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Troisi G, Small R, Chestnov R, Andreasyan D, Khachatryan H, Phillips EA, Malcolm T, Kol H, Khodjaeva N, Gebremichael M, Worku Tessema A, Workneh AB, Davidson T, Harris M, Ibraeva N, Nurmatova A, Altymysheva A, Go JJ, Kontsevaya A, Hanbunjerd K, Bunluesin S, Nieveras O, Ekinci B, Keskinkiliç B, Erguder T, Akiya OC, Kasule H, Nakanjako A, Shukurov S, Kasymova N, Banda P, Kakoma E, Bakyaita NN, Kulikov A, Tarlton D, Putoud N, Chiossi S, Webb D, Banatvala N. The reported impact of non-communicable disease investment cases in 13 countries. BMJ Glob Health 2024; 9:e014784. [PMID: 38599663 PMCID: PMC11015227 DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2023-014784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) are a leading health and development challenge worldwide. Since 2015, WHO and the United Nations Development Programme have provided support to governments to develop national NCD investment cases to describe the socioeconomic dimensions of NCDs. To assess the impact of the investment cases, semistructured interviews and a structured process for gathering written feedback were conducted between July and October 2022 with key informants in 13 countries who had developed a national NCD investment case between 2015 and 2020. Investment cases describe: (1) the social and economic costs of NCDs, including their distribution and projections over time; (2) priority areas for scaled up action; (3) the cost and returns from investing in WHO-recommended measures to prevent and manage NCDs; and (4) the political dimensions of NCD responses. While no country had implemented all the recommendations set out in their investment case reports, actions and policy changes attributable to the investment cases were identified, across (1) governance; (2) financing; and (3) health service access and delivery. The pathways of these changes included: (1) stronger collaboration across government ministries and partners; (2) advocacy for NCD prevention and control; (3) grounding efforts in nationally owned data and evidence; (4) developing mutually embraced 'language' across health and finance; and (5) elevating the priority accorded to NCDs, by framing action as an investment rather than a cost. The assessment also identified barriers to progress on the investment case implementation, including the influence of some private sector entities on sectors other than health, the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, and changes in senior political and technical government officials. The results suggest that national NCD investment cases can significantly contribute to catalysing the prevention and control of NCDs through strengthening governance, financing, and health service access and delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Troisi
- WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Roy Small
- United Nations Development Programme, New York, New York, USA
| | - Roman Chestnov
- International Telecommunication Union, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Diana Andreasyan
- National Institute of Health/National Health Information Analytic Center, Ministry of Health of the Republic of Armenia, Yerevan, Armenia
| | | | | | - Taraleen Malcolm
- Pan American Health Organization, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Hero Kol
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Royal Government of Cambodia Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | | | - Mussie Gebremichael
- Disease Prevention and Control Directorate, Ethiopia Ministry of Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | | | | | - Michelle Harris
- Pan American Health Organization, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Nurgul Ibraeva
- Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Kyrgyz Republic, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | | | | | | | - Anna Kontsevaya
- National Research Center for Preventive Medicine, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moskva, Russian Federation
| | - Krisada Hanbunjerd
- Division of NCDs, Department of Disease Control, Royal Thai Government Ministry of Public Health, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | | | - Banu Ekinci
- Republic of Türkiye Ministry of Health, Cankaya, Türkiye
| | | | | | - Oyoo Charles Akiya
- Department of NCDs, Republic of Uganda Ministry of Health, Kampala, Uganda
| | | | - Aidah Nakanjako
- United Nations Development Programme Uganda, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Shukhrat Shukurov
- Healthy Lifestyle and Physical Activity Support Center, Ministry of Health of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | | | | | | | | | - Alexey Kulikov
- United Nations Inter-Agency Task Force on the Prevention and Control of NCDs, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dudley Tarlton
- Health and Development, United Nations Development Programme, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nadia Putoud
- The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, Grand-Saconnex, Switzerland
| | - Scott Chiossi
- United Nations Inter-Agency Task Force on the Prevention and Control of NCDs, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Nicholas Banatvala
- United Nations Inter-Agency Task Force on the Prevention and Control of NCDs, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland
