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Kiraly AP, Cunningham CA, Najafi R, Nabulsi Z, Yang J, Lau C, Ledsam JR, Ye W, Ardila D, McKinney SM, Pilgrim R, Liu Y, Saito H, Shimamura Y, Etemadi M, Melnick D, Jansen S, Corrado GS, Peng L, Tse D, Shetty S, Prabhakara S, Nadich DP, Beladia N, Eswaran K. Assistive AI in Lung Cancer Screening: A Retrospective Multinational Study in the United States and Japan. Radiol Artif Intell 2024; 6:e230079. [PMID: 38477661 DOI: 10.1148/ryai.230079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the impact of an artificial intelligence (AI) assistant for lung cancer screening on multinational clinical workflows. Materials and Methods An AI assistant for lung cancer screening was evaluated on two retrospective randomized multireader multicase studies where 627 (141 cancer-positive cases) low-dose chest CT cases were each read twice (with and without AI assistance) by experienced thoracic radiologists (six U.S.-based or six Japan-based radiologists), resulting in a total of 7524 interpretations. Positive cases were defined as those within 2 years before a pathology-confirmed lung cancer diagnosis. Negative cases were defined as those without any subsequent cancer diagnosis for at least 2 years and were enriched for a spectrum of diverse nodules. The studies measured the readers' level of suspicion (on a 0-100 scale), country-specific screening system scoring categories, and management recommendations. Evaluation metrics included the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) for level of suspicion and sensitivity and specificity of recall recommendations. Results With AI assistance, the radiologists' AUC increased by 0.023 (0.70 to 0.72; P = .02) for the U.S. study and by 0.023 (0.93 to 0.96; P = .18) for the Japan study. Scoring system specificity for actionable findings increased 5.5% (57% to 63%; P < .001) for the U.S. study and 6.7% (23% to 30%; P < .001) for the Japan study. There was no evidence of a difference in corresponding sensitivity between unassisted and AI-assisted reads for the U.S. (67.3% to 67.5%; P = .88) and Japan (98% to 100%; P > .99) studies. Corresponding stand-alone AI AUC system performance was 0.75 (95% CI: 0.70, 0.81) and 0.88 (95% CI: 0.78, 0.97) for the U.S.- and Japan-based datasets, respectively. Conclusion The concurrent AI interface improved lung cancer screening specificity in both U.S.- and Japan-based reader studies, meriting further study in additional international screening environments. Keywords: Assistive Artificial Intelligence, Lung Cancer Screening, CT Supplemental material is available for this article. Published under a CC BY 4.0 license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atilla P Kiraly
- From Google Health Research, 1600 Amphitheatre Pkwy, Mountain View, CA 94043 (A.P.K., C.A.C., R.N., Z.N., C.L., J.R.L., D.A., S.M.M., R.P., Y.L., S.J., G.S.C., L.P., D.T., S.S., S.P., K.E.); Waymo, Mountain View, Calif (J.Y., N.B.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, Calif (C.L.); Google, Mountain View, Calif (W.Y.); Department of Gastroenterology, Sendai Kousei Hospital, Sendai, Japan (H.S.); MNES Inc, Hiroshima, Japan (Y.S.); Department of Telemedicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill (M.E., D.M.); and Center for Biological Imaging, New York University-Langone Medical Center, New York, NY (D.P.N.)
| | - Corbin A Cunningham
- From Google Health Research, 1600 Amphitheatre Pkwy, Mountain View, CA 94043 (A.P.K., C.A.C., R.N., Z.N., C.L., J.R.L., D.A., S.M.M., R.P., Y.L., S.J., G.S.C., L.P., D.T., S.S., S.P., K.E.); Waymo, Mountain View, Calif (J.Y., N.B.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, Calif (C.L.); Google, Mountain View, Calif (W.Y.); Department of Gastroenterology, Sendai Kousei Hospital, Sendai, Japan (H.S.); MNES Inc, Hiroshima, Japan (Y.S.); Department of Telemedicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill (M.E., D.M.); and Center for Biological Imaging, New York University-Langone Medical Center, New York, NY (D.P.N.)
| | - Ryan Najafi
- From Google Health Research, 1600 Amphitheatre Pkwy, Mountain View, CA 94043 (A.P.K., C.A.C., R.N., Z.N., C.L., J.R.L., D.A., S.M.M., R.P., Y.L., S.J., G.S.C., L.P., D.T., S.S., S.P., K.E.); Waymo, Mountain View, Calif (J.Y., N.B.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, Calif (C.L.); Google, Mountain View, Calif (W.Y.); Department of Gastroenterology, Sendai Kousei Hospital, Sendai, Japan (H.S.); MNES Inc, Hiroshima, Japan (Y.S.); Department of Telemedicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill (M.E., D.M.); and Center for Biological Imaging, New York University-Langone Medical Center, New York, NY (D.P.N.)
| | - Zaid Nabulsi
- From Google Health Research, 1600 Amphitheatre Pkwy, Mountain View, CA 94043 (A.P.K., C.A.C., R.N., Z.N., C.L., J.R.L., D.A., S.M.M., R.P., Y.L., S.J., G.S.C., L.P., D.T., S.S., S.P., K.E.); Waymo, Mountain View, Calif (J.Y., N.B.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, Calif (C.L.); Google, Mountain View, Calif (W.Y.); Department of Gastroenterology, Sendai Kousei Hospital, Sendai, Japan (H.S.); MNES Inc, Hiroshima, Japan (Y.S.); Department of Telemedicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill (M.E., D.M.); and Center for Biological Imaging, New York University-Langone Medical Center, New York, NY (D.P.N.)
| | - Jie Yang
- From Google Health Research, 1600 Amphitheatre Pkwy, Mountain View, CA 94043 (A.P.K., C.A.C., R.N., Z.N., C.L., J.R.L., D.A., S.M.M., R.P., Y.L., S.J., G.S.C., L.P., D.T., S.S., S.P., K.E.); Waymo, Mountain View, Calif (J.Y., N.B.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, Calif (C.L.); Google, Mountain View, Calif (W.Y.); Department of Gastroenterology, Sendai Kousei Hospital, Sendai, Japan (H.S.); MNES Inc, Hiroshima, Japan (Y.S.); Department of Telemedicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill (M.E., D.M.); and Center for Biological Imaging, New York University-Langone Medical Center, New York, NY (D.P.N.)
| | - Charles Lau
- From Google Health Research, 1600 Amphitheatre Pkwy, Mountain View, CA 94043 (A.P.K., C.A.C., R.N., Z.N., C.L., J.R.L., D.A., S.M.M., R.P., Y.L., S.J., G.S.C., L.P., D.T., S.S., S.P., K.E.); Waymo, Mountain View, Calif (J.Y., N.B.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, Calif (C.L.); Google, Mountain View, Calif (W.Y.); Department of Gastroenterology, Sendai Kousei Hospital, Sendai, Japan (H.S.); MNES Inc, Hiroshima, Japan (Y.S.); Department of Telemedicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill (M.E., D.M.); and Center for Biological Imaging, New York University-Langone Medical Center, New York, NY (D.P.N.)
