics Resources Core Facility, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sarfaraz Lalani
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kyle W Morse
- Department of Spine Surgery, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel Shinn
- Department of Spine Surgery, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Anthony Pajak
- Department of Spine Surgery, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zan Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Na Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Ren Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Sravisht Iyer
- Department of Spine Surgery, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| | - Matthew B Greenblatt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Research Division, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
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7
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Bok S, Greenblatt MB. Shaping the sinuses: a novel Krt14 +Ctsk + cell lineage driving regenerative bone formation. Cell Res 2022; 32:791-792. [PMID: 35836006 PMCID: PMC9437050 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-022-00694-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Seoyeon Bok
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Matthew B Greenblatt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Research Division, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA.
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8
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Greenblatt MB, Shim JH, Bok S, Kim JM. The Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathway in Osteoblasts. J Bone Metab 2022; 29:1-15. [PMID: 35325978 PMCID: PMC8948490 DOI: 10.11005/jbm.2022.29.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) are evolutionarily ancient signal transducers of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) family that have long been linked to the regulation of osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. Here, we review the physiological functions, biochemistry, upstream activators, and downstream substrates of the ERK pathway. ERK is activated in skeletal progenitors and regulates osteoblast differentiation and skeletal mineralization, with ERK serving as a key regulator of Runt-related transcription factor 2, a critical transcription factor for osteoblast differentiation. However, new evidence highlights context-dependent changes in ERK MAPK pathway wiring and function, indicating a broader set of physiological roles associated with changes in ERK pathway components or substrates. Consistent with this importance, several human skeletal dysplasias are associated with dysregulation of the ERK MAPK pathway, including neurofibromatosis type 1 and Noonan syndrome. The continually broadening array of drugs targeting the ERK pathway for the treatment of cancer and other disorders makes it increasingly important to understand how interference with this pathway impacts bone metabolism, highlighting the importance of mouse studies to model the role of the ERK MAPK pathway in bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B. Greenblatt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical, New York, NY,
USA
- Research Division, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY,
USA
| | - Jae-Hyuck Shim
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA,
USA
- Horae Gene Therapy Center, and Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA,
USA
| | - Seoyeon Bok
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical, New York, NY,
USA
| | - Jung-Min Kim
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, UMass Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA,
USA
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9
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Kim JM, Yang YS, Park KH, Ge X, Xu R, Li N, Song M, Chun H, Bok S, Charles JF, Filhol-Cochet O, Boldyreff B, Dinter T, Yu PB, Kon N, Gu W, Takarada T, Greenblatt MB, Shim JH. A RUNX2 stabilization pathway mediates physiologic and pathologic bone formation. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2289. [PMID: 32385263 PMCID: PMC7210266 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16038-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The osteoblast differentiation capacity of skeletal stem cells (SSCs) must be tightly regulated, as inadequate bone formation results in low bone mass and skeletal fragility, and over-exuberant osteogenesis results in heterotopic ossification (HO) of soft tissues. RUNX2 is essential for tuning this balance, but the mechanisms of posttranslational control of RUNX2 remain to be fully elucidated. Here, we identify that a CK2/HAUSP pathway is a key regulator of RUNX2 stability, as Casein kinase 2 (CK2) phosphorylates RUNX2, recruiting the deubiquitinase herpesvirus-associated ubiquitin-specific protease (HAUSP), which stabilizes RUNX2 by diverting it away from ubiquitin-dependent proteasomal degradation. This pathway is important for both the commitment of SSCs to osteoprogenitors and their subsequent maturation. This CK2/HAUSP/RUNX2 pathway is also necessary for HO, as its inhibition blocked HO in multiple models. Collectively, active deubiquitination of RUNX2 is required for bone formation and this CK2/HAUSP deubiquitination pathway offers therapeutic opportunities for disorders of inappropriate mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Min Kim
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Yeon-Suk Yang
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Kwang Hwan Park
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Xianpeng Ge
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Ren Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Xiamen University, Fujian, China
| | - Na Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Xiamen University, Fujian, China
| | - Minkyung Song
- Department of integrative biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Hyunho Chun
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Seoyeon Bok
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Julia F Charles
- Department of Orthopedics and Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Odile Filhol-Cochet
- INSERM U1036, pour le Vivant/Biologie du Cancer et de l'Infection, Commissariat à l'Énergie Atomique et aux Énerigies Alternatives Grenoble, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Teresa Dinter
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paul B Yu
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ning Kon
- Institute of Cancer Genetics, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wei Gu
- Institute of Cancer Genetics, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Takeshi Takarada
- Department of Regenerative Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Okayama, Japan
| | - Matthew B Greenblatt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Jae-Hyuck Shim
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
- Li Weibo Institute for Rare Diseases Research, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA.
