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Shakir M, Irshad HA, Altaf A, Ladak S, Aziz HF, Enam SA. Does gender disparity exist in neurosurgery training? Evidence from a nationwide survey from Pakistan. Med Educ Online 2024; 29:2310385. [PMID: 38290059 PMCID: PMC10829840 DOI: 10.1080/10872981.2024.2310385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Gender disparities are prevalent in the neurosurgical field, particularly for female trainees, despite the growing demand for neurosurgeons. The situation is bleaker in low-and middle-income countries, where gender disparities among neurosurgical trainees have not been evaluated. We aimed to gauge the gender differences in opportunities and perceptions of neurosurgery training in Pakistan by comparing responses between males and females. A nationwide web-based survey was conducted in Pakistan, covering 22 College of Physicians and Surgeons of Pakistan (CPSP) accredited neurosurgery training programs. Convenience sampling was used with a pilot-tested questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 26. A total of 120 trainees participated in our survey. The mean age of the participants was 30.4 ± 4.1 years, with 29.2% females and 70.8% males. Concerns about gender equity were more among females (34.3%) than males (27.1%). Poor work-life balance was reported by more females (34.3%) than males (30.6%). Burnout due to working hours was strongly agreed by more females (54.3%) than males (35.3%). More females (40%) acknowledged sufficient mentorship opportunities versus males (25%). Female respondents (65.7%) worked 50-100 hours per week, less than males (69.4%). Satisfaction with surgical exposure was lower among females (2.9%) compared to males (18.8%). More females reported access to teaching courses (82.9% vs. 77.6% males) and neurosurgical conferences (85.7% vs. 80.0% males), cadaver workshops (17.1% vs. 12.9% males), morbidity and mortality meetings (88.6% vs. 82.4% males), case-based sessions (82.9% vs. 75.3% males), and radiology discussions (82.9% vs. 74.1% males). Our study highlights substantial gender gaps in neurosurgical training, concerns over working hours, burnout, mentorship, work-life balance, and gender equity. These findings underscore the necessity for interventions to rectify these disparities and foster gender equity in neurosurgical training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Shakir
- Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Hammad Atif Irshad
- Medical Student, Medical College, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Ahmed Altaf
- Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Shamila Ladak
- Medical Student, Medical College, Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Hafiza Fatima Aziz
- Neuro-oncology Fellow, Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Syed Ather Enam
- Section of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
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Ladak S, McQueen L, Joeldavid L, Murphy G, Zakkar M. Acute arterial haemodynamics activation of endothelial to mesenchymal transition in long saphenous veins. Impact on vein graft disease. Eur Heart J 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac544.3084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction
The long saphenous vein (LSV) is frequently used in cardiac surgery; however, its use is complicated by late stenosis or occlusion due to the development of intimal hyperplasia (IH). TGF-β has been implicated in the process of IH however the impact of acute haemodynamic changes on the activation of TGF-β endothelial-to mesenchymal transition (EndMT) has not been assessed and it's the focus of this study.
Purpose
To assess the role of acute haemodynamics changes in veins implanted into arterial circulation on EndMT.
Methods
Surplus LSV were exposed to acute arterial haemodynamics using a perfusion bioreactor. Changes in EndMT markers at the RNA and protein level evaluated by quantitative real time PCR, RNAScope and immunofluorescence.
Results
The acute exposure of veins to arterial haemodynamics ex-vivo induced significant increase in inflammatory marker IL-8 expression and transcription factor TWIST1 in LSV (both p≤0.01, Figure 1A) endothelium. Furthermore, immunostaining demonstrated the activation of pSMAD (p≤0.01, Figure 1B) acutely in endothelium after 45 minutes of exposure to arterial haemodynamics. This was followed by significant increase of SMC related markers (Vimentin and α-SMA; Figure 1C, both p≤0.001) and the suppression of endothelial cell related marker CD31 after 4 hours of LSV exposure to acute arterial haemodynamics. RNAScope and IHC results showed localisation of TWIST1 RNA and protein in CD31+ (p≤0.001) and VECAD+ (p≤0.001) cells respectively following exposure to acute arterial haemodynamics (Figure 1D). Furthermore, TGF-β pathway phosphorylation array identified the activation of Smad1 (p≤0.05) but not TAK1 in LSV endothelial cells indicating that acute arterial haemodynamics activates the TGF-β–SMAD pathway specifically (Figure 1E).