| | - Joseph R Ledsam
- From Google Health Research, 1600 Amphitheatre Pkwy, Mountain View, CA 94043 (A.P.K., C.A.C., R.N., Z.N., C.L., J.R.L., D.A., S.M.M., R.P., Y.L., S.J., G.S.C., L.P., D.T., S.S., S.P., K.E.); Waymo, Mountain View, Calif (J.Y., N.B.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, Calif (C.L.); Google, Mountain View, Calif (W.Y.); Department of Gastroenterology, Sendai Kousei Hospital, Sendai, Japan (H.S.); MNES Inc, Hiroshima, Japan (Y.S.); Department of Telemedicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill (M.E., D.M.); and Center for Biological Imaging, New York University-Langone Medical Center, New York, NY (D.P.N.)
| | - Wenxing Ye
- From Google Health Research, 1600 Amphitheatre Pkwy, Mountain View, CA 94043 (A.P.K., C.A.C., R.N., Z.N., C.L., J.R.L., D.A., S.M.M., R.P., Y.L., S.J., G.S.C., L.P., D.T., S.S., S.P., K.E.); Waymo, Mountain View, Calif (J.Y., N.B.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, Calif (C.L.); Google, Mountain View, Calif (W.Y.); Department of Gastroenterology, Sendai Kousei Hospital, Sendai, Japan (H.S.); MNES Inc, Hiroshima, Japan (Y.S.); Department of Telemedicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill (M.E., D.M.); and Center for Biological Imaging, New York University-Langone Medical Center, New York, NY (D.P.N.)
| | - Diego Ardila
- From Google Health Research, 1600 Amphitheatre Pkwy, Mountain View, CA 94043 (A.P.K., C.A.C., R.N., Z.N., C.L., J.R.L., D.A., S.M.M., R.P., Y.L., S.J., G.S.C., L.P., D.T., S.S., S.P., K.E.); Waymo, Mountain View, Calif (J.Y., N.B.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, Calif (C.L.); Google, Mountain View, Calif (W.Y.); Department of Gastroenterology, Sendai Kousei Hospital, Sendai, Japan (H.S.); MNES Inc, Hiroshima, Japan (Y.S.); Department of Telemedicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill (M.E., D.M.); and Center for Biological Imaging, New York University-Langone Medical Center, New York, NY (D.P.N.)
| | - Scott M McKinney
- From Google Health Research, 1600 Amphitheatre Pkwy, Mountain View, CA 94043 (A.P.K., C.A.C., R.N., Z.N., C.L., J.R.L., D.A., S.M.M., R.P., Y.L., S.J., G.S.C., L.P., D.T., S.S., S.P., K.E.); Waymo, Mountain View, Calif (J.Y., N.B.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, Calif (C.L.); Google, Mountain View, Calif (W.Y.); Department of Gastroenterology, Sendai Kousei Hospital, Sendai, Japan (H.S.); MNES Inc, Hiroshima, Japan (Y.S.); Department of Telemedicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill (M.E., D.M.); and Center for Biological Imaging, New York University-Langone Medical Center, New York, NY (D.P.N.)
| | - Rory Pilgrim
- From Google Health Research, 1600 Amphitheatre Pkwy, Mountain View, CA 94043 (A.P.K., C.A.C., R.N., Z.N., C.L., J.R.L., D.A., S.M.M., R.P., Y.L., S.J., G.S.C., L.P., D.T., S.S., S.P., K.E.); Waymo, Mountain View, Calif (J.Y., N.B.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, Calif (C.L.); Google, Mountain View, Calif (W.Y.); Department of Gastroenterology, Sendai Kousei Hospital, Sendai, Japan (H.S.); MNES Inc, Hiroshima, Japan (Y.S.); Department of Telemedicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill (M.E., D.M.); and Center for Biological Imaging, New York University-Langone Medical Center, New York, NY (D.P.N.)
| | - Yun Liu
- From Google Health Research, 1600 Amphitheatre Pkwy, Mountain View, CA 94043 (A.P.K., C.A.C., R.N., Z.N., C.L., J.R.L., D.A., S.M.M., R.P., Y.L., S.J., G.S.C., L.P., D.T., S.S., S.P., K.E.); Waymo, Mountain View, Calif (J.Y., N.B.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, Calif (C.L.); Google, Mountain View, Calif (W.Y.); Department of Gastroenterology, Sendai Kousei Hospital, Sendai, Japan (H.S.); MNES Inc, Hiroshima, Japan (Y.S.); Department of Telemedicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill (M.E., D.M.); and Center for Biological Imaging, New York University-Langone Medical Center, New York, NY (D.P.N.)
| | - Hiroaki Saito
- From Google Health Research, 1600 Amphitheatre Pkwy, Mountain View, CA 94043 (A.P.K., C.A.C., R.N., Z.N., C.L., J.R.L., D.A., S.M.M., R.P., Y.L., S.J., G.S.C., L.P., D.T., S.S., S.P., K.E.); Waymo, Mountain View, Calif (J.Y., N.B.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, Calif (C.L.); Google, Mountain View, Calif (W.Y.); Department of Gastroenterology, Sendai Kousei Hospital, Sendai, Japan (H.S.); MNES Inc, Hiroshima, Japan (Y.S.); Department of Telemedicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill (M.E., D.M.); and Center for Biological Imaging, New York University-Langone Medical Center, New York, NY (D.P.N.)
| | - Yasuteru Shimamura
- From Google Health Research, 1600 Amphitheatre Pkwy, Mountain View, CA 94043 (A.P.K., C.A.C., R.N., Z.N., C.L., J.R.L., D.A., S.M.M., R.P., Y.L., S.J., G.S.C., L.P., D.T., S.S., S.P., K.E.); Waymo, Mountain View, Calif (J.Y., N.B.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, Calif (C.L.); Google, Mountain View, Calif (W.Y.); Department of Gastroenterology, Sendai Kousei Hospital, Sendai, Japan (H.S.); MNES Inc, Hiroshima, Japan (Y.S.); Department of Telemedicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill (M.E., D.M.); and Center for Biological Imaging, New York University-Langone Medical Center, New York, NY (D.P.N.)
| | - Mozziyar Etemadi
- From Google Health Research, 1600 Amphitheatre Pkwy, Mountain View, CA 94043 (A.P.K., C.A.C., R.N., Z.N., C.L., J.R.L., D.A., S.M.M., R.P., Y.L., S.J., G.S.C., L.P., D.T., S.S., S.P., K.E.); Waymo, Mountain View, Calif (J.Y., N.B.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, Calif (C.L.); Google, Mountain View, Calif (W.Y.); Department of Gastroenterology, Sendai Kousei Hospital, Sendai, Japan (H.S.); MNES Inc, Hiroshima, Japan (Y.S.); Department of Telemedicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill (M.E., D.M.); and Center for Biological Imaging, New York University-Langone Medical Center, New York, NY (D.P.N.)