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10
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Kim MS, Lee JS, Kim JE, Kim JW, Bok S, Keum KC, Koh WG, Koom WS. Enhancement of antitumor effect of radiotherapy via combination with Au@SiO2 nanoparticles targeted to tumor-associated macrophages. J IND ENG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2020.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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11
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Jeong H, Kim S, Hong BJ, Lee CJ, Kim YE, Bok S, Oh JM, Gwak SH, Yoo MY, Lee MS, Chung SJ, Defrêne J, Tessier P, Pelletier M, Jeon H, Roh TY, Kim B, Kim KH, Ju JH, Kim S, Lee YJ, Kim DW, Kim IH, Kim HJ, Park JW, Lee YS, Lee JS, Cheon GJ, Weissman IL, Chung DH, Jeon YK, Ahn GO. Tumor-Associated Macrophages Enhance Tumor Hypoxia and Aerobic Glycolysis. Cancer Res 2019; 79:795-806. [PMID: 30610087 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-2545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Tumor hypoxia and aerobic glycolysis are well-known resistance factors for anticancer therapies. Here, we demonstrate that tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) enhance tumor hypoxia and aerobic glycolysis in mice subcutaneous tumors and in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). We found a strong correlation between CD68 TAM immunostaining and PET 18fluoro-deoxyglucose (FDG) uptake in 98 matched tumors of patients with NSCLC. We also observed a significant correlation between CD68 and glycolytic gene signatures in 513 patients with NSCLC from The Cancer Genome Atlas database. TAM secreted TNFα to promote tumor cell glycolysis, whereas increased AMP-activated protein kinase and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha in TAM facilitated tumor hypoxia. Depletion of TAM by clodronate was sufficient to abrogate aerobic glycolysis and tumor hypoxia, thereby improving tumor response to anticancer therapies. TAM depletion led to a significant increase in programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression in aerobic cancer cells as well as T-cell infiltration in tumors, resulting in antitumor efficacy by PD-L1 antibodies, which were otherwise completely ineffective. These data suggest that TAM can significantly alter tumor metabolism, further complicating tumor response to anticancer therapies, including immunotherapy. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings show that tumor-associated macrophages can significantly modulate tumor metabolism, hindering the efficacy of anticancer therapies, including anti-PD-L1 immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoibin Jeong
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Korea
| | - Sehui Kim
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Beom-Ju Hong
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Korea
| | - Chan-Ju Lee
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Korea
| | - Young-Eun Kim
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Korea
| | - Seoyeon Bok
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Korea
| | - Jung-Min Oh
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Korea
| | - Seung-Hee Gwak
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Korea
| | - Min Young Yoo
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min Sun Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seock-Jin Chung
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Joan Defrêne
- Department of Microbiology-Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Ville de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Philippe Tessier
- Department of Microbiology-Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Ville de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Martin Pelletier
- Department of Microbiology-Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Ville de Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Hyeongrin Jeon
- Department of Life Sciences, POSTECH, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Korea
| | - Tae-Young Roh
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Korea.,Department of Life Sciences, POSTECH, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Korea
| | - Bumju Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, POSTECH, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Korea
| | - Ki Hean Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, POSTECH, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Korea
| | - Ji Hyeon Ju
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sungjee Kim
- Department of Chemistry, POSTECH, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Korea
| | - Yoon-Jin Lee
- Division of Radiation Biomedical Research, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Wan Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Il Han Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Institute of Radiation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hak Jae Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Institute of Radiation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Wan Park
- Department of Pharmacology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yun-Sang Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Sung Lee
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gi Jeong Cheon
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.,Institute of Radiation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Irving L Weissman
- Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California
| | - Doo Hyun Chung
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoon Kyung Jeon
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
| | - G-One Ahn
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Korea. .,Department of Life Sciences, POSTECH, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Korea
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12
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Jeong S, Jung Y, Bok S, Ryu YM, Lee S, Kim YE, Song J, Kim M, Kim SY, Ahn GO, Kim S. Multiplexed In Vivo Imaging Using Size-Controlled Quantum Dots in the Second Near-Infrared Window. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7:e1800695. [PMID: 30450820 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201800695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
PbS/CdS core/shell quantum dots (QDs) that emit at the second near-infrared (NIR-II, 1000-1700 nm) window are synthesized. The PbS seed size and CdS shell thicknesses are carefully controlled to produce bright and narrow fluorescence that are suitable for multiplexing. A polymer encapsulation yields polymer-encapsulated NIR-II QDs (PQDs), which provides the QDs with long-term fluorescence stability over a week in biological media. Exploiting the simple bioconjugation capability of PQDs, folic acids are conjugated to PQDs that can efficiently label folate receptor overexpressing cell lines. The PQDs afford multiplexed and nearly real-time longitudinal whole-body in vivo imaging. Two NIR-II QD probes are prepared: folic acid-conjugated PQDs (FA-PQDs) emitting at 1280 nm and unconjugated PQDs emitting at 1080 nm. The two PQDs are engineered to have compact and similar hydrodynamic sizes. A mixture of the folic acid-conjugated PQD and unconjugated PQDs is injected intravenously into a tumor-xenografted mouse, and the signals from them are monitored. This NIR-II whole-body imaging with the two PQDs provides precise evaluation of the active ligand-assisted tumor-targeting capability of the FA-PQD probe because the hydrodynamic size control of the two PQDs effectively eliminates effects from the size-dependent accumulations by permeations and retentions in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghwa Jeong