Conclusion
The exposure of LSV to acute arterial haemodynamics is associated with the activation of TGF-β–SMAD pathway leading to EndMT changes in the endothelium of vein grafts ex-vivo. This contributes to our understanding of the changes that occur in veins after implantation into arterial circulation and that the acute changes in the endothelium and suggests that strategies to modulate TGF-β–SMAD can be utilised to modulate IH in vein grafts.
Funding Acknowledgement
Type of funding sources: Private grant(s) and/or Sponsorship. Main funding source(s): Van Geest Foundation Heart and Cardiovascular Diseases Research Fund
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ladak
- University of Leicester, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Glenfield hospital , Leicester , United Kingdom
| | - L McQueen
- University of Leicester, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Glenfield hospital , Leicester , United Kingdom
| | - L Joeldavid
- NIHR Biomedical Research Unit in Cardiovascular Disease , Leicester , United Kingdom
| | - G Murphy
- University of Leicester, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Glenfield hospital , Leicester , United Kingdom
| | - M Zakkar
- University of Leicester, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Glenfield hospital , Leicester , United Kingdom
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Saleh R, Martins RS, Saad M, Fatimi AS, Kumar G, Abbas M, Akbar I, Jehanzeb H, Ladak S, Kaleem S, Nadeem S. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the career choice of medicine: A cross-sectional study amongst pre-medical students in Pakistan. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2022; 81:104219. [PMID: 35957649 PMCID: PMC9357277 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2022.104219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The COVID-19 pandemic has significantly affected the lives of healthcare workers due to the frontline nature of their work. Their hard work and sacrifice have forged new perceptions of healthcare workers. These changes may potentially influence students' interest in medicine. This study explores how the COVID-19 pandemic has affected premedical students’ decisions to pursue medicine as a career. Methods A cross-sectional study using a self-designed online questionnaire was carried out amongst pre-medical students across Pakistan. Results A total of 1695 students from 93 public and private schools filled in the survey. After the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, significantly more pre-medical students want to pursue medicine (60.7%–62.9%) and less are unsure (20.2%–17%). Students are significantly more likely to be motivated to pursue medicine due to altruistic benefits to society (57% vs. 62.7%) and be deterred by the risk of contracting infections on duty (10%–14.6%). There is a minor but significant increase in the popularity of internal medicine (17.1%–18.9%), public health (4.1% vs. 5.7%), emergency medicine (3.8% vs. 5.7%), pediatrics (3.8% vs. 4.7%), and radiology (2.1% vs. 2.9%). Most pre-medical students felt that doctors routinely undergo physical and emotional turmoil (84%). Conclusions Although awareness of hardships faced by medical professionals has increased, motivation to pursue medicine has grown. Through understanding trends in the motivations of students to pursue medicine, medical schools can accommodate the expectations of incoming students and reach out to potential applicants. More pre-medical students want to pursue medicine since the onset of the pandemic. The major motivation to pursue medicine remains altruistic. Since the pandemic, students are more likely to be deterred by occupational risks. Some specialties have become more popular choices since the pandemic. These include pediatrics, public health, and internal medicine.
