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Wanasinghe SV, Johnson B, Revadelo R, Eifert G, Cox A, Beckett J, Osborn T, Thrasher C, Lowe R, Konkolewicz D. 3D printable adhesive elastomers with dynamic covalent bond rearrangement. Soft Matter 2023. [PMID: 37342008 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm00394a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Repairable adhesive elastomers are emerging materials employed in compelling applications such as soft robotics, biosensing, tissue regeneration, and wearable electronics. Facilitating adhesion requires strong interactions, while self-healing requires bond dynamicity. This contrast in desired bond characteristics presents a challenge in the design of healable adhesive elastomers. Furthermore, 3D printability of this novel class of materials has received limited attention, restricting the potential design space of as-built geometries. Here, we report a series of 3D-printable elastomeric materials with self-healing ability and adhesive properties. Repairability is obtained using Thiol-Michael dynamic crosslinkers incorporated into the polymer backbone, while adhesion is facilitated with acrylate monomers. Elastomeric materials with excellent elongation up to 2000%, self-healing stress recovery >95%, and strong adhesion with metallic and polymeric surfaces are demonstrated. Complex functional structures are successfully 3D printed using a commercial digital light processing (DLP) printer. Shape-selective lifting of low surface energy poly(tetrafluoroethylene) objects is achieved using soft robotic actuators with interchangeable 3D-printed adhesive end effectors, wherein tailored contour matching leads to increased adhesion and successful lifting capacity. The demonstrated utility of these adhesive elastomers provides unique capabilities to easily program soft robot functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brent Johnson
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA.
| | - Rebekah Revadelo
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA.
| | - Grant Eifert
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA.
| | - Allyson Cox
- Additive Manufacturing Technology Development Group, University of Dayton Research Institute, Dayton, OH 45469, USA
| | - Joseph Beckett
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Timothy Osborn
- Additive Manufacturing Technology Development Group, University of Dayton Research Institute, Dayton, OH 45469, USA
| | - Carl Thrasher
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
| | - Robert Lowe
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Dayton, Dayton, OH 45469, USA.
| | - Dominik Konkolewicz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA.
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Wanasinghe SV, Dodo OJ, Konkolewicz D. Dynamic Bonds: Adaptable Timescales for Responsive Materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202206938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Obed J. Dodo
- Miami University Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry UNITED STATES
| | - Dominik Konkolewicz
- Miami University Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry 651 E High St 45069 Oxford UNITED STATES
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Abstract
Dynamic bonds introduce unique properties such as self-healing, recyclability, shape memory, and malleability to polymers. Significant efforts have been made to synthesize a variety of dynamic linkers, creating a diverse library of materials. In addition to the development of new dynamic chemistries, fine-tuning of dynamic bonds has emerged as a technique to modulate dynamic properties. This Review highlights approaches for controlling the timescales of dynamic bonds in polymers. Particularly, eight dynamic bonds are considered, including urea/urethanes, boronic esters, Thiol-Michael exchange, Diels-Alder adducts, transesterification, imine bonds, coordination bonds, and hydrogen bonding. This Review emphasizes how structural modifications and external factors have been used as tools to tune the dynamic character of materials. Finally, this Review proposes strategies for tailoring the timescales of dynamic bonds in polymer materials through both kinetic effects and modulating bond thermodynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Obed J. Dodo
- Miami University Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry UNITED STATES
| | - Dominik Konkolewicz
- Miami University Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry 651 E High St 45069 Oxford UNITED STATES
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4
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Abstract
Photoinduced electron/energy transfer (PET)-reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization (RAFT) and conventional photoinitiated RAFT were used to synthesize polymer networks. In this study, two different metal catalysts, namely, tris[2-phenylpyridinato-C2,N]iridium(III) (Ir(ppy)3) and zinc tetraphenylporphyrin (ZnTPP), were selected to generate two different catalytic pathways, one with Ir(ppy)3 proceeding through an energy-transfer pathway and one with ZnTPP proceeding through an electron-transfer pathway. These PET-RAFT systems were contrasted against a conventional photoinitated RAFT process. Mechanically robust materials were generated. Using bulk swelling ratios and degradable cross-linkers, the homogeneity of the networks was evaluated. Especially at high primary chain length and cross-link density, the PET-RAFT systems generated more uniform networks than those made by conventional RAFT, with the electron transfer-based ZnTPP giving superior results to those of Ir(ppy)3. The ability to deactivate radicals either by RAFT exchange or reversible coupling in PET RAFT was proposed as the mechanism that gave better control in PET-RAFT systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiwanka V Wanasinghe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 E High Street, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Mingkang Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Kevin Yehl
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 E High Street, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Julia Cuthbert
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Dominik Konkolewicz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 E High Street, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
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Bennett C, Hayes PJ, Thrasher CJ, Chakma P, Wanasinghe SV, Zhang B, Petit LM, Varshney V, Nepal D, Sarvestani A, Picu CR, Sparks JL, Zanjani MB, Konkolewicz D. Modeling Approach to Capture Hyperelasticity and Temporary Bonds in Soft Polymer Networks. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Camaryn Bennett
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 East High Street, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Peter J. Hayes
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Miami University, 650 East High Street, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Carl J. Thrasher
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, United States
- UES Inc., Dayton, Ohio 45432, United States
| | - Progyateg Chakma
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 East High Street, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Shiwanka V. Wanasinghe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 East High Street, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Borui Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 East High Street, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Leilah M. Petit
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 East High Street, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Vikas Varshney
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Dhriti Nepal
- Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Alireza Sarvestani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mercer University, Macon, Georgia 31207, United States