- Department of Chemistry; Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH); 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu Pohang Gyeongbuk 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Yebin Jung
- Department of Chemistry; Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH); 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu Pohang Gyeongbuk 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Seoyeon Bok
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology; POSTECH; 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu Pohang Gyeongbuk 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Mi Ryu
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences; Asan Medical Center; 88 Olympic-ro, 43-gil Songpa-gu Seoul 05505 Republic of Korea
| | - Sumin Lee
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering; POSTECH; 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu Pohang Gyeongbuk 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Eun Kim
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology; POSTECH; 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu Pohang Gyeongbuk 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Jaejung Song
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering; POSTECH; 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu Pohang Gyeongbuk 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Miyeon Kim
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences; Asan Medical Center; 88 Olympic-ro, 43-gil Songpa-gu Seoul 05505 Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Yeob Kim
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences; Asan Medical Center; 88 Olympic-ro, 43-gil Songpa-gu Seoul 05505 Republic of Korea
- Department of Convergence Medicine; University of Ulsan College of Medicine; 88 Olympic-ro, 43-gil Songpa-gu Seoul 05505 Republic of Korea
| | - G-One Ahn
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology; POSTECH; 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu Pohang Gyeongbuk 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjee Kim
- Department of Chemistry; Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH); 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu Pohang Gyeongbuk 37673 Republic of Korea
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering; POSTECH; 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu Pohang Gyeongbuk 37673 Republic of Korea
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13
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Hwang BW, Kim YE, Kim M, Han S, Bok S, Park KM, Shrinidhi A, Kim KS, Ahn GO, Hahn SK. Supramolecular hydrogels encapsulating bioengineered mesenchymal stem cells for ischemic therapy. RSC Adv 2018; 8:18771-18775. [PMID: 35539688 PMCID: PMC9080606 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra00464a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We developed supramolecular hyaluronate (HA) hydrogels to encapsulate genetically engineered mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for the treatment of limb ischemia. In vivo angiogenic factors could be produced stably by the bioengineered MSCs (BMSCs) within the supramolecular hydrogels showing effective vascular repair and enhanced blood perfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Woo Hwang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) 77 Cheongam-ro Pohang 37673 Korea
| | - Young-Eun Kim
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) 77 Cheongam-ro Pohang 37673 Korea
| | - Mungu Kim
- PHI BIOMED Co. 175 Yeoksam-ro, Gangnam-gu Seoul 06247 Korea
| | - Seulgi Han
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) 77 Cheongam-ro Pohang 37673 Korea
| | - Seoyeon Bok
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) 77 Cheongam-ro Pohang 37673 Korea
| | - Kyeng Min Park
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity (CSC), Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Annadka Shrinidhi
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity (CSC), Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Pohang 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Su Kim
- PHI BIOMED Co. 175 Yeoksam-ro, Gangnam-gu Seoul 06247 Korea
- Department of Organic Materials Science and Engineering, College of Engineering, Pusan National University 2 Busandaehak-ro 63 beon-gil, Gumjeong-gu Busan 46241 Korea
| | - G-One Ahn
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) 77 Cheongam-ro Pohang 37673 Korea
| | - Sei Kwang Hahn
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) 77 Cheongam-ro Pohang 37673 Korea
- PHI BIOMED Co. 175 Yeoksam-ro, Gangnam-gu Seoul 06247 Korea
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14
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Bok S, Kim YE, Woo Y, Kim S, Kang SJ, Lee Y, Park SK, Weissman IL, Ahn GO. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α regulates microglial functions affecting neuronal survival in the acute phase of ischemic stroke in mice. Oncotarget 2017; 8:111508-111521. [PMID: 29340071 PMCID: PMC5762339 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells universally adapt to ischemic conditions by turning on a transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), in which its role is known to differ widely across many different types of cells. Given that microglia have been reported as an essential mediator of neuroinflammation in many brain diseases, we examined the role of HIF in microglia in the progression of an acute phase of ischemic stroke by challenging our novel strains of myeloid-specific Hif-1α or Hif-2α knockout (KO) mice created by Cre-loxP system via middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). We observed that Hif-1α but not Hif-2α KO mice exhibited an improved recovery compared to wild-type (WT) mice determined by behavioral tests. Immunostaining analyses revealed that there were increased numbers of both mature and immature neurons while microglia and apoptotic cells were significantly decreased in the dentate gyrus of Hif-1α KO mice following MCAO. By isolating microglia with fluorescence-activated cell sorter, we found that HIF-1α-deficient microglia were impaired in phagocytosis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) secretion. We further observed a significant decrease in the expression of Cd36 and milk fat globule-epidermal growth factor 8 (Mfg-e8) genes, both of which contain hypoxia-responsive element (HRE). Knocking down either of these genes in BV2 microglial cells was sufficient to abrogate HIF-mediated increase in phagocytosis, production of intracellular ROS, or TNF-α secretion. Our results therefore suggest that HIF-1α in microglia is a novel therapeutic target to protect neuronal survival following an acute phase of ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seoyeon Bok
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea.,Current/Present address: Department of Radiation Oncology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yonsei University Health System, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Young-Eun Kim
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Youngsik Woo
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Soeun Kim
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Suk-Jo Kang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Yoontae Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Sang Ki Park
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Irving L Weissman
- Stem Cell Institute and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - G-One Ahn
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
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15
