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Das JK, Siddiqui F, Padhani ZA, Khan MH, Jabeen S, Mirani M, Mughal S, Baloch S, Sheikh I, Khatoon S, Muhammad K, Gangwani M, Nathani K, Salam RA, Bhutta ZA. Health behaviors and care seeking practices for childhood diarrhea and pneumonia in a rural district of Pakistan: A qualitative study. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285868. [PMID: 37192190 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Diarrhea and pneumonia are the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in children under five, and Pakistan is amongst the countries with the highest burden and low rates of related treatment coverage. We conducted a qualitative study as part of the formative phase to inform the design of the Community Mobilization and Community Incentivization (CoMIC) cluster randomized control trial (NCT03594279) in a rural district of Pakistan. We conducted in-dept interviews and focused group discussions with key stakeholders using a semi-structured study guide. Data underwent rigorous thematic analysis and major themes identified included socio-cultural dynamics, community mobilization and incentives, behavioral patterns and care seeking practices for childhood diarrhea and pneumonia, infant and young child feeding practices (IYCF), immunization, water sanitation and hygiene (WASH) and access to healthcare. This study highlights shortcomings in knowledge, health practices and health systems. There was to a certain extent awareness of the importance of hygiene, immunization, nutrition, and care-seeking, but the practices were poor due to various reasons. Poverty and lifestyle were considered prime factors for poor health behaviors, while health system inefficiencies added to these as rural facilities lack equipment and supplies, resources, and funding. The community identified that intensive inclusive community engagement and demand creation strategies tied to conditioned short term tangible incentives could help foster behavior change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jai K Das
- Institute for Global Health and Development, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
- Division of Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Faareha Siddiqui
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States of America
| | | | - Maryam Hameed Khan
- Institute for Global Health and Development, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Sultana Jabeen
- Division of Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Mushtaq Mirani
- Institute for Global Health and Development, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Shaista Mughal
- Division of Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Shafaq Baloch
- Division of Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Imtiaz Sheikh
- Institute for Global Health and Development, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Sana Khatoon
- Institute for Global Health and Development, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Khan Muhammad
- Institute for Global Health and Development, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Manesh Gangwani
- Division of Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Karim Nathani
- Division of Women and Child Health, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Rehana A Salam
- Melanoma Institute Australia, Centre of Research Excellence, University of Sydney, Camperdown, Australia
| | - Zulfiqar A Bhutta
- Institute for Global Health and Development, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
- Centre for Global Child Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Baloch S, Memon SA, Gachal GS, Baloch M. Determination of trace metals abnormalities in patients with vivax malaria. Iran J Parasitol 2011; 6:54-9. [PMID: 22347288 PMCID: PMC3279882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2010] [Accepted: 05/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the present study, blood serum level of metals were determined in malarial patients and compared with those in the normal subjects without complication using Atomic Absorption Spectrometer. METHODS For the determination of these metals twelve intravenous blood samples each from referred malarial patients and a group of normal subjects were collected and immediately centrifuged to obtain the supernatant liquid, serum of both the groups for analysis. RESULTS The blood serum levels of copper in malarial patients determined to be 2.6917 ppm, which is higher as compared to that found 2.045 in normal subjects. Whereas the blood serum levels of iron, magnesium, and zinc found 2.0708 ppm, 12.2467 ppm and 4.9017 ppm respectively in malarial patients, who are lower than those, are determined in the blood serum of normal subjects. Blood serum levels of iron, magnesium, and zinc in normal subjects found 3.950 ppm, 19.4892 ppm, and 5.242 ppm respectively. CONCLUSION In this study the metal content of copper, iron, magnesium and zinc in vary in malarial patients as compared those in the normal subjects. It may suggest that the decreased levels of iron, magnesium, and zinc can be maintained by giving as supplement of these metals in therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Baloch
- Department of Zoology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan
| | - SA Memon
- Dr MA Kazi, Institute of Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan,Corresponding author:
| | - GS Gachal
- Department of Zoology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan
| | - M Baloch
- Dr MA Kazi, Institute of Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan
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