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Levy N, Milikovsky DZ, Baranauskas G, Vinogradov E, David Y, Ketzef M, Abutbul S, Weissberg I, Kamintsky L, Fleidervish I, Friedman A, Monsonego A. Differential TGF-β Signaling in Glial Subsets Underlies IL-6-Mediated Epileptogenesis in Mice. J Immunol 2015; 195:1713-22. [PMID: 26136430 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
TGF-β1 is a master cytokine in immune regulation, orchestrating both pro- and anti-inflammatory reactions. Recent studies show that whereas TGF-β1 induces a quiescent microglia phenotype, it plays a pathogenic role in the neurovascular unit and triggers neuronal hyperexcitability and epileptogenesis. In this study, we show that, in primary glial cultures, TGF-β signaling induces rapid upregulation of the cytokine IL-6 in astrocytes, but not in microglia, via enhanced expression, phosphorylation, and nuclear translocation of SMAD2/3. Electrophysiological recordings show that administration of IL-6 increases cortical excitability, culminating in epileptiform discharges in vitro and spontaneous seizures in C57BL/6 mice. Intracellular recordings from layer V pyramidal cells in neocortical slices obtained from IL-6 -: treated mice show that during epileptogenesis, the cells respond to repetitive orthodromic activation with prolonged after-depolarization with no apparent changes in intrinsic membrane properties. Notably, TGF-β1 -: induced IL-6 upregulation occurs in brains of FVB/N but not in brains of C57BL/6 mice. Overall, our data suggest that TGF-β signaling in the brain can cause astrocyte activation whereby IL-6 upregulation results in dysregulation of astrocyte -: neuronal interactions and neuronal hyperexcitability. Whereas IL-6 is epileptogenic in C57BL/6 mice, its upregulation by TGF-β1 is more profound in FVB/N mice characterized as a relatively more susceptible strain to seizure-induced cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitzan Levy
- Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel; Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel: and
| | - Dan Z Milikovsky
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel: and
| | - Gytis Baranauskas
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel: and
| | - Ekaterina Vinogradov
- Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Yaron David
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel: and
| | - Maya Ketzef
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel: and
| | - Shai Abutbul
- Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Itai Weissberg
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel: and
| | - Lyn Kamintsky
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel: and
| | - Ilya Fleidervish
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel: and
| | - Alon Friedman
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel: and Department of Medical Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Alon Monsonego
- Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel;
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Carmi Y, Dotan S, Rider P, Kaplanov I, White MR, Baron R, Abutbul S, Huszar M, Dinarello CA, Apte RN, Voronov E. The role of IL-1β in the early tumor cell-induced angiogenic response. J Immunol 2013; 190:3500-9. [PMID: 23475218 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we assessed the involvement of IL-1β in early angiogenic responses induced by malignant cells using Matrigel plugs supplemented with B16 melanoma cells. We found that during the angiogenic response, IL-1β and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) interact in a newly described autoinduction circuit, in which each of these cytokines induces the other. The IL-1β and VEGF circuit acts through interactions between bone marrow-derived VEGF receptor 1(+)/IL-1R1(+) immature myeloid cells and tissue endothelial cells. Myeloid cells produce IL-1β and additional proinflammatory cytokines, which subsequently activate endothelial cells to produce VEGF and other proangiogenic factors and provide the inflammatory microenvironment for angiogenesis and tumor progression. These mechanisms were also observed in a nontumor early angiogenic response elicited in Matrigel plugs by either rIL-1β or recombinant VEGF. We have shown that IL-1β inhibition stably reduces tumor growth by limiting inflammation and inducing the maturation of immature myeloid cells into M1 macrophages. In sharp contrast, only transient inhibition of tumor growth was observed after VEGF neutralization, followed by tumor recurrence mediated by rebound angiogenesis. This occurs via the reprogramming of VEGF receptor 1(+)/IL-1R1(+) cells to express hypoxia inducible factor-1α, VEGF, and other angiogenic factors, thereby directly supporting proliferation of endothelial cells and blood vessel formation in a paracrine manner. We suggest using IL-1β inhibition as an effective antitumor therapy and are currently optimizing the conditions for its application in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaron Carmi
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics and The Cancer Research Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