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Hong BJ, Kim J, Jeong H, Bok S, Kim YE, Ahn GO. Tumor hypoxia and reoxygenation: the yin and yang for radiotherapy. Radiat Oncol J 2016; 34:239-249. [PMID: 28030900 PMCID: PMC5207368 DOI: 10.3857/roj.2016.02012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2016] [Revised: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor hypoxia, a common feature occurring in nearly all human solid tumors is a major contributing factor for failures of anticancer therapies. Because ionizing radiation depends heavily on the presence of molecular oxygen to produce cytotoxic effect, the negative impact of tumor hypoxia had long been recognized. In this review, we will highlight some of the past attempts to overcome tumor hypoxia including hypoxic radiosensitizers and hypoxia-selective cytotoxin. Although they were (still are) a very clever idea, they lacked clinical efficacy largely because of ‘reoxygenation’ phenomenon occurring in the conventional low dose hyperfractionation radiotherapy prevented proper activation of these compounds. Recent meta-analysis and imaging studies do however indicate that there may be a significant clinical benefit in lowering the locoregional failures by using these compounds. Latest technological advancement in radiotherapy has allowed to deliver high doses of radiation conformally to the tumor volume. Although this technology has brought superb clinical responses for many types of cancer, recent modeling studies have predicted that tumor hypoxia is even more serious because ‘reoxygenation’ is low thereby leaving a large portion of hypoxic tumor cells behind. Wouldn’t it be then reasonable to combine hypoxic radiosensitizers and/or hypoxia-selective cytotoxin with the latest radiotherapy? We will provide some preclinical and clinical evidence to support this idea hoping to revamp an enthusiasm for hypoxic radiosensitizers or hypoxia-selective cytotoxins as an adjunct therapy for radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beom-Ju Hong
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
| | - Jeongwoo Kim
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
| | - Hoibin Jeong
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
| | - Seoyeon Bok
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
| | - Young-Eun Kim
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
| | - G-One Ahn
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
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16
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Jeong H, Bok S, Hong BJ, Choi HS, Ahn GO. Radiation-induced immune responses: mechanisms and therapeutic perspectives. Blood Res 2016; 51:157-163. [PMID: 27722125 PMCID: PMC5054246 DOI: 10.5045/br.2016.51.3.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advancement in the radiotherapy technology has allowed conformal delivery of high doses of ionizing radiation precisely to the tumors while sparing large volume of the normal tissues, which have led to better clinical responses. Despite this technological advancement many advanced tumors often recur and they do so within the previously irradiated regions. How could tumors recur after receiving such high ablative doses of radiation? In this review, we outlined how radiation can elicit anti-tumor responses by introducing some of the cytokines that can be induced by ionizing radiation. We then discuss how tumor hypoxia, a major limiting factor responsible for failure of radiotherapy, may also negatively impact the anti-tumor responses. In addition, we highlight how there may be other populations of immune cells including regulatory T cells (Tregs), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), and tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) that can be recruited to tumors interfering with the anti-tumor immunity. Finally, the impact of irradiation on tumor hypoxia and the immune responses according to different radiotherapy regimen is also delineated. It is indeed an exciting time to see that radiotherapy is being combined with immunotherapy in the clinic and we hope that this review can add an excitement to the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoibin Jeong
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Korea
| | - Seoyeon Bok
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Korea
| | - Beom-Ju Hong
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Korea
| | - Hyung-Seok Choi
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Korea
| | - G-One Ahn
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Korea
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17
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Chen B, Wood A, Pathak A, Mathai J, Bok S, Zheng H, Hamm S, Basuray S, Grant S, Gangopadhyay K, Cornish PV, Gangopadhyay S. Plasmonic gratings with nano-protrusions made by glancing angle deposition for single-molecule super-resolution imaging. Nanoscale 2016; 8:12189-201. [PMID: 27250765 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr09165a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Super-resolution imaging has been advantageous in studying biological and chemical systems, but the required equipment and platforms are expensive and unable to observe single-molecules at the high (μM) fluorophore concentrations required to study protein interaction and enzymatic activity. Here, a plasmonic platform was designed that utilized an inexpensively fabricated plasmonic grating in combination with a scalable glancing angle deposition (GLAD) technique using physical vapor deposition. The GLAD creates an abundance of plasmonic nano-protrusion probes that combine the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) from the periodic gratings with the localized SPR of these nano-protrusions. The resulting platform enables simultaneous imaging of a large area without point-by-point scanning or bulk averaging for the detection of single Cyanine-5 molecules in dye concentrations ranging from 50 pM to 10 μM using epifluorescence microscopy. Combining the near-field plasmonic nano-protrusion probes and super-resolution technique using localization microscopy, we demonstrate the ability to resolve grain sizes down to 65 nm. This plasmonic GLAD grating is a cost-effective super-resolution imaging substrate with potential applications in high-speed biomedical imaging over a wide range of fluorescent concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 139 and 141A Engineering Building West, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
| | - A Wood
- Department of Bioengineering, 139 and 141A Engineering Building West, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - A Pathak
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 139 and 141A Engineering Building West, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
| | - J Mathai
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 139 and 141A Engineering Building West, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
| | - S Bok
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 139 and 141A Engineering Building West, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
| | - H Zheng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 139 and 141A Engineering Building West, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
| | - S Hamm
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 139 and 141A Engineering Building West, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
| | - S Basuray
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 139 and 141A Engineering Building West, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
| | - S Grant
- Department of Bioengineering, 139 and 141A Engineering Building West, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - K Gangopadhyay