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Martins RS, Fatimi AS, Ladak S, Jehanzeb H, Saleh R, Kumar G, Kaleem S, Saad M, Akbar I, Abbas M, Nadeem S, Malik MA. Factors Influencing the Intention to Pursue Surgery among Female Pre-Medical Students: A Cross-Sectional Study in Pakistan. World J Surg 2022; 46:2063-2072. [PMID: 35538319 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-022-06589-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While gender disparities in surgery are documented worldwide, it is unclear to what extent women consider surgery as a career before embarking on their medical school journey. This study aimed to report the percentage of pre-medical women in Pakistan who intend to eventually specialize in surgery and assess the factors motivating and deterring this decision. METHODS An online survey was conducted among female pre-medical (high school) students across Pakistan. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to determine motivating and deterring factors associated with the intention to pursue surgery. RESULTS Out of 1219 female high-school students, 764 (62.7) intended to join medical school. Among these 764, only 9.8% reported an exclusive intent to pursue surgery, while just 20.3% reported considering other specialties in addition to surgery. Significant motivators to pursue surgery exclusively were the intellectual satisfaction of pursuing surgery (adjusted odds ratio: 2.302), having opportunities to travel internationally for work (2.300) and use cutting-edge technology (2.203), interest in the specialty of surgery (2.031), the social prestige of becoming a surgeon (1.910), and considering one's personality well-suited to surgery (1.888). Major deterrents included the lack of interest in surgery (adjusted odds ratio: 3.812), surgical education and training being too difficult (2.440) and lengthy (1.404), and the risk of aggressive behavior from patients (2.239). CONCLUSION Even before entering medical school, most female pre-medical students have already decided against considering a future surgical career. Deterrents likely stem from women being pressured to conform to deep-seated societal expectations to dedicate their time and energy to domestic responsibilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell Seth Martins
- Medical College, Aga Khan University, Karachi, 74800, Pakistan.,Research & Development Wing, Society for Promoting Innovation in Education, Aga Khan University, Karachi, 74800, Pakistan
| | - Asad Saulat Fatimi
- Medical College, Aga Khan University, Karachi, 74800, Pakistan.,Research & Development Wing, Society for Promoting Innovation in Education, Aga Khan University, Karachi, 74800, Pakistan
| | - Shamila Ladak
- Medical College, Aga Khan University, Karachi, 74800, Pakistan.,Research & Development Wing, Society for Promoting Innovation in Education, Aga Khan University, Karachi, 74800, Pakistan
| | - Hamzah Jehanzeb
- Medical College, Aga Khan University, Karachi, 74800, Pakistan.,Research & Development Wing, Society for Promoting Innovation in Education, Aga Khan University, Karachi, 74800, Pakistan
| | - Raisa Saleh
- Medical College, Aga Khan University, Karachi, 74800, Pakistan.,Research & Development Wing, Society for Promoting Innovation in Education, Aga Khan University, Karachi, 74800, Pakistan
| | - Gaurav Kumar
- Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, 74200, Pakistan
| | - Shamama Kaleem
- Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, 74200, Pakistan
| | | | - Inaara Akbar
- Medical College, Aga Khan University, Karachi, 74800, Pakistan.,Research & Development Wing, Society for Promoting Innovation in Education, Aga Khan University, Karachi, 74800, Pakistan
| | - Manzar Abbas
- Medical College, Aga Khan University, Karachi, 74800, Pakistan.,Research & Development Wing, Society for Promoting Innovation in Education, Aga Khan University, Karachi, 74800, Pakistan
| | - Sarah Nadeem
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, 74800, Pakistan
| | - Mahim A Malik
- Section of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, 74800, Pakistan.