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Maximova K, Loyola Elizondo E, Rippin H, Breda J, Cappuccio FP, Hajihosseini M, Wickramasinghe K, Novik I, Pisaryk V, Sturua L, Akmatova A, Obreja G, Mustafo SA, Ekinci B, Erguder T, Shukurov S, Hagverdiyev G, Andreasyan D, Ferreira-Borges C, Berdzuli N, Whiting S, Fedkina N, Rakovac I. Exploring educational inequalities in hypertension control, salt knowledge and awareness, and patient advice: insights from the WHO STEPS surveys of adults from nine Eastern European and Central Asian countries. Public Health Nutr 2023; 26:s20-s31. [PMID: 36779266 PMCID: PMC10801379 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980023000356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To inform strategies aimed at improving blood pressure (BP) control and reducing salt intake, we assessed educational inequalities in high blood pressure (HBP) awareness, treatment and control; physician's advice on salt reduction; and salt knowledge, perceptions and consumption behaviours in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. DESIGN Data were collected in cross-sectional, population-based nationally representative surveys, using a multi-stage clustered sampling design. Five HBP awareness, treatment and control categories were created from measured BP and hypertension medication use. Education and other variables were self-reported. Weighted multinomial mixed-effects regression models, adjusted for confounders, were used to assess differences across education categories. SETTINGS Nine Eastern European and Central Asian countries (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Republic of Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkey and Uzbekistan). PARTICIPANTS Nationally representative samples of 30 455 adults aged 25-65 years. RESULTS HBP awareness, treatment and control varied substantially by education. The coverage of physician's advice on salt was less frequent among participants with lower education, and those with untreated HBP or unaware of their HBP. The education gradient was evident in salt knowledge and perceptions of salt intake but not in salt consumption behaviours. Improved salt knowledge and perceptions were more prevalent among participants who received physician's advice on salt reduction. CONCLUSIONS There is a strong education gradient in HBP awareness, treatment and control as well as salt knowledge and perceived intake. Enhancements in public and patient knowledge and awareness of HBP and its risk factors targeting socio-economically disadvantaged groups are urgently needed to alleviate the growing HBP burden in low- and middle-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Maximova
- MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael’s Hospital, 209 Victoria Street, Toronto, ONM5B 1T8, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Enrique Loyola Elizondo
- World Health Organization European Office for the Prevention and Control of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCD Office), Division of Country Health Programmes, WHO Regional Office for Europe, Moscow, Russia
| | - Holly Rippin
- World Health Organization European Office for the Prevention and Control of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCD Office), Division of Country Health Programmes, WHO Regional Office for Europe, Moscow, Russia
| | - João Breda
- World Health Organization European Office for the Prevention and Control of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCD Office), Division of Country Health Programmes, WHO Regional Office for Europe, Moscow, Russia
| | - Francesco P Cappuccio
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Nutrition, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | | | - Kremlin Wickramasinghe
- World Health Organization European Office for the Prevention and Control of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCD Office), Division of Country Health Programmes, WHO Regional Office for Europe, Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina Novik
- Republican Scientific and Practical Center of Medical Technologies, Informatization, Management and Economics of Public Health (RSPC MT), Minsk, Belarus
| | - Vital Pisaryk
- Republican Scientific and Practical Center of Medical Technologies, Informatization, Management and Economics of Public Health (RSPC MT), Minsk, Belarus
| | - Lela Sturua
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health (NCDC) of Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Ainura Akmatova
- Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Galina Obreja
- Department of Social Medicine and Management, Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
| | - Saodat Azimzoda Mustafo
- State Research Institute of Gastroenterology, Ministry of Health and Social Protection of Population, Dushanbe, Republic of Tajikistan
| | - Banu Ekinci
- Department of Chronic Disease and Elderly Health, General Directorate of Public Health of Ministry of Health of Turkey, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Shukhrat Shukurov
- Central Project Implementation Bureau of the Health-3 Project, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | | | - Diana Andreasyan
- National Institute of Health, Ministry of Health, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Carina Ferreira-Borges
- World Health Organization European Office for the Prevention and Control of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCD Office), Division of Country Health Programmes, WHO Regional Office for Europe, Moscow, Russia
| | - Nino Berdzuli
- World Health Organization European Office for the Prevention and Control of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCD Office), Division of Country Health Programmes, WHO Regional Office for Europe, Moscow, Russia
| | - Stephen Whiting
- World Health Organization European Office for the Prevention and Control of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCD Office), Division of Country Health Programmes, WHO Regional Office for Europe, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia Fedkina
- World Health Organization European Office for the Prevention and Control of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCD Office), Division of Country Health Programmes, WHO Regional Office for Europe, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ivo Rakovac
- World Health Organization European Office for the Prevention and Control of Non-Communicable Diseases (NCD Office), Division of Country Health Programmes, WHO Regional Office for Europe, Moscow, Russia