| | - David Melnick
- From Google Health Research, 1600 Amphitheatre Pkwy, Mountain View, CA 94043 (A.P.K., C.A.C., R.N., Z.N., C.L., J.R.L., D.A., S.M.M., R.P., Y.L., S.J., G.S.C., L.P., D.T., S.S., S.P., K.E.); Waymo, Mountain View, Calif (J.Y., N.B.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, Calif (C.L.); Google, Mountain View, Calif (W.Y.); Department of Gastroenterology, Sendai Kousei Hospital, Sendai, Japan (H.S.); MNES Inc, Hiroshima, Japan (Y.S.); Department of Telemedicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill (M.E., D.M.); and Center for Biological Imaging, New York University-Langone Medical Center, New York, NY (D.P.N.)
| | - Sunny Jansen
- From Google Health Research, 1600 Amphitheatre Pkwy, Mountain View, CA 94043 (A.P.K., C.A.C., R.N., Z.N., C.L., J.R.L., D.A., S.M.M., R.P., Y.L., S.J., G.S.C., L.P., D.T., S.S., S.P., K.E.); Waymo, Mountain View, Calif (J.Y., N.B.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, Calif (C.L.); Google, Mountain View, Calif (W.Y.); Department of Gastroenterology, Sendai Kousei Hospital, Sendai, Japan (H.S.); MNES Inc, Hiroshima, Japan (Y.S.); Department of Telemedicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill (M.E., D.M.); and Center for Biological Imaging, New York University-Langone Medical Center, New York, NY (D.P.N.)
| | - Greg S Corrado
- From Google Health Research, 1600 Amphitheatre Pkwy, Mountain View, CA 94043 (A.P.K., C.A.C., R.N., Z.N., C.L., J.R.L., D.A., S.M.M., R.P., Y.L., S.J., G.S.C., L.P., D.T., S.S., S.P., K.E.); Waymo, Mountain View, Calif (J.Y., N.B.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, Calif (C.L.); Google, Mountain View, Calif (W.Y.); Department of Gastroenterology, Sendai Kousei Hospital, Sendai, Japan (H.S.); MNES Inc, Hiroshima, Japan (Y.S.); Department of Telemedicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill (M.E., D.M.); and Center for Biological Imaging, New York University-Langone Medical Center, New York, NY (D.P.N.)
| | - Lily Peng
- From Google Health Research, 1600 Amphitheatre Pkwy, Mountain View, CA 94043 (A.P.K., C.A.C., R.N., Z.N., C.L., J.R.L., D.A., S.M.M., R.P., Y.L., S.J., G.S.C., L.P., D.T., S.S., S.P., K.E.); Waymo, Mountain View, Calif (J.Y., N.B.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, Calif (C.L.); Google, Mountain View, Calif (W.Y.); Department of Gastroenterology, Sendai Kousei Hospital, Sendai, Japan (H.S.); MNES Inc, Hiroshima, Japan (Y.S.); Department of Telemedicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill (M.E., D.M.); and Center for Biological Imaging, New York University-Langone Medical Center, New York, NY (D.P.N.)
| | - Daniel Tse
- From Google Health Research, 1600 Amphitheatre Pkwy, Mountain View, CA 94043 (A.P.K., C.A.C., R.N., Z.N., C.L., J.R.L., D.A., S.M.M., R.P., Y.L., S.J., G.S.C., L.P., D.T., S.S., S.P., K.E.); Waymo, Mountain View, Calif (J.Y., N.B.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, Calif (C.L.); Google, Mountain View, Calif (W.Y.); Department of Gastroenterology, Sendai Kousei Hospital, Sendai, Japan (H.S.); MNES Inc, Hiroshima, Japan (Y.S.); Department of Telemedicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill (M.E., D.M.); and Center for Biological Imaging, New York University-Langone Medical Center, New York, NY (D.P.N.)
| | - Shravya Shetty
- From Google Health Research, 1600 Amphitheatre Pkwy, Mountain View, CA 94043 (A.P.K., C.A.C., R.N., Z.N., C.L., J.R.L., D.A., S.M.M., R.P., Y.L., S.J., G.S.C., L.P., D.T., S.S., S.P., K.E.); Waymo, Mountain View, Calif (J.Y., N.B.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, Calif (C.L.); Google, Mountain View, Calif (W.Y.); Department of Gastroenterology, Sendai Kousei Hospital, Sendai, Japan (H.S.); MNES Inc, Hiroshima, Japan (Y.S.); Department of Telemedicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill (M.E., D.M.); and Center for Biological Imaging, New York University-Langone Medical Center, New York, NY (D.P.N.)
| | - Shruthi Prabhakara
- From Google Health Research, 1600 Amphitheatre Pkwy, Mountain View, CA 94043 (A.P.K., C.A.C., R.N., Z.N., C.L., J.R.L., D.A., S.M.M., R.P., Y.L., S.J., G.S.C., L.P., D.T., S.S., S.P., K.E.); Waymo, Mountain View, Calif (J.Y., N.B.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, Calif (C.L.); Google, Mountain View, Calif (W.Y.); Department of Gastroenterology, Sendai Kousei Hospital, Sendai, Japan (H.S.); MNES Inc, Hiroshima, Japan (Y.S.); Department of Telemedicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill (M.E., D.M.); and Center for Biological Imaging, New York University-Langone Medical Center, New York, NY (D.P.N.)
| | - David P Nadich
- From Google Health Research, 1600 Amphitheatre Pkwy, Mountain View, CA 94043 (A.P.K., C.A.C., R.N., Z.N., C.L., J.R.L., D.A., S.M.M., R.P., Y.L., S.J., G.S.C., L.P., D.T., S.S., S.P., K.E.); Waymo, Mountain View, Calif (J.Y., N.B.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, Calif (C.L.); Google, Mountain View, Calif (W.Y.); Department of Gastroenterology, Sendai Kousei Hospital, Sendai, Japan (H.S.); MNES Inc, Hiroshima, Japan (Y.S.); Department of Telemedicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill (M.E., D.M.); and Center for Biological Imaging, New York University-Langone Medical Center, New York, NY (D.P.N.)
| | - Neeral Beladia
- From Google Health Research, 1600 Amphitheatre Pkwy, Mountain View, CA 94043 (A.P.K., C.A.C., R.N., Z.N., C.L., J.R.L., D.A., S.M.M., R.P., Y.L., S.J., G.S.C., L.P., D.T., S.S., S.P., K.E.); Waymo, Mountain View, Calif (J.Y., N.B.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, Calif (C.L.); Google, Mountain View, Calif (W.Y.); Department of Gastroenterology, Sendai Kousei Hospital, Sendai, Japan (H.S.); MNES Inc, Hiroshima, Japan (Y.S.); Department of Telemedicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill (M.E., D.M.); and Center for Biological Imaging, New York University-Langone Medical Center, New York, NY (D.P.N.)
| | - Krish Eswaran
- From Google Health Research, 1600 Amphitheatre Pkwy, Mountain View, CA 94043 (A.P.K., C.A.C., R.N., Z.N., C.L., J.R.L., D.A., S.M.M., R.P., Y.L., S.J., G.S.C., L.P., D.T., S.S., S.P., K.E.); Waymo, Mountain View, Calif (J.Y., N.B.), David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, Calif (C.L.); Google, Mountain View, Calif (W.Y.); Department of Gastroenterology, Sendai Kousei Hospital, Sendai, Japan (H.S.); MNES Inc, Hiroshima, Japan (Y.S.); Department of Telemedicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Ill (M.E., D.M.); and Center for Biological Imaging, New York University-Langone Medical Center, New York, NY (D.P.N.)