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Barman A, Gubbiotti G, Ladak S, Adeyeye AO, Krawczyk M, Gräfe J, Adelmann C, Cotofana S, Naeemi A, Vasyuchka VI, Hillebrands B, Nikitov SA, Yu H, Grundler D, Sadovnikov AV, Grachev AA, Sheshukova SE, Duquesne JY, Marangolo M, Csaba G, Porod W, Demidov VE, Urazhdin S, Demokritov SO, Albisetti E, Petti D, Bertacco R, Schultheiss H, Kruglyak VV, Poimanov VD, Sahoo S, Sinha J, Yang H, Münzenberg M, Moriyama T, Mizukami S, Landeros P, Gallardo RA, Carlotti G, Kim JV, Stamps RL, Camley RE, Rana B, Otani Y, Yu W, Yu T, Bauer GEW, Back C, Uhrig GS, Dobrovolskiy OV, Budinska B, Qin H, van Dijken S, Chumak AV, Khitun A, Nikonov DE, Young IA, Zingsem BW, Winklhofer M. The 2021 Magnonics Roadmap. J Phys Condens Matter 2021; 33:413001. [PMID: 33662946 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/abec1a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Magnonics is a budding research field in nanomagnetism and nanoscience that addresses the use of spin waves (magnons) to transmit, store, and process information. The rapid advancements of this field during last one decade in terms of upsurge in research papers, review articles, citations, proposals of devices as well as introduction of new sub-topics prompted us to present the first roadmap on magnonics. This is a collection of 22 sections written by leading experts in this field who review and discuss the current status besides presenting their vision of future perspectives. Today, the principal challenges in applied magnonics are the excitation of sub-100 nm wavelength magnons, their manipulation on the nanoscale and the creation of sub-micrometre devices using low-Gilbert damping magnetic materials and its interconnections to standard electronics. To this end, magnonics offers lower energy consumption, easier integrability and compatibility with CMOS structure, reprogrammability, shorter wavelength, smaller device features, anisotropic properties, negative group velocity, non-reciprocity and efficient tunability by various external stimuli to name a few. Hence, despite being a young research field, magnonics has come a long way since its early inception. This roadmap asserts a milestone for future emerging research directions in magnonics, and hopefully, it will inspire a series of exciting new articles on the same topic in the coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjan Barman
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics and Material Sciences, S N Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700106, India
| | - Gianluca Gubbiotti
- Istituto Officina dei Materiali del Consiglio nazionale delle Ricerche (IOM-CNR), Perugia, Italy
| | - S Ladak
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, United Kingdom
| | - A O Adeyeye
- Department of Physics, University of Durham, United Kingdom
| | - M Krawczyk
- Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - J Gräfe
- Max Planck Institute for Intelligent Systems, Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - S Cotofana
- Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands
| | - A Naeemi
- Georgia Institute of Technology, United States of America
| | - V I Vasyuchka
- Department of Physics and State Research Center OPTIMAS, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern (TUK), Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - B Hillebrands
- Department of Physics and State Research Center OPTIMAS, Technische Universität Kaiserslautern (TUK), Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - S A Nikitov
- Kotelnikov Institute of Radioengineering and Electronics, Moscow, Russia
| | - H Yu
- Fert Beijing Institute, BDBC, School of Microelectronics, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data and Brian Computing, Beihang University, People's Republic of China
| | - D Grundler
- Laboratory of Nanoscale Magnetic Materials and Magnonics, Institute of Materials (IMX), Institute of Electrical and Micro Engineering, School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland
| | - A V Sadovnikov
- Kotelnikov Institute of Radioengineering and Electronics, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory 'Magnetic Metamaterials', Saratov State University, Saratov, Russia
| | - A A Grachev
- Kotelnikov Institute of Radioengineering and Electronics, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory 'Magnetic Metamaterials', Saratov State University, Saratov, Russia
| | - S E Sheshukova
- Kotelnikov Institute of Radioengineering and Electronics, Moscow, Russia
- Laboratory 'Magnetic Metamaterials', Saratov State University, Saratov, Russia
| | - J-Y Duquesne
- Institut des NanoSciences de Paris, Sorbonne University, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - M Marangolo
- Institut des NanoSciences de Paris, Sorbonne University, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - G Csaba
- Pázmány University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - W Porod
- University of Notre Dame, IN, United States of America
| | - V E Demidov
- Institute for Applied Physics, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - S Urazhdin
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, United States of America
| | - S O Demokritov
- Institute for Applied Physics, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | | | - D Petti
- Polytechnic University of Milan, Italy
| | | | - H Schultheiss
- Helmholtz-Center Dresden-Rossendorf, Institute of Ion Beam Physics and Materials Research, Germany
- Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | | | | | - S Sahoo