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Rippin HL, Maximova K, Loyola E, Breda J, Wickramasinghe K, Ferreira-Borges C, Berdzuli N, Hajihosseini M, Novik I, Pisaryk V, Sturua L, Akmatova A, Obreja G, Mustafo SA, Ekinci B, Erguder T, Shukurov S, Hagverdiyev G, Andreasyan D, Bychkov S, Rakovac I. Suboptimal Intake of Fruits and Vegetables in Nine Selected Countries of the World Health Organization European Region. Prev Chronic Dis 2023; 20:E104. [PMID: 37972606 PMCID: PMC10684282 DOI: 10.5888/pcd20.230159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to characterize fruit and vegetable consumption in 9 selected countries of the World Health Organization (WHO) European Region. We analyzed data on fruit and vegetable intake and participant sociodemographic characteristics for 30,455 adults in 9 Eastern European and Central Asian countries via standardized STEPS survey methodology. Fruit and vegetable consumption across all countries was suboptimal, with a high percentage of populations not meeting the WHO-recommended intake of at least 5 servings (400 g) per day. Strengthened implementation of evidence-based policies to increase intake of fruit and vegetables is needed to reduce the burden of and disparities in NCDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly L Rippin
- World Health Organization European Office for the Prevention and Control of Non-Communicable Diseases, Division of Country Health Programmes, World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Marmovej, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katerina Maximova
- MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Enrique Loyola
- World Health Organization European Office for the Prevention and Control of Non-Communicable Diseases, Division of Country Health Programmes, World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Joao Breda
- Division of Country Health Policies and Systems, World Health Organization Greece, Athens, Greece
| | - Kremlin Wickramasinghe
- World Health Organization European Office for the Prevention and Control of Non-Communicable Diseases, Division of Country Health Programmes, World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carina Ferreira-Borges
- World Health Organization European Office for the Prevention and Control of Non-Communicable Diseases, Division of Country Health Programmes, World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nino Berdzuli
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Irina Novik
- Republican Scientific and Practical Center of Medical Technologies, Informatization, Management and Economics of Public Health, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Vital Pisaryk
- Republican Scientific and Practical Center of Medical Technologies, Informatization, Management and Economics of Public Health, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Lela Sturua
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health of Georgia, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Ainura Akmatova
- Department of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan
| | - Galina Obreja
- Department of Social Medicine and Management, Nicolae Testemitanu State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
| | - Saodat Azimzoda Mustafo
- State Research Institute of Gastroenterology, Ministry of Health and Social Protection of Population, Dushanbe, Republic of Tajikistan
| | - Banu Ekinci
- Department of Chronic Disease and Elderly Health, General Directorate of Public Health of Ministry of Health of Turkey, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Toker Erguder
- World Health Organization Country Office in Turkey, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Shukhrat Shukurov
- Central Project Implementation Bureau of the Health-3 Project, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | | | - Diana Andreasyan
- National Institute of Health, Ministry of Health, Yerevan, Armenia
| | - Sergei Bychkov
- World Health Organization European Office for the Prevention and Control of Non-Communicable Diseases, Division of Country Health Programmes, World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ivo Rakovac
- World Health Organization European Office for the Prevention and Control of Non-Communicable Diseases, Division of Country Health Programmes, World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Whiting S, Mendes R, Abu-Omar K, Gelius P, Crispo A, McColl K, Simmonds P, Fedkina N, Andreasyan D, Gahraman H, Migal T, Sturua L, Obreja G, Abdurakhmanova Z, Saparkulovna IN, Erguder T, Ekinci B, Keskinkilic B, Shukurov S, Yuldashev R, Berdzuli N, Rakovac I, Breda J. S02-5 Physical inactivity in nine Eastern European and Central Asian countries: results from the WHO STEPwise approach to NCD risk factor surveillance. Eur J Public Health 2022. [PMCID: PMC9421875 DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckac093.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Physical inactivity is a major risk factor for noncommunicable diseases. This paper explores patterns of physical inactivity in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Türkiye and Uzbekistan. Methods Nationally-representative data were collected through the WHO STEPwise survey of noncommunicable disease risk factors, which utilizes the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ) to estimate population physical inactivity. Results The prevalence of physical inactivity varied across the region, from 11.4 to 44.7%, and was higher among women than men in all countries except for Armenia, Belarus and Moldova. In most countries, the highest proportion of physical activity levels were registered during work time and appeared to vary according to the countries’ level of development. For both sexes and across all populations, time spent on leisure or recreational physical activity was low. Conclusions These results have important implications for policy, including actions to promote active travel and leisure-time physical activity as countries develop economically. Investments in workplace physical activity programmes and infrastructure are needed as populations transition to sedentary from more physically active occupations. The results reiterate the need for multisectoral policies, programmes and interventions to promote physical activity tailored to the local context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Whiting
