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Procko E, Berguig GY, Shen BW, Song Y, Frayo S, Convertine AJ, Margineantu D, Booth G, Correia BE, Cheng Y, Schief WR, Hockenbery DM, Press OW, Stoddard BL, Stayton PS, Baker D. A computationally designed inhibitor of an Epstein-Barr viral Bcl-2 protein induces apoptosis in infected cells. Cell 2014; 157:1644-1656. [PMID: 24949974 PMCID: PMC4079535 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Because apoptosis of infected cells can limit virus production and spread, some viruses have co-opted prosurvival genes from the host. This includes the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) gene BHRF1, a homolog of human Bcl-2 proteins that block apoptosis and are associated with cancer. Computational design and experimental optimization were used to generate a novel protein called BINDI that binds BHRF1 with picomolar affinity. BINDI recognizes the hydrophobic cleft of BHRF1 in a manner similar to other Bcl-2 protein interactions but makes many additional contacts to achieve exceptional affinity and specificity. BINDI induces apoptosis in EBV-infected cancer lines, and when delivered with an antibody-targeted intracellular delivery carrier, BINDI suppressed tumor growth and extended survival in a xenograft disease model of EBV-positive human lymphoma. High-specificity-designed proteins that selectively kill target cells may provide an advantage over the toxic compounds used in current generation antibody-drug conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Procko
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Geoffrey Y. Berguig
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Betty W. Shen
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Yifan Song
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Shani Frayo
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | | | - Garrett Booth
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Yuanhua Cheng
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | | | | | - Oliver W. Press
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Patrick S. Stayton
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - David Baker
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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Ivey RG, Moore HD, Voytovich UJ, Thienes CP, Lorentzen TD, Pogosova-Agadjanyan EL, Frayo S, Izaguirre VK, Lundberg SJ, Hedin L, Badiozamani KR, Hoofnagle AN, Stirewalt DL, Wang P, Georges GE, Gopal AK, Paulovich AG. Blood-based detection of radiation exposure in humans based on novel phospho-Smc1 ELISA. Radiat Res 2010; 175:266-81. [PMID: 21388270 DOI: 10.1667/rr2402.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The structural maintenance of chromosome 1 (Smc1) protein is a member of the highly conserved cohesin complex and is involved in sister chromatid cohesion. In response to ionizing radiation, Smc1 is phosphorylated at two sites, Ser-957 and Ser-966, and these phosphorylation events are dependent on the ATM protein kinase. In this study, we describe the generation of two novel ELISAs for quantifying phospho-Smc1(Ser-957) and phospho-Smc1(Ser-966). Using these novel assays, we quantify the kinetic and biodosimetric responses of human cells of hematological origin, including immortalized cells, as well as both quiescent and cycling primary human PBMC. Additionally, we demonstrate a robust in vivo response for phospho-Smc1(Ser-957) and phospho-Smc1(Ser-966) in lymphocytes of human patients after therapeutic exposure to ionizing radiation, including total-body irradiation, partial-body irradiation, and internal exposure to (131)I. These assays are useful for quantifying the DNA damage response in experimental systems and potentially for the identification of individuals exposed to radiation after a radiological incident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard G Ivey
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Seattle, Washington 98109-1024, USA
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