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Hirata Y, Mizushima S, Mitsukawa S, Kon M, Kuroki Y, Jogahara T, Shinohara N, Kuroiwa A. Identification of a New Enhancer That Promotes Sox9 Expression by a Comparative Analysis of Mouse and Sry-Deficient Amami Spiny Rat. Cytogenet Genome Res 2024; 163:307-316. [PMID: 38246151 DOI: 10.1159/000536408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Testis differentiation is initiated by the SRY gene on the Y chromosome in mammalian species. However, the Amami spiny rat, Tokudaia osimensis, lacks both the Y chromosome and the Sry gene and acquired a unique Sox9 regulatory mechanism via a male-specific duplication upstream of Sox9, without Sry. In general mammalian species, the SRY protein binds to a testis-specific enhancer to promote SOX9 gene expression. Several enhancers located upstream of Sox9/SOX9 have been reported in mice and humans. In particular, the binding of SRY to the highly conserved enhancer Enh13 is thought to be a common mechanism underlying testis differentiation and sex determination in mammals. METHODS Sequences of T. osimensis homologues of three Sox9 enhancers that were previously reported in mice, Enh8, Enh14, and Enh13, were determined. We performed in vitro assays to confirm enhancer activity involved in Sox9 regulation in T. osimensis. RESULTS T. osimensis Enh13 showed enhancer activity when co-transfected with NR5A1 and SOX9. Mouse Enh13 was activated by NR5A1 and SRY; however, T. osimensis Enh13 did not respond to SRY, even though the binding sites of SRY and NR5A1 were conserved. To identify the key sequence that is present in mouse but absent from T. osimensis, we performed reporter gene assays using vectors in which partial sequences of T. osimensis Enh13 were replaced with mouse sequences. For T. osimensis Enh13 in which the second half (approximately 430 bp) was replaced with the corresponding mouse sequence, activity in response to NR5A1 and SRY was recovered. Further, reporter assays revealed that multiple regions in the second half of the mouse Enh13 sequence are required for the response to NR5A1 and SRY. The latter 49 bp was particularly important and contained four binding sites for three transcription factors, POU2F1, HOXA3, and GATA1. CONCLUSION We showed that there are unknown sequences responsible for the interaction between NR5A1 and SRY and mEnh13 based on comparative analyses of Sry-dependent and Sry-independent species. Our comparative analyses revealed new molecular mechanisms underlying mammalian sex determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurie Hirata
- Department of Renal and Genitourinary Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Division of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shusei Mizushima
- Division of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shoichiro Mitsukawa
- Reproductive and Developmental Sciences, Biosystems Science Course, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masafumi Kon
- Department of Renal and Genitourinary Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoko Kuroki
- Department of Genome Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Collaborative Research, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Diversity Research, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takamichi Jogahara
- Faculty of Law, Economics and Management, Okinawa University, Naha, Japan
| | - Nobuo Shinohara
- Department of Renal and Genitourinary Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Asato Kuroiwa
- Division of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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Kambe K, Kuwahara M, Kageyama S, Ioritani N, Taguchi K, Saitoh T, Orikasa S, Ise K, Mitsukawa S. [Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy using microexplosion (mESWL). Clinical experience on 198 cases in Tohoku University]. Nihon Hinyokika Gakkai Zasshi 1988; 79:1011-8. [PMID: 3184574 DOI: 10.5980/jpnjurol1928.79.6_1011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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3
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Mitsukawa S. [A new method for determining sperm motility: the clinical application of sperm motile efficiency (author's transl)]. Nihon Hinyokika Gakkai Zasshi 1979; 70:1221-31. [PMID: 529650 DOI: 10.5980/jpnjurol1928.70.11_1221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Abstract
Six infertile patients and one patient with ureteral calculus were studied to elucidate the intrapenial hemodynamics of erection. Xe-133 was infused into the corpus cavernosum and visual sexual stimulation (V.S.S.) provided to induce erection. Xe-133 clearance curves declined at a uniform rate in the nonerect penis without V.S.S. Xe-133 clearance curves for five patients with complete erection at V.S.S. indicated a sudden drop upon erection. Unlike previous reports, it was noted that penial erection can occur independently of a venous-return blocking mechanism.