- WHO European Office for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases , Moscow, Russian Federation
- EPIUnit—Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto , Porto, Portugal
| | - Romeu Mendes
- WHO European Office for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases , Moscow, Russian Federation
- EPIUnit—Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto , Porto, Portugal
| | - Karim Abu-Omar
- Department of Sport Science and Sport, FAU , Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Gelius
- Department of Sport Science and Sport, FAU , Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anna Crispo
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale , Napoli, Italy
| | - Karen McColl
- WHO European Office for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases , Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Phillipa Simmonds
- WHO European Office for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases , Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Natalia Fedkina
- WHO European Office for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases , Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Dianne Andreasyan
- National Institute of Health, National Health Information Analytic Centre, National Institute of Health , Yerevan, Armenia
| | | | - Tatyana Migal
- Department of Health Care Organization of the Ministry of Health , Minsk, Belarus
| | - Lela Sturua
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health , Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Galina Obreja
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, State University of Medicine and Pharmacy , Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
| | | | | | | | - Banu Ekinci
- General Directorate of Public Health, Ministry of Health , Ankara, Turkey
| | - Bekir Keskinkilic
- General Directorate of Public Health, Ministry of Health , Ankara, Turkey
| | - Shukhrat Shukurov
- Central Bureau for the implementation of the Health-3 project , Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Rustam Yuldashev
- Central Bureau for the implementation of the Health-3 project , Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Nino Berdzuli
- Division of Country Health Programmes, WHO Regional Office for Europe , Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ivo Rakovac
- WHO European Office for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases , Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Joao Breda
- WHO European Office for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases , Moscow, Russian Federation
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Whiting S, Mendes R, Abu-Omar K, Gelius P, Crispo A, McColl K, Simmonds P, Fedkina N, Andreasyan D, Gahraman H, Migal T, Sturua L, Obreja G, Abdurakhmanova Z, Saparkulovna IN, Erguder T, Ekinci B, Keskinkilic B, Shukurov S, Yuldashev R, Berdzuli N, Rakovac I, Breda J. Physical inactivity in nine European and Central Asian countries: an analysis of national population-based survey results. Eur J Public Health 2021; 31:846-853. [PMID: 34405879 PMCID: PMC8504998 DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckab028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Physical inactivity is a major risk factor for non-communicable diseases. However, recent and systematically obtained national-level data to guide policy responses are often lacking, especially in countries in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. This article describes physical inactivity patterns among adults in Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Republic of Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkey and Uzbekistan. Methods Data were collected using the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire drawing nationally representative samples of adults in each country. The national prevalence of physical inactivity was calculated as well as the proportional contribution to total physical activity (PA) during work, transport and leisure-time. An adjusted logistic regression model was applied to analyze the association of age, gender, education, household status and income with physical inactivity. Results National prevalence of physical inactivity ranged from 10.1% to 43.6%. The highest proportion of PA was registered during work or in the household in most countries, whereas the lowest was during leisure-time in all countries. Physical inactivity was more likely with older age in eight countries, with female gender in three countries, and with living alone in three countries. There was no clear pattern of association with education and income. Conclusion Prevalence of physical inactivity is heterogeneous across the region. PA during leisure-time contributes minimally to total PA in all countries. Policies and programs that increase opportunities for active travel and leisure-time PA, especially for older adults, women and people living alone will be an essential part of strategies to increase overall population PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Whiting
- WHO European Office for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases, Moscow, Russian Federation.,EPIUnit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Romeu Mendes
- WHO European Office for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases, Moscow, Russian Federation.,EPIUnit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Karim Abu-Omar