- Department of Condensed Matter Physics and Material Sciences, S N Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Salt Lake, Kolkata 700106, India
| | - J Sinha
- Department of Physics and Nanotechnology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India
| | - H Yang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - M Münzenberg
- Institute of Physics, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - T Moriyama
- Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, Japan
- Centre for Spintronics Research Network, Japan
| | - S Mizukami
- Centre for Spintronics Research Network, Japan
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research (WPI-AIMR), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - P Landeros
- Departamento de Física, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile
- Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), Santiago, Chile
| | - R A Gallardo
- Departamento de Física, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Valparaíso, Chile
- Center for the Development of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (CEDENNA), Santiago, Chile
| | - G Carlotti
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Geologia, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- CNR Instituto Nanoscienze, Modena, Italy
| | - J-V Kim
- Centre for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, France
| | - R L Stamps
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manitoba, Canada
| | - R E Camley
- Center for Magnetism and Magnetic Nanostructures, University of Colorado, Colorado Springs, United States of America
| | | | - Y Otani
- RIKEN, Japan
- Institute for Solid State Physics (ISSP), University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - W Yu
- Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan
| | - T Yu
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Hamburg, Germany
| | - G E W Bauer
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research (WPI-AIMR), Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, Groningen University, The Netherlands
| | - C Back
- Technical University Munich, Germany
| | - G S Uhrig
- Technical University Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - B Budinska
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - H Qin
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto University, Finland
| | - S van Dijken
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto University, Finland
| | - A V Chumak
- Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - A Khitun
- University of California Riverside, United States of America
| | - D E Nikonov
- Components Research, Intel, Hillsboro, Oregon, United States of America
| | - I A Young
- Components Research, Intel, Hillsboro, Oregon, United States of America
| | - B W Zingsem
- The University of Duisburg-Essen, CENIDE, Germany
| | - M Winklhofer
- The Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg, Germany
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May A, Saccone M, van den Berg A, Askey J, Hunt M, Ladak S. Magnetic charge propagation upon a 3D artificial spin-ice. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3217. [PMID: 34050163 PMCID: PMC8163774 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23480-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic charge propagation in spin-ice materials has yielded a paradigm-shift in science, allowing the symmetry between electricity and magnetism to be studied. Recent work is now suggesting the spin-ice surface may be important in mediating the ordering and associated phase space in such materials. Here, we detail a 3D artificial spin-ice, which captures the exact geometry of bulk systems, allowing magnetic charge dynamics to be directly visualized upon the surface. Using magnetic force microscopy, we observe vastly different magnetic charge dynamics along two principal directions. For a field applied along the surface termination, local energetics force magnetic charges to nucleate over a larger characteristic distance, reducing their magnetic Coulomb interaction and producing uncorrelated monopoles. In contrast, applying a field transverse to the surface termination yields highly correlated monopole-antimonopole pairs. Detailed simulations suggest it is the difference in effective chemical potential as well as the energy landscape experienced during dynamics that yields the striking differences in monopole transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- A May
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - M Saccone
- Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA.,Theoretical Division (T4), Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - A van den Berg
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - J Askey
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - M Hunt
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - S Ladak
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
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8