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Weng WH, Sellergen A, Kiraly AP, D'Amour A, Park J, Pilgrim R, Pfohl S, Lau C, Natarajan V, Azizi S, Karthikesalingam A, Cole-Lewis H, Matias Y, Corrado GS, Webster DR, Shetty S, Prabhakara S, Eswaran K, Celi LAG, Liu Y. An intentional approach to managing bias in general purpose embedding models. Lancet Digit Health 2024; 6:e126-e130. [PMID: 38278614 DOI: 10.1016/s2589-7500(23)00227-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
Advances in machine learning for health care have brought concerns about bias from the research community; specifically, the introduction, perpetuation, or exacerbation of care disparities. Reinforcing these concerns is the finding that medical images often reveal signals about sensitive attributes in ways that are hard to pinpoint by both algorithms and people. This finding raises a question about how to best design general purpose pretrained embeddings (GPPEs, defined as embeddings meant to support a broad array of use cases) for building downstream models that are free from particular types of bias. The downstream model should be carefully evaluated for bias, and audited and improved as appropriate. However, in our view, well intentioned attempts to prevent the upstream components-GPPEs-from learning sensitive attributes can have unintended consequences on the downstream models. Despite producing a veneer of technical neutrality, the resultant end-to-end system might still be biased or poorly performing. We present reasons, by building on previously published data, to support the reasoning that GPPEs should ideally contain as much information as the original data contain, and highlight the perils of trying to remove sensitive attributes from a GPPE. We also emphasise that downstream prediction models trained for specific tasks and settings, whether developed using GPPEs or not, should be carefully designed and evaluated to avoid bias that makes models vulnerable to issues such as distributional shift. These evaluations should be done by a diverse team, including social scientists, on a diverse cohort representing the full breadth of the patient population for which the final model is intended.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Leo A G Celi
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yun Liu
- Google, Mountain View, CA, USA.
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3
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Kazemzadeh S, Yu J, Jamshy S, Pilgrim R, Nabulsi Z, Chen C, Beladia N, Lau C, McKinney SM, Hughes T, Kiraly AP, Kalidindi SR, Muyoyeta M, Malemela J, Shih T, Corrado GS, Peng L, Chou K, Chen PHC, Liu Y, Eswaran K, Tse D, Shetty S, Prabhakara S. Deep Learning Detection of Active Pulmonary Tuberculosis at Chest Radiography Matched the Clinical Performance of Radiologists. Radiology 2023; 306:124-137. [PMID: 36066366 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.212213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Background The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends chest radiography to facilitate tuberculosis (TB) screening. However, chest radiograph interpretation expertise remains limited in many regions. Purpose To develop a deep learning system (DLS) to detect active pulmonary TB on chest radiographs and compare its performance to that of radiologists. Materials and Methods A DLS was trained and tested using retrospective chest radiographs (acquired between 1996 and 2020) from 10 countries. To improve generalization, large-scale chest radiograph pretraining, attention pooling, and semisupervised learning ("noisy-student") were incorporated. The DLS was evaluated in a four-country test set (China, India, the United States, and Zambia) and in a mining population in South Africa, with positive TB confirmed with microbiological tests or nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT). The performance of the DLS was compared with that of 14 radiologists. The authors studied the efficacy of the DLS compared with that of nine radiologists using the Obuchowski-Rockette-Hillis procedure. Given WHO targets of 90% sensitivity and 70% specificity, the operating point of the DLS (0.45) was prespecified to favor sensitivity. Results A total of 165 754 images in 22 284 subjects (mean age, 45 years; 21% female) were used for model development and testing. In the four-country test set (1236 subjects, 17% with active TB), the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of the DLS was higher than those for all nine India-based radiologists, with an area under the ROC curve of 0.89 (95% CI: 0.87, 0.91). Compared with these radiologists, at the prespecified operating point, the DLS sensitivity was higher (88% vs 75%, P < .001) and specificity was noninferior (79% vs 84%, P = .004). Trends were similar within other patient subgroups, in the South Africa data set, and across various TB-specific chest radiograph findings. In simulations, the use of the DLS to identify likely TB-positive chest radiographs for NAAT confirmation reduced the cost by 40%-80% per TB-positive patient detected. Conclusion A deep learning method was found to be noninferior to radiologists for the determination of active tuberculosis on digital chest radiographs. © RSNA, 2022 Online supplemental material is available for this article. See also the editorial by van Ginneken in this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Kazemzadeh
- From Google Health, 1600 Amphitheatre Pkwy, Mountain View, CA 94043 (S.K., J.Y., S.J., R.P., Z.N., C.C., N.B., S.M.M., T.H., A.P.K., G.S.C., L.P., K.C., P.H.C.C., Y.L., K.E., D.T., S.S., S.P.); Advanced Clinical, Deerfield, Ill (C.L.); Apollo Radiology International, Hyderabad, India (S.R.K.); TB Department, Center of Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia (M.M.); Sibanye Stillwater, Weltevreden Park, Roodepoort, South Africa (J.M.); and Clickmedix, Gaithersburg, Md (T.S.)
| | - Jin Yu
- From Google Health, 1600 Amphitheatre Pkwy, Mountain View, CA 94043 (S.K., J.Y., S.J., R.P., Z.N., C.C., N.B., S.M.M., T.H., A.P.K., G.S.C., L.P., K.C., P.H.C.C., Y.L., K.E., D.T., S.S., S.P.); Advanced Clinical, Deerfield, Ill (C.L.); Apollo Radiology International, Hyderabad, India (S.R.K.); TB Department, Center of Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia (M.M.); Sibanye Stillwater, Weltevreden Park, Roodepoort, South Africa (J.M.); and Clickmedix, Gaithersburg, Md (T.S.)
| | - Shahar Jamshy
- From Google Health, 1600 Amphitheatre Pkwy, Mountain View, CA 94043 (S.K., J.Y., S.J., R.P., Z.N., C.C., N.B., S.M.M., T.H., A.P.K., G.S.C., L.P., K.C., P.H.C.C., Y.L., K.E., D.T., S.S., S.P.); Advanced Clinical, Deerfield, Ill (C.L.); Apollo Radiology International, Hyderabad, India (S.R.K.); TB Department, Center of Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia (M.M.); Sibanye Stillwater, Weltevreden Park, Roodepoort, South Africa (J.M.); and Clickmedix, Gaithersburg, Md (T.S.)