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Harpaz I, Abutbul S, Nemirovsky A, Gal R, Cohen H, Monsonego A. Chronic exposure to stress predisposes to higher autoimmune susceptibility in C57BL/6 mice: glucocorticoids as a double-edged sword. Eur J Immunol 2013; 43:758-69. [PMID: 23255172 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201242613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Revised: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Stress activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical axis to promote the release of corticosterone (CORT), which consequently suppresses pathogenic stimulation of the immune system. Paradoxically, however, stress often promotes autoimmunity through yet unknown mechanisms. Here we investigated how chronic variable stress (CVS), and the associated alterations in CORT levels, affect the susceptibility to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in female and male C57BL/6 mice. Under baseline (nonstressed) conditions, females exhibited substantially higher CORT levels and an attenuated EAE with less mortality than males. However, CVS induced a significantly worsened EAE in females, which was prevented if CORT signaling was blocked. In addition, females under CVS conditions showed a shift toward proinflammatory Th1/Th17 versus Th2 responses and a decreased proportion of CD4(+) CD25(+) Treg cells. This demonstrates that whereas C57BL/6 female mice generally exhibit higher CORT levels and an attenuated form of EAE than males, they become less responsive to the immunosuppressive effects of CORT under chronic stress and thereby prone to a higher risk of destructive autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idan Harpaz
- Anxiety and Stress Research Unit, Beer-Sheva Mental Health Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
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Abutbul S, Shapiro J, Szaingurten-Solodkin I, Levy N, Carmy Y, Baron R, Jung S, Monsonego A. TGF-β signaling through SMAD2/3 induces the quiescent microglial phenotype within the CNS environment. Glia 2012; 60:1160-71. [PMID: 22511296 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are myeloid-derived cells that colonize the central nervous system (CNS) at early stages of development and constitute up to 20% of the glial populations throughout life. While extensive progress has been recently made in identifying the cellular origin of microglia, the mechanism whereby the cells acquire the unique ramified and quiescent phenotype within the CNS milieu remains unknown. Here, we show that upon co-culturing of either CD117(+) /Lin(-) hematopoietic progenitors or CD11c(+) bone marrow derived cells with organotypic hippocampal slices or primary glia, the cells acquire a ramified morphology concomitant with reduced levels of CD86, MHCII, and CD11c and up-regulation of the microglial cell-surface proteins CX(3) CR1 and Iba-1. We further demonstrate that the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling pathway via SMAD2/3 phosphorylation is essential for both primary microglia and myeloid-derived cells in order to acquire their quiescent phenotype. Our study suggests that the abundant expression of TGF-β within the CNS during development and various inflammatory processes plays a key role in promoting the quiescent phenotype of microglia and may thus serve as a target for therapeutic strategies aimed at modulating the function of microglia in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and prion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shai Abutbul
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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Zilberg D, Tal A, Froyman N, Abutbul S, Dudai N, Golan-Goldhirsh A. Dried leaves of Rosmarinus officinalis as a treatment for streptococcosis in tilapia. J Fish Dis 2010; 33:361-369. [PMID: 20158579 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2009.01129.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Dietary application of dried Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary) leaves as a treatment for streptococcal infection was studied in tilapia, Oreochromis sp. Feeding with dried rosemary leaves significantly reduced mortality following infection with Streptococcus iniae: 44% mortality in the group fed 8% rosemary, similar to oxytetracycline treatment (43% mortality), and significantly lower than the control (65%). Dietary administration of 16% rosemary significantly reduced mortality because of Streptococcus agalactiae infection in 44 g fish (62% and 76% in 16% rosemary and control, respectively), but not in a similar experiment conducted with 5.5 g fish. The antibacterial effect of rosemary on S. iniae was studied. Activity of rosemary cultivar Israel was reduced during the winter, but there was no significant change in cultivars Oranit and Star. Storage of powdered rosemary leaves at 50 degrees C resulted in fourfold and eightfold higher MIC(24 h) values after 3 and 4.5 months, respectively. Storage at -20 degrees C, 4 degrees C and 25 degrees C and autoclaving (120 degrees C) each resulted in a twofold increase in MIC(24 h). Repeated exposures of S. iniae to rosemary did not affect minimal inhibitory concentration, suggesting no development of resistance to rosemary.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Zilberg
- The French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Ben-Gurion, Sede Boqer Campus, 84990, Israel.
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