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Ayling OGS, Montbriand J, Jiang J, Ladak S, Love L, Eisenberg N, Katz J, Clarke H, Roche-Nagle G. Continuous regional anaesthesia provides effective pain management and reduces opioid requirement following major lower limb amputation. Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg 2014; 48:559-64. [PMID: 25139251 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejvs.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Postoperative stump pain after major lower limb amputation is a significant impediment to the recovery of amputees. The vast majority of patients require opioid analgesics following surgery, which are associated with opioid-related side-effects. Here, we investigate whether intraoperative placement of a peripheral nerve stump catheter followed by continuous infusion of local anesthetic is as effective at pain control as current analgesic practices. If beneficial, this procedure could potentially reduce post-amputation opioid consumption and opioid-related adverse effects. METHODS A retrospective chart review was conducted of 198 patients over a 4-year period who had undergone a major lower limb amputation for indications related to peripheral vascular disease. Postoperatively, 102 patients received a perineural catheter were compared to 96 patients who did not. The primary outcomes of this study were the amount of morphine equivalents used in the first 72 hours postoperatively and postoperative pain intensity in the first 24 hours. RESULTS A total of 198 lower-limb amputations were selected for analyses. Multiple regression analyses indicated that perineural catheter use was associated with a lower cumulative postoperative opioid consumption over the first 72 hours but not postoperative pain scores at 24 hours. Perineural catheter use led to a 40% reduction in opioid use during the first 72 hours postoperatively. Mixed model repeated measures analysis demonstrated that this opioid reduction was consistent over time. Other variables related to total opioid use included age, pre-surgical chronic pain, pre-surgical opioid use, patient-controlled analgesia. CONCLUSIONS Continuous perineural infusions of local anesthetic are a safe and effective method for reducing post-amputation opioid analgesic medications after major lower limp amputation.
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Affiliation(s)
- O G S Ayling
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Montbriand
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, Pain Research Unit, University Health Network, Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Jiang
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, Pain Research Unit, University Health Network, Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - S Ladak
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, Pain Research Unit, University Health Network, Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - L Love
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - N Eisenberg
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Katz
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, Pain Research Unit, University Health Network, Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - H Clarke
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Management, Pain Research Unit, University Health Network, Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - G Roche-Nagle
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, Peter Munk Cardiac Centre, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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9
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Tsang R, Pebdani H, Patil N, Edem I, Albert-Green A, van Prooijen M, Heydarian M, Ladak S, Zadeh G. PO-0639 EXCELLENT CLINICAL OUTCOME FOR PITUITARY ADENOMAS TREATED WITH STEREOTACTIC RADIOTHERAPY USING A NARROW MARGIN. Radiother Oncol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(12)70972-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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10
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Abstract
Artificial spin ice, made up of planar nanostructured arrays of simple ferromagnetic bars, is a playground for rich physics associated with the spin alignment of the bars and spin texture associated with the magnetic frustration at the bar vertices. The phase diagram is exotic, showing magnetic monopole-like defects and liquid and solid phases of spins arranged in loop states with predicted chiral order. We show that magnetotransport measurements in connected honeycomb structures yield the onset of an anomalous Hall signal at 50 kelvin. The temperature scale can be attributed to the long-range dipolar ice phase. The topological Hall signal arises because chiral loops form at the sample edges, indicating a generic route to exotic states via nanoarray edge structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- W R Branford
- Blackett Laboratory, Imperial College, London, UK.
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11
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Gilbertson AM, Benstock D, Fearn M, Kormányos A, Ladak S, Emeny MT, Lambert CJ, Ashley T, Solin SA, Cohen LF. Sub-100-nm negative bend resistance ballistic sensors for high spatial resolution magnetic field detection. Appl Phys Lett 2011; 98:62106. [PMID: 21383870 PMCID: PMC3048882 DOI: 10.1063/1.3554427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We report the magnetic field detection properties of ballistic sensors utilizing the negative bend resistance of InSb∕In(1-x)Al(x)Sb quantum well cross junctions as a function of temperature and geometric size. We demonstrate that the maximum responsivity to magnetic field and its linearity increase as the critical device dimension is reduced. This observation deviates from the predictions of the classical billiard ball model unless significant diffuse boundary scattering is included. The smallest device studied has an active sensor area of 35×35 nm(2), with a maximum responsivity of 20 kΩ∕T, and a noise-equivalent field of 0.87μT∕Hz at 100 K.