| | - Rory Pilgrim
- From Google Health, 1600 Amphitheatre Pkwy, Mountain View, CA 94043 (S.K., J.Y., S.J., R.P., Z.N., C.C., N.B., S.M.M., T.H., A.P.K., G.S.C., L.P., K.C., P.H.C.C., Y.L., K.E., D.T., S.S., S.P.); Advanced Clinical, Deerfield, Ill (C.L.); Apollo Radiology International, Hyderabad, India (S.R.K.); TB Department, Center of Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia (M.M.); Sibanye Stillwater, Weltevreden Park, Roodepoort, South Africa (J.M.); and Clickmedix, Gaithersburg, Md (T.S.)
| | - Zaid Nabulsi
- From Google Health, 1600 Amphitheatre Pkwy, Mountain View, CA 94043 (S.K., J.Y., S.J., R.P., Z.N., C.C., N.B., S.M.M., T.H., A.P.K., G.S.C., L.P., K.C., P.H.C.C., Y.L., K.E., D.T., S.S., S.P.); Advanced Clinical, Deerfield, Ill (C.L.); Apollo Radiology International, Hyderabad, India (S.R.K.); TB Department, Center of Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia (M.M.); Sibanye Stillwater, Weltevreden Park, Roodepoort, South Africa (J.M.); and Clickmedix, Gaithersburg, Md (T.S.)
| | - Christina Chen
- From Google Health, 1600 Amphitheatre Pkwy, Mountain View, CA 94043 (S.K., J.Y., S.J., R.P., Z.N., C.C., N.B., S.M.M., T.H., A.P.K., G.S.C., L.P., K.C., P.H.C.C., Y.L., K.E., D.T., S.S., S.P.); Advanced Clinical, Deerfield, Ill (C.L.); Apollo Radiology International, Hyderabad, India (S.R.K.); TB Department, Center of Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia (M.M.); Sibanye Stillwater, Weltevreden Park, Roodepoort, South Africa (J.M.); and Clickmedix, Gaithersburg, Md (T.S.)
| | - Neeral Beladia
- From Google Health, 1600 Amphitheatre Pkwy, Mountain View, CA 94043 (S.K., J.Y., S.J., R.P., Z.N., C.C., N.B., S.M.M., T.H., A.P.K., G.S.C., L.P., K.C., P.H.C.C., Y.L., K.E., D.T., S.S., S.P.); Advanced Clinical, Deerfield, Ill (C.L.); Apollo Radiology International, Hyderabad, India (S.R.K.); TB Department, Center of Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia (M.M.); Sibanye Stillwater, Weltevreden Park, Roodepoort, South Africa (J.M.); and Clickmedix, Gaithersburg, Md (T.S.)
| | - Charles Lau
- From Google Health, 1600 Amphitheatre Pkwy, Mountain View, CA 94043 (S.K., J.Y., S.J., R.P., Z.N., C.C., N.B., S.M.M., T.H., A.P.K., G.S.C., L.P., K.C., P.H.C.C., Y.L., K.E., D.T., S.S., S.P.); Advanced Clinical, Deerfield, Ill (C.L.); Apollo Radiology International, Hyderabad, India (S.R.K.); TB Department, Center of Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia (M.M.); Sibanye Stillwater, Weltevreden Park, Roodepoort, South Africa (J.M.); and Clickmedix, Gaithersburg, Md (T.S.)
| | - Scott Mayer McKinney
- From Google Health, 1600 Amphitheatre Pkwy, Mountain View, CA 94043 (S.K., J.Y., S.J., R.P., Z.N., C.C., N.B., S.M.M., T.H., A.P.K., G.S.C., L.P., K.C., P.H.C.C., Y.L., K.E., D.T., S.S., S.P.); Advanced Clinical, Deerfield, Ill (C.L.); Apollo Radiology International, Hyderabad, India (S.R.K.); TB Department, Center of Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia (M.M.); Sibanye Stillwater, Weltevreden Park, Roodepoort, South Africa (J.M.); and Clickmedix, Gaithersburg, Md (T.S.)
| | - Thad Hughes
- From Google Health, 1600 Amphitheatre Pkwy, Mountain View, CA 94043 (S.K., J.Y., S.J., R.P., Z.N., C.C., N.B., S.M.M., T.H., A.P.K., G.S.C., L.P., K.C., P.H.C.C., Y.L., K.E., D.T., S.S., S.P.); Advanced Clinical, Deerfield, Ill (C.L.); Apollo Radiology International, Hyderabad, India (S.R.K.); TB Department, Center of Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia (M.M.); Sibanye Stillwater, Weltevreden Park, Roodepoort, South Africa (J.M.); and Clickmedix, Gaithersburg, Md (T.S.)
| | - Atilla P Kiraly
- From Google Health, 1600 Amphitheatre Pkwy, Mountain View, CA 94043 (S.K., J.Y., S.J., R.P., Z.N., C.C., N.B., S.M.M., T.H., A.P.K., G.S.C., L.P., K.C., P.H.C.C., Y.L., K.E., D.T., S.S., S.P.); Advanced Clinical, Deerfield, Ill (C.L.); Apollo Radiology International, Hyderabad, India (S.R.K.); TB Department, Center of Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia (M.M.); Sibanye Stillwater, Weltevreden Park, Roodepoort, South Africa (J.M.); and Clickmedix, Gaithersburg, Md (T.S.)
| | - Sreenivasa Raju Kalidindi
- From Google Health, 1600 Amphitheatre Pkwy, Mountain View, CA 94043 (S.K., J.Y., S.J., R.P., Z.N., C.C., N.B., S.M.M., T.H., A.P.K., G.S.C., L.P., K.C., P.H.C.C., Y.L., K.E., D.T., S.S., S.P.); Advanced Clinical, Deerfield, Ill (C.L.); Apollo Radiology International, Hyderabad, India (S.R.K.); TB Department, Center of Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia (M.M.); Sibanye Stillwater, Weltevreden Park, Roodepoort, South Africa (J.M.); and Clickmedix, Gaithersburg, Md (T.S.)
| | - Monde Muyoyeta
- From Google Health, 1600 Amphitheatre Pkwy, Mountain View, CA 94043 (S.K., J.Y., S.J., R.P., Z.N., C.C., N.B., S.M.M., T.H., A.P.K., G.S.C., L.P., K.C., P.H.C.C., Y.L., K.E., D.T., S.S., S.P.); Advanced Clinical, Deerfield, Ill (C.L.); Apollo Radiology International, Hyderabad, India (S.R.K.); TB Department, Center of Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia (M.M.); Sibanye Stillwater, Weltevreden Park, Roodepoort, South Africa (J.M.); and Clickmedix, Gaithersburg, Md (T.S.)