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 139 and 141A Engineering Building West, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
| | - P V Cornish
- Department of Biochemistry, 117 Schweitzer Hall, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
| | - S Gangopadhyay
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, 139 and 141A Engineering Building West, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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18
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Wang T, Jang WH, Lee S, Yoon CJ, Lee JH, Kim B, Hwang S, Hong CP, Yoon Y, Lee G, Le VH, Bok S, Ahn GO, Lee J, Gho YS, Chung E, Kim S, Jang MH, Myung SJ, Kim MJ, So PTC, Kim KH. Moxifloxacin: Clinically compatible contrast agent for multiphoton imaging. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27142. [PMID: 27283889 PMCID: PMC4901393 DOI: 10.1038/srep27142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiphoton microscopy (MPM) is a nonlinear fluorescence microscopic technique widely used for cellular imaging of thick tissues and live animals in biological studies. However, MPM application to human tissues is limited by weak endogenous fluorescence in tissue and cytotoxicity of exogenous probes. Herein, we describe the applications of moxifloxacin, an FDA-approved antibiotic, as a cell-labeling agent for MPM. Moxifloxacin has bright intrinsic multiphoton fluorescence, good tissue penetration and high intracellular concentration. MPM with moxifloxacin was demonstrated in various cell lines, and animal tissues of cornea, skin, small intestine and bladder. Clinical application is promising since imaging based on moxifloxacin labeling could be 10 times faster than imaging based on endogenous fluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taejun Wang
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Rep. of Korea
| | - Won Hyuk Jang
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Rep. of Korea
| | - Seunghun Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Rep. of Korea
| | - Calvin J Yoon
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Rep. of Korea
| | - Jun Ho Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Rep. of Korea
| | - Bumju Kim
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Rep. of Korea
| | - Sekyu Hwang
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Rep. of Korea
| | - Chun-Pyo Hong
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Rep. of Korea
| | - Yeoreum Yoon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Rep. of Korea
| | - Gilgu Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Rep. of Korea
| | - Viet-Hoan Le
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Rep. of Korea
| | - Seoyeon Bok
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Rep. of Korea
| | - G-One Ahn
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Rep. of Korea
| | - Jaewook Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Rep. of Korea
| | - Yong Song Gho
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Rep. of Korea
| | - Euiheon Chung
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, and School of Mechanical Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, 123 Cheomdan-gwagiro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61005, Rep. of Korea
| | - Sungjee Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Rep. of Korea
| | - Myoung Ho Jang
- Academy of Immunology and Microbiology, Institute for Basic Science, 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Rep. of Korea
| | - Seung-Jae Myung
- Department of Gastroenterology, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 88 Olympic-ro, 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05505, Rep. of Korea
| | - Myoung Joon Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Asan University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Asan Medical Center, 88 Olympic-ro, 43-gil, Songpa-gu, Seoul 05505, Rep. of Korea
| | - Peter T C So
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ki Hean Kim
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Rep. of Korea.,Department of Mechanical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-ro, Nam-gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Rep. of Korea
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Song C, Hong B, Bok S, Lee C, Kim Y, Jeon S, Wu H, Lee Y, Cheon G, Paeng J, Ahn G, Kim H. PV-0427: Real-time tumour oxygenation changes following a single high dose radiotherapy in mouse lung cancers. Radiother Oncol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(16)31676-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Kim KS, Jeon SU, Lee CJ, Kim YE, Bok S, Hong BJ, Park DY, Ahn GO, Kim HJ. Radiation-Induced Esophagitis In Vivo and In Vitro Reveals That Epidermal Growth Factor Is a Potential Candidate for Therapeutic Intervention Strategy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2016; 95:1032-1041. [PMID: 27130791 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2016.02.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To establish and characterize radiation-induced esophagitis (RIE) in vivo and in vitro. METHODS AND MATERIALS Fractionated thoracic irradiation at 0, 8, 12, or 15 Gy was given daily for 5 days to Balb/c or C57Bl/6 mice. Changes in body weight gain and daily food intake were assessed. At the end of the study, we removed the esophagus and examined histology by hematoxylin and eosin staining, immune cell infiltration and apoptosis by fluorescence-activated cell sorting, and gene expression changes by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Het-1A human esophageal epithelial cells were irradiated at 6 Gy, treated with recombinant human growth factors, and examined for gene expression changes, apoptosis, proliferation, and signal transduction pathways. RESULTS We observed that irradiation at 12 Gy or 15 Gy per fraction produced significant reduction in body weight and decreased food intake in Balb/c mice but not as much in C57Bl/6 mice. Further analyses of Balb/c mice irradiated at 12 Gy/fraction revealed attenuated epithelium, inflamed mucosa, and increased numbers of infiltrating CD4+ helper T cells and apoptotic cells. Moreover, we found that expression of tissue inhibitor for metalloproteinase-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, and stromal-derived factor-1 were increased, whereas epidermal growth factor (EGF) was decreased. Irradiated Het-1A cells similarly showed a significant decrease in expression of EGF and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF). Treatment of EGF but not CTGF partially protected Het-1A cells from radiation-induced apoptosis and revealed phosphorylation of EGFR, AKT, and ERK signaling pathways. CONCLUSIONS We established a mouse model of RIE in Balb/c mice with 12 Gy × 5 fractions, which showed reduced body weight gain, food intake, and histopathologic features similar to those of human esophagitis. Decreased EGF expression in the irradiated esophagus suggests that EGF may be a potential therapeutic intervention strategy to treat RIE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Su Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong-Uk Jeon
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Korea
| | - Chan-Ju Lee
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Korea
| | - Young-Eun Kim
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Korea
| | - Seoyeon Bok
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Korea
| | - Beom-Ju Hong
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Korea
| | - Dong-Young Park
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Korea
| | - G-One Ahn
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Gyeongbuk, Korea.