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Ishii N, Mitsukawa S, Shirai M. [Studies on male sexual impotence. (Report IX) Differential diagnosis of organic and functional impotence by determining penial skin temperature (author's transl)]. Nihon Hinyokika Gakkai Zasshi 1977; 68:136-44. [PMID: 558440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Shirai M, Ishii N, Mitsukawa S, Nakamura M. [Studies on male sexual impotence. Report X. Determination of blood volume pooled in the penis using 99mTC-red blood cells (author's transl)]. Nihon Hinyokika Gakkai Zasshi 1977; 68:145-51. [PMID: 558441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Abstract
To provide an alternative to presently available subjective ways of measuring sperm motility which often yield inconsistent data, we devised a method for determining sperm motile efficiency with it one can express objectively the amount of active sperm movement. Using a melangeur for counting white cell, semen is diluted 20-fold in normal saline solution. With the diluted semen on Thoma's hemocytometer, spermatozoa passing its small quarter line in one minute are counted, and the value is divided by the estimated number of spermatozoa per ml. The quotient is multiplied by 100 and expressed by %/min. This shows the active movement of a spermatozoon per minute. In the present study, we measured sperm motile efficiency in 162 male sterility patients, 64 cases showed values of 49%/min or less, with a mean of 20.3%/min, 46, between 50%/min and 99%/min, with a mean of 70.1%/min; and the remaining 52 over 100%/min, with a mean of 195.9%/min. Among these there were 10 cases of successful pregnancy with a mean sperm motile efficiency of 152.7%/min, and 69.0%/min at the lowest. Our new method requiring no special equipment can easily identify active sperm movement and is easily reproducible,
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Shirai M, Nakamura M, Ishii N, Mitsukawa S, Sawai Y. Determination of intrapenial blood volume using 99mTc-labeled autologous red blood cells. TOHOKU J EXP MED 1976; 120:377-83. [PMID: 1014003 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.120.377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In 17 impotent patients, radioisotope penography was performed using 99mTc-red blood cells (the patient's own red blood cells labeled with 99mTc) for the quantitative analysis of intrapenial blood volume. A visual sexual stimulation (VSS) was given to the patient after injecting the 99mTc-red blood cells. Patients showing a complete erection had their intrapenial blood volumes 4.2-11.2 times greater than before VSS (mean increase, 8.0 times). In cases of incomplete erection after VSS the intrapenial blood volumes were 3.3-7.0 times greater than before VSS (mean increase, 4.9 times). In cases showing a gentle rise in their penogram curves without evidence of an erection, intrapenial blood volumes after VSS were 2.0-3.3 times those before VSS (mean increaae, 2.9 times). By contrast, in cases showing no response to the VSS or no rise in penogram curve, post-VSS increases in intrapenial pool of blood were very slight, slight, only 1.4-1.7 times the original volume of blood.
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Shirai M, Ishii N, Mitsukawa S, Nakamura M. Visualization of the human cavernosum penis by using 99mTc-labeled autologous red blood cells. TOHOKU J EXP MED 1976; 120:199-200. [PMID: 982437 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.120.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Penial scintiphoto-images were obtained by using 99mTc-labeled autologous red blood cells in three functionally impotent patients. The cavernosum penis was clearly pictured disclosing no organic abnormalities in these three patients' penises. This method enables one to present clear macroscopic images of the cavernosum penis without causing pain to the patient, and it may be recommended for clinical use as an alternative to cavernosography.
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Mitsukawa S, Ishii N, Shirai M. [Sperm motility and kallikrein (author's transl)]. Nihon Funin Gakkai Zasshi 1976; 21:195. [PMID: 1033865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Ishii N, Mitsukawa S, Shirai M. [Sperm motile efficiency (author's transl)]. Nihon Funin Gakkai Zasshi 1976; 21:196-202. [PMID: 1033866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Abstract
A 31-year-old male had a sudden onset of painful swelling in the penile root region. He then developed necrosis of the penis and further a progressive, chemotherapy-resistant ulcer which involved the perineal region also. Histologically there was evidence of neither malignancy nor specific inflammation, but there were granulomatous tissues with cellular infiltration and scattered vascular necrosis. Examination of the nose suggested gangrenous rhinitis with perforation of the nasal septum. X-ray examination revealed that the nasal septum and conchae had disappeared. Chest roentgenogram also revealed increased hilar shadows in both fields of the chest. Routine laboratory examinations showed slight albuminuria and a normal BUN level. Positive findings included leucocytosis, hyper-gamma-globulinemia, accelerated ESR, positive RA and CRP tests. The patient's death was caused by bleeding from gastric ulcer and pulmonary failure.