| | - Jameson Malemela
- From Google Health, 1600 Amphitheatre Pkwy, Mountain View, CA 94043 (S.K., J.Y., S.J., R.P., Z.N., C.C., N.B., S.M.M., T.H., A.P.K., G.S.C., L.P., K.C., P.H.C.C., Y.L., K.E., D.T., S.S., S.P.); Advanced Clinical, Deerfield, Ill (C.L.); Apollo Radiology International, Hyderabad, India (S.R.K.); TB Department, Center of Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia (M.M.); Sibanye Stillwater, Weltevreden Park, Roodepoort, South Africa (J.M.); and Clickmedix, Gaithersburg, Md (T.S.)
| | - Ting Shih
- From Google Health, 1600 Amphitheatre Pkwy, Mountain View, CA 94043 (S.K., J.Y., S.J., R.P., Z.N., C.C., N.B., S.M.M., T.H., A.P.K., G.S.C., L.P., K.C., P.H.C.C., Y.L., K.E., D.T., S.S., S.P.); Advanced Clinical, Deerfield, Ill (C.L.); Apollo Radiology International, Hyderabad, India (S.R.K.); TB Department, Center of Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia (M.M.); Sibanye Stillwater, Weltevreden Park, Roodepoort, South Africa (J.M.); and Clickmedix, Gaithersburg, Md (T.S.)
| | - Greg S Corrado
- From Google Health, 1600 Amphitheatre Pkwy, Mountain View, CA 94043 (S.K., J.Y., S.J., R.P., Z.N., C.C., N.B., S.M.M., T.H., A.P.K., G.S.C., L.P., K.C., P.H.C.C., Y.L., K.E., D.T., S.S., S.P.); Advanced Clinical, Deerfield, Ill (C.L.); Apollo Radiology International, Hyderabad, India (S.R.K.); TB Department, Center of Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia (M.M.); Sibanye Stillwater, Weltevreden Park, Roodepoort, South Africa (J.M.); and Clickmedix, Gaithersburg, Md (T.S.)
| | - Lily Peng
- From Google Health, 1600 Amphitheatre Pkwy, Mountain View, CA 94043 (S.K., J.Y., S.J., R.P., Z.N., C.C., N.B., S.M.M., T.H., A.P.K., G.S.C., L.P., K.C., P.H.C.C., Y.L., K.E., D.T., S.S., S.P.); Advanced Clinical, Deerfield, Ill (C.L.); Apollo Radiology International, Hyderabad, India (S.R.K.); TB Department, Center of Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia (M.M.); Sibanye Stillwater, Weltevreden Park, Roodepoort, South Africa (J.M.); and Clickmedix, Gaithersburg, Md (T.S.)
| | - Katherine Chou
- From Google Health, 1600 Amphitheatre Pkwy, Mountain View, CA 94043 (S.K., J.Y., S.J., R.P., Z.N., C.C., N.B., S.M.M., T.H., A.P.K., G.S.C., L.P., K.C., P.H.C.C., Y.L., K.E., D.T., S.S., S.P.); Advanced Clinical, Deerfield, Ill (C.L.); Apollo Radiology International, Hyderabad, India (S.R.K.); TB Department, Center of Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia (M.M.); Sibanye Stillwater, Weltevreden Park, Roodepoort, South Africa (J.M.); and Clickmedix, Gaithersburg, Md (T.S.)
| | - Po-Hsuan Cameron Chen
- From Google Health, 1600 Amphitheatre Pkwy, Mountain View, CA 94043 (S.K., J.Y., S.J., R.P., Z.N., C.C., N.B., S.M.M., T.H., A.P.K., G.S.C., L.P., K.C., P.H.C.C., Y.L., K.E., D.T., S.S., S.P.); Advanced Clinical, Deerfield, Ill (C.L.); Apollo Radiology International, Hyderabad, India (S.R.K.); TB Department, Center of Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia (M.M.); Sibanye Stillwater, Weltevreden Park, Roodepoort, South Africa (J.M.); and Clickmedix, Gaithersburg, Md (T.S.)
| | - Yun Liu
- From Google Health, 1600 Amphitheatre Pkwy, Mountain View, CA 94043 (S.K., J.Y., S.J., R.P., Z.N., C.C., N.B., S.M.M., T.H., A.P.K., G.S.C., L.P., K.C., P.H.C.C., Y.L., K.E., D.T., S.S., S.P.); Advanced Clinical, Deerfield, Ill (C.L.); Apollo Radiology International, Hyderabad, India (S.R.K.); TB Department, Center of Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia (M.M.); Sibanye Stillwater, Weltevreden Park, Roodepoort, South Africa (J.M.); and Clickmedix, Gaithersburg, Md (T.S.)
| | - Krish Eswaran
- From Google Health, 1600 Amphitheatre Pkwy, Mountain View, CA 94043 (S.K., J.Y., S.J., R.P., Z.N., C.C., N.B., S.M.M., T.H., A.P.K., G.S.C., L.P., K.C., P.H.C.C., Y.L., K.E., D.T., S.S., S.P.); Advanced Clinical, Deerfield, Ill (C.L.); Apollo Radiology International, Hyderabad, India (S.R.K.); TB Department, Center of Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia (M.M.); Sibanye Stillwater, Weltevreden Park, Roodepoort, South Africa (J.M.); and Clickmedix, Gaithersburg, Md (T.S.)
| | - Daniel Tse
- From Google Health, 1600 Amphitheatre Pkwy, Mountain View, CA 94043 (S.K., J.Y., S.J., R.P., Z.N., C.C., N.B., S.M.M., T.H., A.P.K., G.S.C., L.P., K.C., P.H.C.C., Y.L., K.E., D.T., S.S., S.P.); Advanced Clinical, Deerfield, Ill (C.L.); Apollo Radiology International, Hyderabad, India (S.R.K.); TB Department, Center of Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia (M.M.); Sibanye Stillwater, Weltevreden Park, Roodepoort, South Africa (J.M.); and Clickmedix, Gaithersburg, Md (T.S.)
| | - Shravya Shetty
- From Google Health, 1600 Amphitheatre Pkwy, Mountain View, CA 94043 (S.K., J.Y., S.J., R.P., Z.N., C.C., N.B., S.M.M., T.H., A.P.K., G.S.C., L.P., K.C., P.H.C.C., Y.L., K.E., D.T., S.S., S.P.); Advanced Clinical, Deerfield, Ill (C.L.); Apollo Radiology International, Hyderabad, India (S.R.K.); TB Department, Center of Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia (M.M.); Sibanye Stillwater, Weltevreden Park, Roodepoort, South Africa (J.M.); and Clickmedix, Gaithersburg, Md (T.S.)
| | - Shruthi Prabhakara
- From Google Health, 1600 Amphitheatre Pkwy, Mountain View, CA 94043 (S.K., J.Y., S.J., R.P., Z.N., C.C., N.B., S.M.M., T.H., A.P.K., G.S.C., L.P., K.C., P.H.C.C., Y.L., K.E., D.T., S.S., S.P.); Advanced Clinical, Deerfield, Ill (C.L.); Apollo Radiology International, Hyderabad, India (S.R.K.); TB Department, Center of Infectious Disease Research in Zambia, Lusaka, Zambia (M.M.); Sibanye Stillwater, Weltevreden Park, Roodepoort, South Africa (J.M.); and Clickmedix, Gaithersburg, Md (T.S.)