| | - Hak Jae Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Kim K, Song S, Kim Y, Jeon S, Bok S, Hong B, Lee C, Ahn G, Kim H. Establishing a Mouse Model for Radiation Induced Esophagitis. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2015.07.505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Bok S, Wang T, Lee CJ, Jeon SU, Kim YE, Kim J, Hong BJ, Yoon CJ, Kim S, Lee SH, Kim HJ, Kim IH, Kim KH, Ahn GO. In vivo imaging of activated microglia in a mouse model of focal cerebral ischemia by two-photon microscopy. Biomed Opt Express 2015; 6:3303-12. [PMID: 26417502 PMCID: PMC4574658 DOI: 10.1364/boe.6.003303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are brain resident macrophages rapidly responding to various stimuli to exert appropriate inflammatory responses. Although they have recently been exploited as an attractive candidate for imaging neuroinflammation, it is still difficult to visualize them at the cellular and molecular levels. Here we imaged activated microglia by establishing intracranial window chamber (ICW) in a mouse model of focal cerebral ischemia by using two-photon microscopy (TPM), in vivo. Intravenous injection of fluorescent antibodies allowed us to detect significantly elevated levels of Iba-1 and CD68 positive activated microglia in the ipsilateral compared to the contralateral side of the infarct. We further observed that indomethacin, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug significantly attenuated CD68-positive microglial activation in ICW, which was further confirmed by qRT-PCR biochemical analyses. In conclusion, we believe that in vivo TPM imaging of ICW would be a useful tool to screen for therapeutic interventions lowering microglial activation hence neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seoyeon Bok
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, South Korea
| | - Taejun Wang
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, South Korea
| | - Chan-Ju Lee
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, South Korea
| | - Seong-Uk Jeon
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, South Korea
| | - Young-Eun Kim
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, South Korea
| | - Jeongwoo Kim
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, South Korea
| | - Beom-Ju Hong
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, South Korea
| | - Calvin Jinse Yoon
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, South Korea
| | - Sungjee Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, South Korea
| | - Seung-Hoon Lee
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul 110-799, South Korea
| | - Hak Jae Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul 110-799, South Korea
| | - Il Han Kim
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 103 Daehak-Ro, Jongno-Gu, Seoul 110-799, South Korea
| | - Ki Hean Kim
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, South Korea
| | - G-One Ahn
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu, Pohang, Gyeongbuk 790-784, South Korea
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Park J, Lee J, Kwag J, Baek Y, Kim B, Yoon CJ, Bok S, Cho SH, Kim KH, Ahn GO, Kim S. Quantum Dots in an Amphiphilic Polyethyleneimine Derivative Platform for Cellular Labeling, Targeting, Gene Delivery, and Ratiometric Oxygen Sensing. ACS Nano 2015; 9:6511-6521. [PMID: 26057729 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b02357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Amphiphilic polyethyleneimine derivatives (amPEIs) were synthesized and used to encapsulate dozens of quantum dots (QDs). The QD-amPEI composite was ∼100 nm in hydrodynamic diameter and had the slightly positive outer surface that suited well for cellular internalization. The QD-amPEI showed very efficient QD cellular labeling with the labeled cell fluorescence intensity more than 10 times higher than conventional techniques such as Lipofectamine-assisted QD delivery. QD-amPEI was optimal for maximal intracellular QD delivery by the large QD payload and the rapid endocytosis kinetics. QD-amPEI platform technology was demonstrated for gene delivery, cell-specific labeling, and ratiometric oxygen sensing. Our QD-amPEI platform has two partitions: positive outer surface and hydrophobic inside pocket. The outer positive surface was further exploited for gene delivery and targeting. Co-delivery of QDs and GFP silencing RNAs was successfully demonstrated by assembling siRNAs to the outer surfaces, which showed the transfection efficiency an order of magnitude higher than conventional gene transfections. Hyaluronic acids were tethered onto the QD-amPEI for cell-specific targeted labeling which showed the specific-to-nonspecific signal ratio over 100. The inside hydrophobic compartment was further applied for cohosting oxygen sensing phosphorescence Ru dyes along with QDs. The QD-Ru-amPEI oxygen probe showed accurate and reversible oxygen sensing capability by the ratiometric photoluminescence signals, which was successfully applied to cellular and spheroid models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - So-Hye Cho
- ∥Materials Architecturing Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Hwarangno 14-gil 5, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 136-791, South Korea
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Ahn GO, Kim YE, Hong BJ, Bok S, Lee CJ, Kim HJ, Kim IH, Seita J, Weissman I, Brown JM. Abstract A13: Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) in myeloid cells promotes angiogenesis by regulating VEGF and S100A8 production. Cancer Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.chtme14-a13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Myeloid cells (cells that give rise to monocytes and macrophages) are a critical component in the solid tumor microenvironment, promoting angiogenesis and tumor recurrence to therapies. Recent literature have extensively demonstrated that hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) is a key transcription factor in myeloid cells in responding to hypoxic stimuli including solid tumors and inflammation by secreting various cytokines and growth factors.