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Matsuda S, Shirai M, Mitsukawa S, Nakamura M, Yonezawa K. Changes in plasma levels of LH, FSH and testosterone following the administration of synthetic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone to cryptorchid patients. TOHOKU J EXP MED 1975; 116:327-32. [PMID: 242097 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.116.327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The levels of LH, FSH and testosterone of three adult groups consisting of normal subjects, unilateral and bilateral cryptorcids were compared before and after LH-RH loading. It was found that both groups of cryptorchid had comparatively high plasma base line levels for both LH and FSH, particularly high in the bilateral group; and both groups responded to LH-RH loading. This indicates that their hypothalamo-hypophyseal systems were probably functioning normally. The plasma base line levels of testosterone were higher in unilateral cryptorchids than in the control group, and lowest in the bilateral cryptorchid group. But the reaction of testosterone levels to LH-RH loading was generally poor in both groups of cryptorchids, suggesting that, in cryptorchid cases, unilateral and bilateral, the capacity of the testicle to secrete testosterone is generally depressed, freeing central suppression. This probably accounts for the high values of plasma lh and FSH observed in such patients.
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Abstract
Testosterone levels in the seminal plasma of 5 normal males, and 30 male sterility patients were measured by radioimmunoassay. In 9 random cases, seminal plasma levels of FSH and LH were determined by radioimmunoassay. The average level of seminal plasma testosterone for the normal males was 72 +/- ng/100 ml, higher than that of the patients: 52 +/- 41 ng/100 ml. The average levels of FSH and LH in the seminal plasma of the 9 random cases were 4.4 +/- 2.0 mIU/ml and 35.4 +/- 5.4 mlU/ml, respectively.
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Shishito S, Shirai M, Matsuda S, Mitsukawa S. Contraction of the testicular capsule and the intratesticular pressure recording. Nihon Funin Gakkai Zasshi 1975; 20:40-4. [PMID: 1170114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Shirai M, Matsuda S, Mitsukawa S, Nakamura M, Yonezawa K. [Effect of hormonal therapy on plasma FSH, LH and testosterone levels in prostatic cancer]. Nihon Hinyokika Gakkai Zasshi 1975; 66:59-67. [PMID: 1168823 DOI: 10.5980/jpnjurol1928.66.2_59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Abstract
Effect of intratesticular pressure was examined on non-motile sperms in the testis whether they move toward the epididymis when it is raised. The head portion of the epididymis of the dog was cut apart at the proximal portion to the testis fully exposing the lumen of the epididymis. The electric stimulation of perivascular nerves of the spermatic cord caused spermatozoa to flow out onto the incision site at 5 min. The number of them increased progressively, almost innumerable at 15 min. These results support the view that the elevated intratesticular pressure by electric stimulation surely works to transfer non-motile sperm in the seminiferous tubules into the epididymis.
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Shirai M, Matsuda S, Mitsukawa S. Flexible silicone penile prosthesis. TOHOKU J EXP MED 1974; 114:299-300. [PMID: 4456689 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.114.299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Shirai M, Matsuda S, Mitsukawa S, Nakamura M, Yonezawa K. Changes in plasma levels of FSH, LH and testosterone during anti-androgenic hormone therapy for patients with prostatic cancer. TOHOKU J EXP MED 1974; 114:145-58. [PMID: 4612875 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.114.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Shirai M, Matsuda S, Mitsukawa S, Nakamura M, Yonezawa K. Effects of ejaculation induced by manual stimulation on plasma gonadotropin and testosterone levels in infertile man. TOHOKU J EXP MED 1974; 114:91-2. [PMID: 4432245 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.114.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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