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4
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Prabhakara S, Hanumantha Rao HM, Prashanth LK, Anbazhagan K, Jacques R, Reddy BK. PRRT2 Gene Mutations in Indian Paroxysmal Kinesigenic Dyskinesia Patients. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2021; 24:425-429. [PMID: 34447013 PMCID: PMC8370144 DOI: 10.4103/aian.aian_417_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S Prabhakara
- Central Research Laboratory, RajaRajeswari Medical College and Hospital, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - H M Hanumantha Rao
- Central Research Laboratory, RajaRajeswari Medical College and Hospital, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - L K Prashanth
- Vikram Hospital, Vasanth Nagar, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - K Anbazhagan
- Central Research Laboratory, RajaRajeswari Medical College and Hospital, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Rochette Jacques
- UPJV, CURS - EA 4666, 1 Rue Du Prof. C. Cabrol, Amiens 80000, France
| | - Basanth Kumar Reddy
- Central Research Laboratory, RajaRajeswari Medical College and Hospital, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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5
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Sailakshmi MPA, Prabhu MR, Prabhakara S, Anbazhagan K, Rupakala BM. Congo red dot test in the early prediction and diagnosis of pre-eclampsia in a tertiary health care centre in India. Pregnancy Hypertens 2021; 25:225-229. [PMID: 34273671 DOI: 10.1016/j.preghy.2021.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To demonstrate the use of urine congophilia quantification in the prediction and diagnosis of pre-eclampsia using Congo red dot test. STUDY DESIGN A prospective cohort study in 378 consecutive pregnant women was conducted. All eligible, consenting women of gestational age between 10 and 34 weeks were enrolled in the study. The presence of urinary misfolded proteins was screened by a simple dot test technique on unsupported nitrocellulose membrane using Congo red dye. RESULTS The urinary congophilia was increased in urine from women with pre eclampsia compared to healthy pregnant controls. The mean CRR value of pre eclamptic pregnant women (35.2 ± 9.4%) was five times higher than that of mean CRR value of normotensive pregnant women (6.9 ± 4.7%). The mean gestational age at which Congo red test showed positive was 26.95 ± 2.90 weeks and the time taken from CRD positive to development of PE was 4.92 ± 2.54 weeks of gestation. CONCLUSIONS In our study, the CRD test was not only effective in predicting pre-eclampsia but was also useful in differentiating between pre-eclampsia and other forms of hypertension, as well as early onset and late onset pre-eclampsia, with positive predictive value of 80.36% and negative predictive value of 92.86.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P A Sailakshmi
- Department of OBG, Rajarajeswari Medical College and Hospital, Bangalore, India.
| | - M R Prabhu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Rajarajeswari Medical College and Hospital, Bangalore, India
| | - S Prabhakara
- Department of Genetics, Rajarajeswari Medical College and Hospital, Bangalore, India
| | - K Anbazhagan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Rajarajeswari Medical College and Hospital, Bangalore, India.
| | - B M Rupakala
- Department of OBG, Rajarajeswari Medical College and Hospital, Bangalore, India
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6
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Prabhakara S, Hanumantha Rao H, Prashanth L, Anbazhagan K, Jacques R, Reddy B. PRRT2 Gene Mutations in Indian Paroxysmal Kinesigenic Dyskinesia Patients. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/0972-2327.299483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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7
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Chandrashekar BS, Prabhakara S, Mohan T, Shabeer D, Bhandare B, Nalini M, Sharmila PS, Meghana DL, Reddy BK, Hanumantha Rao HM, Sahajananda H, Anbazhagan K. Characterization of Rubia cordifolia L. root extract and its evaluation of cardioprotective effect in Wistar rat model. Indian J Pharmacol 2018; 50:12-21. [PMID: 29861523 PMCID: PMC5954628 DOI: 10.4103/ijp.ijp_418_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: Rubia cordifolia L. (RC) is a well-known and highly valuable medicinal plant in the Ayurvedic system. The present study involves evaluating antioxidant and cardioprotective property of RC root extract. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The characterization of RC root extract was carried out using standard phytochemical and biochemical analysis. The functional groups were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and phytotherapeutic compounds were identified using high-resolution mass spectrometry (HR-MS). Cardioprotective activity of RC root extract was investigated against cyclophosphamide (CP; 100 mg/kg, i.p)-induced cardiotoxicity in male albino Wistar rats. RC (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg, p.o) or silymarin (100 mg/kg, p.o) was administered immediately after CP on the 1st day and the next consecutive 10 days. Biochemical and histopathological analysis was performed to observe the cardioprotective effects of RC root extract. RESULTS: Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of secondary metabolites that include alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and anthraquinones in RC root extract. FTIR analysis revealed the presence of several functional groups. Based on HR-MS analysis, eight major phytotherapeutic compounds were identified in methanol root extract of RC. Biochemical analysis in CP-induced rat model administered with RC extract revealed significantly enhanced levels of antioxidant markers such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione S-transferase. Histopathological study showed that the rat model treated with the root extract had reduced the cardiac injury. CONCLUSION: Our results have shown that the RC extract contains various antioxidant compounds with cardioprotective effect. Treatment with RC root extract could significantly protect CP-induced rats from cardiac tissue injury by restoring the antioxidant markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- B S Chandrashekar
- Chemistry of Forest Products (CFP) Division, Institute of Wood Science and Technology, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - S Prabhakara
- Department of Genetics, Central Research Laboratory, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - T Mohan
- Department of Genetics, Central Research Laboratory, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - D Shabeer
- Department of Pharmacology, Central Research Laboratory, RajaRajeswari Medical College and Hospital, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Basavaraj Bhandare
- Department of Pharmacology, Central Research Laboratory, RajaRajeswari Medical College and Hospital, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - M Nalini
- Department of Pathology, Central Research Laboratory, RajaRajeswari Medical College and Hospital, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - P S Sharmila
- Department of Pathology, Central Research Laboratory, RajaRajeswari Medical College and Hospital, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - D L Meghana
- Department of Biological, Sciences Bangalore University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Basanth Kumar Reddy
- Department of Genetics, Central Research Laboratory, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - H M Hanumantha Rao
- Department of Genetics, Central Research Laboratory, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - H Sahajananda
- Department of Anaesthesia and Central Research Laboratory, Central Research Laboratory, RajaRajeswari Medical College and Hospital, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - K Anbazhagan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Central Research Laboratory, RajaRajeswari Medical College and Hospital, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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Gayathri BN, Sagayaraj A, Prabhakara S, Suresh TN, Shuaib M, Mohiyuddin SMA. Papillary thyroid carcinoma in a 5-year-old child-case report. Indian J Surg Oncol 2015; 5:321-4. [PMID: 25767350 DOI: 10.1007/s13193-013-0282-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- B N Gayathri
- Department of Pathology, SDUMC, Kolar, Karnataka India
| | - A Sagayaraj
- Department of ENT, Head and Neck Surgery, Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College, Kolar, Karnataka India
| | - S Prabhakara
