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Heesen L, Peitz M, Torres-Benito L, Hölker I, Hupperich K, Dobrindt K, Jungverdorben J, Ritzenhofen S, Weykopf B, Eckert D, Hosseini-Barkooie SM, Storbeck M, Fusaki N, Lonigro R, Heller R, Kye MJ, Brüstle O, Wirth B. Plastin 3 is upregulated in iPSC-derived motoneurons from asymptomatic SMN1-deleted individuals. Cell Mol Life Sci 2015; 73:2089-104. [PMID: 26573968 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2084-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a devastating motoneuron (MN) disorder caused by homozygous loss of SMN1. Rarely, SMN1-deleted individuals are fully asymptomatic despite carrying identical SMN2 copies as their SMA III-affected siblings suggesting protection by genetic modifiers other than SMN2. High plastin 3 (PLS3) expression has previously been found in lymphoblastoid cells but not in fibroblasts of asymptomatic compared to symptomatic siblings. To find out whether PLS3 is also upregulated in MNs of asymptomatic individuals and thus a convincing SMA protective modifier, we generated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from fibroblasts of three asymptomatic and three SMA III-affected siblings from two families and compared these to iPSCs from a SMA I patient and control individuals. MNs were differentiated from iPSC-derived small molecule neural precursor cells (smNPCs). All four genotype classes showed similar capacity to differentiate into MNs at day 8. However, SMA I-derived MN survival was significantly decreased while SMA III- and asymptomatic-derived MN survival was moderately reduced compared to controls at day 27. SMN expression levels and concomitant gem numbers broadly matched SMN2 copy number distribution; SMA I presented the lowest levels, whereas SMA III and asymptomatic showed similar levels. In contrast, PLS3 was significantly upregulated in mixed MN cultures from asymptomatic individuals pinpointing a tissue-specific regulation. Evidence for strong PLS3 accumulation in shaft and rim of growth cones in MN cultures from asymptomatic individuals implies an important role in neuromuscular synapse formation and maintenance. These findings provide strong evidence that PLS3 is a genuine SMA protective modifier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludwig Heesen
- Institute of Human Genetics, Institute of Genetics and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 34, 50931, Cologne, Germany
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, LIFE & BRAIN Center, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53105, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Peitz
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, LIFE & BRAIN Center, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53105, Bonn, Germany
- DZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn, Germany
| | - Laura Torres-Benito
- Institute of Human Genetics, Institute of Genetics and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 34, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Irmgard Hölker
- Institute of Human Genetics, Institute of Genetics and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 34, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kristina Hupperich
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, LIFE & BRAIN Center, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53105, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kristina Dobrindt
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, LIFE & BRAIN Center, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53105, Bonn, Germany
| | - Johannes Jungverdorben
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, LIFE & BRAIN Center, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53105, Bonn, Germany
- DZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn, Germany
| | - Swetlana Ritzenhofen
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, LIFE & BRAIN Center, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53105, Bonn, Germany
| | - Beatrice Weykopf
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, LIFE & BRAIN Center, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53105, Bonn, Germany
- DZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn, Germany
| | - Daniela Eckert
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, LIFE & BRAIN Center, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53105, Bonn, Germany
| | - Seyyed Mohsen Hosseini-Barkooie
- Institute of Human Genetics, Institute of Genetics and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 34, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Markus Storbeck
- Institute of Human Genetics, Institute of Genetics and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 34, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Noemi Fusaki
- Keio University School of Medicine and JST PRESTO, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Renata Lonigro
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
- Institute of Clinical Pathology, A. O. U, Udine, Italy
| | - Raoul Heller
- Institute of Human Genetics, Institute of Genetics and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 34, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Min Jeong Kye
- Institute of Human Genetics, Institute of Genetics and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 34, 50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Oliver Brüstle
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, LIFE & BRAIN Center, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53105, Bonn, Germany.
- DZNE, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Brunhilde Wirth
- Institute of Human Genetics, Institute of Genetics and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. 34, 50931, Cologne, Germany.
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