- Department of Sport Science and Sport, FAU, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Peter Gelius
- Department of Sport Science and Sport, FAU, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Anna Crispo
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, Napoli, Italy
| | - Karen McColl
- WHO European Office for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Phillipa Simmonds
- WHO European Office for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Natalia Fedkina
- WHO European Office for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Dianne Andreasyan
- National Institute of Health, National Health Information Analytic Centre, National Institute of Health, Yerevan, Armenia
| | | | - Tatyana Migal
- Department of Health Care Organization of the Ministry of Health, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Lela Sturua
- National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Galina Obreja
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
| | | | | | | | - Banu Ekinci
- General Directorate of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Bekir Keskinkilic
- General Directorate of Public Health, Ministry of Health, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Shukhrat Shukurov
- Central Bureau for the implementation of the Health-3 project, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | - Rustam Yuldashev
- Central Bureau for the implementation of the Health-3 project, Tashkent, Uzbekistan
| | | | - Ivo Rakovac
- WHO European Office for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Joao Breda
- WHO European Office for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases, Moscow, Russian Federation
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Williams J, Rakovac I, Victoria J, Tatarinova T, Corbex M, Barr B, Rose T, Sturua L, Obreja G, Andreasyan D, Shukurov S, Gahraman H, Mikkelsen B, Berdzuli N, Breda J. Cervical cancer testing among women aged 30-49 years in the WHO European Region. Eur J Public Health 2021; 31:884-889. [PMID: 34491325 PMCID: PMC8514175 DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckab100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Screening programs play an important role in a comprehensive strategy to prevent cervical cancer, a leading cause of death among women of reproductive age. Unfortunately, there is a dearth of information about rates of cervical cancer testing, particularly in Eastern Europe and Central Asia where levels of cervical cancer are among the highest in the WHO European Region. The purpose of this article is to report on the lifetime prevalence of cervical cancer testing among females aged 30–49 years from across the WHO European region, and to describe high-level geographic and socioeconomic differences. Methods We used data from the European Health Information Survey and the WHO STEPwise approach to Surveillance survey to calculate the proportions of women who were tested for cervical cancer. Results The percentage of tested women ranged from 11.7% in Azerbaijan to 98.4% in Finland, with the lowest percentages observed in Azerbaijan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. Testing was lower in Eastern Europe (compared to Western Europe), among low-income countries and among women with lower levels of education. Conclusion Effective cervical cancer screening programs are one part of a larger strategy, which must also include national scale-up of human papilloma virus vaccination, screening and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julianne Williams
- The World Health Organization European Office for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases, Division of Country Health Programmes, World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Ivo Rakovac
- The World Health Organization European Office for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases, Division of Country Health Programmes, World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Jocelyn Victoria
- The World Health Organization European Office for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases, Division of Country Health Programmes, World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Tatiana Tatarinova
- Institute for Leadership and Health Care Management, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Marilys Corbex
- Division of Country Health Programmes, World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ben Barr
- Department of Public Health and Policy, Institute of Population Health Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Tanith Rose
- Department of Public Health and Policy, Institute of Population Health Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Lela Sturua
- Noncommunicable Disease Department, National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Galina Obreja
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, State University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Chisinau, Republic of Moldova
| | - Diana Andreasyan
- Department of National Health Information Analytic Center, National Institute of Health, Yerevan, Republic of Armenia
| | - Shukhrat Shukurov
- Central Project Implementation Bureau of the "Health-3" Project of the Ministry of Health and the World Bank, Tashkent, The Republic of Uzbekistan
| | - Hagverdiyev Gahraman
- Public Health and Reforms Center, Ministry of Health of Azerbaijan Republic, Baku, Azerbaijan
| | - Bente Mikkelsen
- Division of Country Health Programmes, World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nino Berdzuli
- Division of Country Health Programmes, World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - João Breda
- The World Health Organization European Office for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases, Division of Country Health Programmes, World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe, Moscow, Russian Federation
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