- Genomics and Central Research Laboratory, Research and Development Department, SDUAHER, Kolar, India
| | - T N Suresh
- Department of Pathology, SDUMC, Kolar, Karnataka India
| | - Merchant Shuaib
- Department of ENT, Head and Neck Surgery, Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College, Kolar, Karnataka India
| | - S M Azeem Mohiyuddin
- Department of ENT, Head and Neck Surgery, Sri Devaraj Urs Medical College, Kolar, Karnataka India
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9
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Prabhakara S, Anbazhagan K. Molecular analysis of PRRT2 gene in a case of paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia patient. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2014; 17:459-62. [PMID: 25506174 PMCID: PMC4251026 DOI: 10.4103/0972-2327.144039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2013] [Revised: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Paroxysmal kinesigenic dyskinesia (PKD) is an abnormal involuntary movement that is episodic or intermittent, with sudden onset, and the attacks are induced by sudden movement. Mutations in proline-rich transmembrane protein 2 (PRRT2) gene have been implicated in the cause of this disorder. This study presents a case of PKD on the basis of clinical findings supported and evidences obtained through a mutational analysis. Sequencing of all the exons of PRRT2 gene revealed a frameshift mutation (p.R217Pfs*8) in exon 2 and a novel transition mutation (c.244C > T) in 5′-untranslated region (UTR). Though mutations in PRRT2 gene are well-established in PKD, this study for the first time presents a novel transition mutation in the exon 2 region.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Prabhakara
- Department of Research and Development, Genomics and Central Research Laboratory, Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education and Research, Tamaka, Kolar, India ; Central Research Lab, Raja Rajeswari Medical College and Hospital, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Kolandaswamy Anbazhagan
- INSERM U844, Institute for Neurosciences of Montpellier, Hospital St. Eloi, 34295 Montpellier, France
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Prabhakara S, Malhotra R, Acharya R, Poss M. Mutant-Bin: Unsupervised Haplotype Estimation of Viral Population Diversity Without Reference Genome. J Comput Biol 2013; 20:453-63. [DOI: 10.1089/cmb.2012.0174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shruthi Prabhakara
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Raunaq Malhotra
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Raj Acharya
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
| | - Mary Poss
- Department of Biology and Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA
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11
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Govindan S, Chakrakodi B, Prabhakara S, Arakere G, Kumar S, Bairy I. Necrotizing fasciitis caused by a variant of epidemic methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus -15. Indian J Med Microbiol 2012. [DOI: 10.4103/0255-0857.103778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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12
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Kalia VK, Prabhakara S, Narayanan V. Modulation of cellular radiation responses by 2-deoxy-D-glucose and other glycolytic inhibitors: implications for cancer therapy. J Cancer Res Ther 2010; 5 Suppl 1:S57-60. [PMID: 20009297 DOI: 10.4103/0973-1482.55145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 2-Deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG), a glycolytic inhibitor, was observed earlier to increase DNA, chromosomal, and cellular damage in tumor cells, by inhibiting energy-dependent repair processes. Lonidamine (LND) selectively inhibits glycolysis in cancer cells. It damages the condensed mitochondria in these cells, impairing thereby the activity of hexokinase (predominantly attached to the outer mitochondrial membranes). It inhibits repair of radiation-induced potentially lethal cellular damage in HeLa and Chinese hamster (HA-1) cells. However, other than a preliminary study on human glioma (BMG-1) cells in this laboratory, the effects of LND on radiation-induced cytogenetic damage have not been reported earlier. AIMS These studies were carried out to investigate the effects of LND and 2-DG on cell proliferation, viability, and radiation response in the same human glioma cell line, under identical conditions. The respective drug concentrations were selected on the basis of earlier studies. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human glioma (U373MG) cells were grown in the presence of LND or 2-DG for 2 days. Proliferation response and viability of U373MG human glioma cells were studied by cell counts and uptake of trypan blue dye. Radiosensitization (increase in micronuclei formation) was studied after short-term (4 h postirradiation) drug treatments. OBSERVATIONS Both the drugs (1) inhibited proliferation response in a concentration-dependent manner; (2) did not induce micronuclei formation in the unirradiated cells; and (3) significantly increased radiation-induced micronuclei formation at nontoxic concentrations. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that the short-term presence of either lonidamine or 2-DG-at clinically relevant and nontoxic concentrations-could increase the treatment response of malignant gliomas at optimum radiation doses, reducing thereby the side effects of radiotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay K Kalia
- Department of Biophysics, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, India
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Prabhakara S, Kalia VK. Optimizing radiotherapy of brain tumours by a combination of temozolomide & lonidamine. Indian J Med Res 2008; 128:140-148. [PMID: 19001677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE Temozolomide (TMZ), a second generation alkylating drug, an effective cytotoxic agent as well as radiosensitizer for malignant brain tumours, has side effects like myelosuppression. Lonidamine (LND) increases the effectiveness of several experimental multiple chemotherapy protocols, without increasing bone marrow toxicities and is effective in brain tumour patients. The objective of the present studies was to investigate whether combining clinically relevant doses of LND and TMZ could increase the proliferation and radiation response of malignant human brain tumour cells in vitro. METHODS A malignant human glioma (U373MG) cell line was used in these studies. TMZ (20, 40 or 60 microM) or LND (100, 150 or 200 microM), or the combination of both (20 and 100 microM, respectively) in 0.1 per cent dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) were added three days after setting up cultures, in six well plates (5 x 10(4) cells/ well). The effects of continuous treatment for two days on proliferation response and cytotoxicity were studied after trypsinization; by cell counts and the uptake of trypan blue dye (0.5%). For the study of radiation (60Co-Gamma-rays, 2 Gy) response, drugs were removed 4 h after irradiation and cultures were grown further in drug free, normal growth medium for another 20 h or 44 h. RESULTS Continuous presence of TMZ or LND for two days significantly inhibited cell proliferation in a concentration dependent manner. The frequencies of non viable cells increased significantly only at higher concentrations of LND. Combination of 20 microM TMZ with 100 microM LND had additive effects on proliferation response, without affecting cell viability. Short-term drug treatments without irradiation did not induce micronuclei formation. Cell proliferation and viability were also not affected. However, post-irradiation presence of either of these drugs for 4 h significantly reduced the proliferation response, 24 and 48 h after treatments. It was further inhibited by the combination treatment. On the contrary, radiation induced micronuclei formation was enhanced by either of the drugs; which was significantly increased by the combined treatment, 24 h as well as 48 h after irradiation. No effects on cell viability were observed, immediately after these treatments as well as at later time points. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION Our findings showed that combination of TMZ and LND at clinically achievable, low plasma concentrations could inhibit tumour growth, and lonidamine could reduce the dose of temozolomide required for radiosensitization of brain tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Prabhakara
- Department of Biophysics, National Institute of Mental Health & Neuro Sciences, Bangalore, India
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