Although a number of studies have reported that hypoxia exposure to primary macrophages induces HIF-1 activation and subsequent vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production, there had been no mouse model to demonstrate this phenomenon. To better understand the role of transcriptional activation of HIF in pathological macrophages, we have created a new strain of myeloid-specific knockout (KO) mice targeting HIF pathways using hS100A8 as the myeloid promoter. S100A8 is an intracellular calcium binding protein and its expression has been heavily detected in pathological macrophages of many diseases including solid tumors, inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, and rheumatoid arthritis.
Upon generating mice deficient for von Hippel Lindau (pVHL) tumor suppressor, the negative regulator of HIF, in myeloid cells, we observed erythema and increased VEGF expression in the bone marrow lysate. Moreover, these mice exhibited an enhanced angiogenesis in the subcutanouesly implanted matrigel plugs, which was accompanied by increased VEGF-VEGFR2 signaling in matrigel. We further found that these phenotypes were dependent on transcriptional activation of HIF-1 as a pharmacological or genetic inhibition of HIF-1α completely suppressed the phenotypes in mice deficient for pVHL in myeloid cells. Importantly, we found that HIF-1 activation in myeloid cells regulate not only VEGF but also S100A8 production and identified that monocytes were the major effector driving angiogenesis.
Together these results suggest that transcriptional activation of HIF-1 in myeloid cells plays a critical role in promoting angiogenesis. We are currently investigating how HIF-1 in myeloid cells regulates tumor microenvironment thereby affecting tumor progression.
Citation Format: G-One Ahn, Young-Eun Kim, Beom-Ju Hong, Seoyeon Bok, Chan-Ju Lee, Hak Jae Kim, Il Han Kim, Jun Seita, Irving Weissman, J Martin Brown. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) in myeloid cells promotes angiogenesis by regulating VEGF and S100A8 production. [abstract]. In: Abstracts: AACR Special Conference on Cellular Heterogeneity in the Tumor Microenvironment; 2014 Feb 26-Mar 1; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(1 Suppl):Abstract nr A13. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.CHTME14-A13
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Affiliation(s)
- G-One Ahn
- 1Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea,
| | - Young-Eun Kim
- 1Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea,
| | - Beom-Ju Hong
- 1Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea,
| | - Seoyeon Bok
- 1Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea,
| | - Chan-Ju Lee
- 1Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea,
| | - Hak Jae Kim
- 2Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea,
| | - Il Han Kim
- 2Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea,
| | - Jun Seita
- 3Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
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Wood AJ, Chen B, Pathan S, Bok S, Mathai CJ, Gangopadhyay K, Grant SA, Gangopadhyay S. Influence of silver grain size, roughness, and profile on the extraordinary fluorescence enhancement capabilities of grating coupled surface plasmon resonance. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra17228d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Silver gratings with different metal film properties and structures were examined to determine their effect on metal enhanced fluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. J. Wood
- Department of Bioengineering
- University of Missouri
- Columbia
- USA
| | - B. Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
- University of Missouri
- Columbia
- USA
| | - S. Pathan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
- University of Missouri
- Columbia
- USA
| | - S. Bok
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
- University of Missouri
- Columbia
- USA
| | - C. J. Mathai
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
- University of Missouri
- Columbia
- USA
| | - K. Gangopadhyay
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
- University of Missouri
- Columbia
- USA
| | - S. A. Grant
- Department of Bioengineering
- University of Missouri
- Columbia
- USA
| | - S. Gangopadhyay
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
- University of Missouri
- Columbia
- USA
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Trenkmann I, Bok S, Korampally V, Gangopadhyay S, Graaf H, von Borczyskowski C. Counting Single Rhodamine 6G Dye Molecules in Organosilicate Nanoparticles. Chem Phys 2012; 406:41-46. [PMID: 23280055 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphys.2012.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Rhodamine 6G (R6G) dye molecules have been embedded into organosilicate nanoparticles to improve thermal and chemical stability of these marker molecules. We demonstrate that the well-established method of optical single-particle microscopy can be used to determine the number of dye molecules per nanoparticle in such hybrid materials. Analysing the fluorescence intensity of R6G in single nanoparticles, we obtain an average number of 1.3 - 1.7 dye molecules per nanoparticle as compared to 1 R6G per particle obtained from ensemble experiments. The blinking behaviour of embedded R6G can be described by a power law with an exponent α(on/off) = - 1.7. Ensemble measurements complete the optical characterization of the nanoparticles, which reveals no pronounced R6G aggregate formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Trenkmann
- Institute of Physics, Chemnitz University of Technology, Reichenhainer Str. 70, D-09126 Chemnitz, Germany