| | - Catalin R. Picu
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Nuclear Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Jessica L. Sparks
- Department of Chemical, Paper, and Biomedical Engineering, Miami University, 650 East High Street, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Mehdi B. Zanjani
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Miami University, 650 East High Street, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Dominik Konkolewicz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 East High Street, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
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Wanasinghe SV, De Alwis Watuthanthrige N, Konkolewicz D. Interpenetrated triple network polymers: synergies of three different dynamic bonds. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00575a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Triply interpenetrated networks were made with a unique dynamic linker in each network. The linkers were hydrogen bonds, boronic esters and Diels–Alder adducts. Triply dynamic materials had superior properties compared to doubly dynamic analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dominik Konkolewicz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
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Cuthbert J, Wanasinghe SV, Matyjaszewski K, Konkolewicz D. Are RAFT and ATRP Universally Interchangeable Polymerization Methods in Network Formation? Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Cuthbert
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Shiwanka V. Wanasinghe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 E. High St., Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Krzysztof Matyjaszewski
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, 4400 Fifth Ave., Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Dominik Konkolewicz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 E. High St., Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
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Gomez EF, Wanasinghe SV, Flynn AE, Dodo OJ, Sparks JL, Baldwin LA, Tabor CE, Durstock MF, Konkolewicz D, Thrasher CJ. 3D-Printed Self-Healing Elastomers for Modular Soft Robotics. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:28870-28877. [PMID: 34124888 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c06419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Advances in materials, designs, and controls are propelling the field of soft robotics at an incredible rate; however, current methods for prototyping soft robots remain cumbersome and struggle to incorporate desirable geometric complexity. Herein, a vat photopolymerizable self-healing elastomer system capable of extreme elongations up to 1000% is presented. The material is formed from a combination of thiol/acrylate mixed chain/step-growth polymerizations and uses a combination of physical processes and dynamic-bond exchange via thioethers to achieve full self-healing capacity over multiple damage/healing cycles. These elastomers can be three dimensional (3D) printed with modular designs capable of healing together to form highly complex and large functional soft robots. Additionally, these materials show reprogrammable resting shapes and compatibility with self-healing liquid metal electronics. Using these capabilities, subcomponents with multiple internal channel systems were printed, healed together, and combined with functional liquid metals to form a high-wattage pneumatic switch and a humanoid-scale soft robotic gripper. The combination of 3D printing and self-healing elastomeric materials allows for facile production of support-free parts with extreme complexity, resulting in a paradigm shift for the construction of modular soft robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliot F Gomez
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
- UES Inc., Dayton, Ohio 45432, United States
| | - Shiwanka V Wanasinghe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 E High Street, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Alex E Flynn
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Obed J Dodo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 E High Street, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Jessica L Sparks
- Department of Chemical, Paper, and Biomedical Engineering, Miami University, 650 E High Street, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Luke A Baldwin
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Christopher E Tabor
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Michael F Durstock
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Dominik Konkolewicz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 E High Street, Oxford, Ohio 45056, United States
| | - Carl J Thrasher
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio 45433, United States
- UES Inc., Dayton, Ohio 45432, United States
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9
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Chakma P, Wanasinghe SV, Morley CN, Francesconi SC, Saito K, Sparks JL, Konkolewicz D. Heat- and Light-Responsive Materials Through Pairing Dynamic Thiol-Michael and Coumarin Chemistry. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 42:e2100070. [PMID: 33960058 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Covalent adaptable networks (CANs) based on the thiol-Michael (TM) linkages can be thermal and pH responsive. Here, a new vinyl-sulfone-based thiol-Michael crosslinker is synthesized and incorporated into acrylate-based CANs to achieve stable materials with dynamic properties. Because of the reversible TM linkages, excellent temperature-responsive re-healing and malleability properties are achieved. In addition, for the first time, a photoresponsive coumarin moiety is incorporated with TM-based CANs to introduce light-mediated reconfigureability and postpolymerization crosslinking. Overall, these materials can be on demand dynamic in response to heat and light but can retain mechanical stability at ambient condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Progyateg Chakma
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 E High Street, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
| | - Shiwanka V Wanasinghe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 E High Street, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
| | - Colleen N Morley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 E High Street, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
| | - Sebastian C Francesconi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 E High Street, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
| | - Kei Saito
- Graduate School of Advanced Integrated Studies in Human Survivability, Kyoto University, Higashi-Ichijo-Kan, Yoshida-nakaadachicho 1, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8306, Japan
| | - Jessica L Sparks
- Department of Chemical, Paper and Biomedical Engineering, Miami University, 650 E High Street, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
| | - Dominik Konkolewicz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Miami University, 651 E High Street, Oxford, OH, 45056, USA
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10
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Wanasinghe SV, Schreiber EM, Thompson AM, Sparks JL, Konkolewicz D. Dynamic covalent chemistry for architecture changing interpenetrated and single networks. Polym Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py00198a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic single and interpenetrated materials were developed, with post polymerization network exchange enhancing the material properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adam M. Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Miami University
- Oxford
- USA
| | - Jessica L. Sparks
- Department of Chemical
- Paper and Biomedical Engineering
- Miami University
- Oxford
- USA
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