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12
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Davidson AJ, Brown CV, Mottram NJ, Ladak S, Evans CR. Defect trajectories and domain-wall loop dynamics during two-frequency switching in a bistable azimuthal nematic device. Phys Rev E Stat Nonlin Soft Matter Phys 2010; 81:051712. [PMID: 20866252 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.81.051712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Bistable azimuthal nematic alignment textures have been created in micrometer-scale channels for which one sidewall is smooth and straight and the other possesses a symmetric sawtooth morphology. The optical textures have been observed during dynamic switching between the two stable states in response to dual frequency ac waveform driving of a highly dispersive nematic liquid crystal. The switching processes involves collapsing of filamentlike director reorientation (tilt-wall) loops and the associated motion and annihilation of surface defects along and close to the edge at the sawtooth sidewall. The predictions from both the n-director-based Ericksen-Leslie theory and the Q-tensor theory are in good agreement with the experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Davidson
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Strathclyde, 26 Richmond Street, Glasgow G1 1XH, United Kingdom
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13
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Patil N, Brierley J, van Prooijen M, Heydarian M, Mckinnon S, Ladak S, Fung S, Tsang R. Excellent Clinical Outcome is Maintained for Pituitary Adenomas Treated with Stereotactic Radiotherapy using a Narrow Margin. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2009.07.583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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14
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Koh ES, Millar BA, Menard C, Michaels H, Heydarin M, Ladak S, McKinnon S, Laperriere N. 97 Fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy for vestibular schwannoma: Single institutional experience at the Princess Margaret Hospital. Radiother Oncol 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-8140(05)80258-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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15
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Abstract
Ocular melanoma is frequently treated using brachytherapy implants (such as 125I and 60Co plaques or 184Ta wire), surgery, or external beam radiotherapy using small 60Co beams, high energy x-rays, or proton therapy. The last technique, though very expensive, provides improved dose distributions and dose localizations in the treatment of tumours adjacent to critical normal tissues. The technique of fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy is now being used at an increasingly large number of centers in the treatment of lesions in the brain, and the head and neck. This article describes the successful extension of the stereotactic technique to the treatment of ocular melanoma: an eye fixation aid is attached to a noninvasive, relocatable Gill-Thomas-Cosman head frame together with a simple eye-movement tracking system.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. M. Jaywant
- Department of Radiation PhysicsPrincess Margaret Hospital610 University AvenueTorontoOntarioM5G 2M9Canada
| | - E. K. Osei
- Department of Radiation PhysicsPrincess Margaret Hospital610 University AvenueTorontoOntarioM5G 2M9Canada
| | - S. Ladak
- Department of Radiation TherapyPrincess Margaret Hospital610 University AvenueTorontoOntarioM5G 2M9Canada
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16
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Majumdar B, Ladak S. Management of family and workplace stress experienced by women of colour from various cultural backgrounds. Can J Public Health 1998. [PMID: 9524391 DOI: 10.1007/bf03405795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Minority women identify finances and maintaining cultural values as their most commonly experienced stressors at home and in the work-place. A before and after study of ethnic minority women in focus group sessions led by a trained ethnic minority facilitator examined how social and workplace supports, or lack thereof, impact on the individuals' ability to manage daily life. Creative, effective solutions to stressors were identified by the participants. Outcomes were evaluated in terms of the impact of changes on the participants' coping styles in family and work life. Results indicate that a large percentage of women in this study felt discriminated against based on their culture/race, however, this perceived discrimination decreased after the focus groups. The predominant stress management techniques were prayer and music. Family support was the most influential factor in decreasing stress. The family is a major source of support for the working women, acting as a buffer to workplace pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Majumdar
- Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON.
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