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Caregivers or relatives of mental patients often show increased levels of psychological distress. This study investigated whether this is also the case for caregivers of patients with borderline personality disorder. METHODS The Symptom Check List (SCL-90) was administered to 64 Dutch volunteers, who were either biologically related (parents or siblings) or biologically unrelated caregivers (partners or friends) of patients with borderline personality disorder. RESULTS The group of caregivers as a whole scored higher on all symptom dimensions of the SCL-90 than the general population. When controlling for caregiver sex and age, as well as for patient sex, there were no significant differences between the biologically related and unrelated caregiver groups on any dimension. CONCLUSIONS The results are in line with findings concerning distress in caregivers of patients suffering from personality disorders in general, posttraumatic stress disorder or schizophrenia. The mechanism behind the increased levels of distress in our sample is not clear, however. Either exposure to the problematic behaviour of the patient, selective mating or a combination of both might have been responsible for the effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G M Scheirs
- Tilburg University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Psychology and Health, The Netherlands.
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Bok S. At the juncture of theory and practice. Remarks on receiving the Henry Knowles Beecher Award. Hastings Cent Rep 1996; 26:5-8. [PMID: 8736667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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Abstract
I want to argue for two propositions. First, I suggest that what some researchers may take to be a simple trade-off between minor violations of the truth for the sake of access to far greater truths represents a profound miscalculation with far-reaching and cumulative reverberations. Second, I submit that today's research environment, as demanding, competitive, and sometimes bewildering as it is, offers genuine scope for what Murdoch calls truth-seeking, for imaging and questioning, and for relating to facts through both truth and truthfulness; but that, in so doing, it presents hard choices with respect to methods, and, in turn, to personal integrity--not only in particular research projects but also with respect to that fragile research environment in its own right.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bok
- Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Bok S. Voluntary euthanasia: private and public imperatives. Hastings Cent Rep 1994; 24:19-20. [PMID: 8088997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Bok
- Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass
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Abstract
What should patients know about the degree to which their physicians may be impaired—unable, in the words of the American Medical Association (A.M.A.), “to practice medicine with reasonable skill and safety to patients by reason of physical or mental illness, including alcoholism and drug dependence”? What patients do in fact find out about such matters as alcohol or other drug abuse by, say, the surgeon or the anesthesiologist in charge of their care is another matter altogether; most patients learn about such impairment the hard way. But what should they know beforehand, if at all possible?
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bok
- Institute of History and Theory of Medicine, Wilhelms-Universitat, Munster, Germany
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Bok S. Informed consent in tests of patient reliability. JAMA 1992; 267:1118-9. [PMID: 1735930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Abstract
Using thin-layer chromatography, celite column chromatography and recrystallization methods, articular (AR) and growth plate (GP) cartilage tissues and cells from prepubertal rabbits were shown to convert testosterone (T) into at least three main metabolites: dihydrotestosterone (DHT), delta 4-androstenedione and androstanediols. In tissue incubation experiments the amount of each newly formed metabolite per mg of tissue was always greater in AR than in GP cartilage. After a 24 h incubation with AR or GP cartilage tissues, T was mainly converted to DHT and delta 4-androstenedione in approximately equal amounts. The amount of androstanediol metabolites formed was much lower. In a time-course experiment, the conversion of T to DHT and delta 4-androstenedione was shown to increase in a linear fashion, while the conversion to androstanediols was more variable. Using cultured AR cartilage cell incubations, similar results were obtained. In addition, DHT was shown to be the sole metabolite which accumulated in the cellular pool during the first 3 h incubation, as well as during the 24 h incubation when maximum cellular uptake of radioactivity was observed. At this time, the intracellular amount of unmetabolized [3H]T (88 pmoles/100 micrograms DNA) was similar to the amount of [3H]DHT (70 pmoles/100 micrograms DNA) accumulated in the chondrocytes. For both delta 4-androstenedione and androstanediols, 99% of radioactivity was extracted from the incubation medium.
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34
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Bok S. The limits of confidentiality. Hastings Cent Rep 1983; 13:24-31. [PMID: 6841063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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35
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Bok S. Lying to children. Hastings Cent Rep 1978; 8:10-3. [PMID: 669928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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36
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37
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Bok S. Research, casual or planned? Hastings Cent Rep 1975; 5:25-6. [PMID: 1150414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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38
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39
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Bok S, Lappe M. Options in dealing with the threat of hemophilia. Hastings Cent Rep 1974; 4:8-9. [PMID: 4414935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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