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Afzal M, Muhammad S, Tan D, Kaleem S, Khattak AA, Wang X, Chen X, Ma L, Mo J, Muhammad N, Jan M, Tan Z. The Effects of Heavy Metal Pollution on Soil Nitrogen Transformation and Rice Volatile Organic Compounds under Different Water Management Practices. Plants (Basel) 2024; 13:871. [PMID: 38592896 PMCID: PMC10976017 DOI: 10.3390/plants13060871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
One of the most concerning global environmental issues is the pollution of agricultural soils by heavy metals (HMs), especially cadmium, which not only affects human health through Cd-containing foods but also impacts the quality of rice. The soil's nitrification and denitrification processes, coupled with the release of volatile organic compounds by plants, raise substantial concerns. In this review, we summarize the recent literature related to the deleterious effects of Cd on both soil processes related to the N cycle and rice quality, particularly aroma, in different water management practices. Under both continuous flooding (CF) and alternate wetting and drying (AWD) conditions, cadmium has been observed to reduce both the nitrification and denitrification processes. The adverse effects are more pronounced in alternate wetting and drying (AWD) as compared to continuous flooding (CF). Similarly, the alteration in rice aroma is more significant in AWD than in CF. The precise modulation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by Cd remains unclear based on the available literature. Nevertheless, HM accumulation is higher in AWD conditions compared to CF, leading to a detrimental impact on volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The literature concludes that AWD practices should be avoided in Cd-contaminated fields to decrease accumulation and maintain the quality of the rice. In the future, rhizospheric engineering and plant biotechnology can be used to decrease the transport of HMs from the soil to the plant's edible parts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Afzal
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (M.A.); (A.A.K.); (X.W.); (L.M.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation of Food and Medicinal Resources in Northern Region, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan 512005, China;
| | - Sajid Muhammad
- College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China;
| | - Dedong Tan
- School of Resources Environment and Safety Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China;
| | - Sidra Kaleem
- Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Islamabad 44600, Pakistan;
| | - Arif Ali Khattak
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (M.A.); (A.A.K.); (X.W.); (L.M.)
| | - Xiaolin Wang
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (M.A.); (A.A.K.); (X.W.); (L.M.)
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation of Food and Medicinal Resources in Northern Region, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan 512005, China;
| | - Liangfang Ma
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (M.A.); (A.A.K.); (X.W.); (L.M.)
| | - Jingzhi Mo
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (M.A.); (A.A.K.); (X.W.); (L.M.)
| | - Niaz Muhammad
- Department of Microbiology, Kohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat 26000, Pakistan;
| | - Mehmood Jan
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (M.A.); (A.A.K.); (X.W.); (L.M.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Utilization and Conservation of Food and Medicinal Resources in Northern Region, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan 512005, China;
| | - Zhiyuan Tan
- College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (M.A.); (A.A.K.); (X.W.); (L.M.)
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Naz S, Hoodbhoy Z, Jaffar A, Kaleem S, Hasan BS, Chowdhury D, Gladstone M. Neurodevelopment assessment of small for gestational age children in a community-based cohort from Pakistan. Arch Dis Child 2023; 108:258-263. [PMID: 36288921 PMCID: PMC10086299 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2022-324630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children born small for gestational age (SGA) may experience more long-term neurodevelopmental issues than those born appropriate for gestational age (AGA). This study aimed to assess differences in the neurodevelopment of children born SGA or AGA within a periurban community in Pakistan. METHODS This was a prospective cohort study in which study participants were followed from the pilot Doppler cohort study conducted in 2018. This pilot study aimed to develop a pregnancy risk stratification model using machine learning on fetal Dopplers. This project identified 119 newborns who were born SGA (2.4±0.4 kg) based on International Fetal and Newborn Growth Consortium standards. We assessed 180 children (90 SGA and 90 AGA) between 2 and 4 years of age (76% of follow-up rate) using the Malawi Developmental Assessment Tool (MDAT). FINDINGS Multivariable linear regression analysis comparing the absolute scores of MDAT showed significantly lower fine motor scores (β: -0.98; 95% CI -1.90 to -0.06) among SGAs, whereas comparing the z-scores using multivariable logistic regression, SGA children had three times higher odds of overall z-scores ≤-2 (OR: 3.78; 95% CI 1.20 to 11.89) as compared with AGA children. INTERPRETATION SGA exposure is associated with poor performance on overall MDAT, mainly due to changes in the fine motor domain in young children. The scores on the other domains (gross motor, language and social) were also lower among SGAs; however, none of these reached statistical significance. There is a need to design follow-up studies to assess the impact of SGA on child's neurodevelopmental trajectory and school performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabahat Naz
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Zahra Hoodbhoy
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Ali Jaffar
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Sidra Kaleem
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Babar S Hasan
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
| | | | - Melissa Gladstone
- Department of Women and Children's Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Al-Surhanee AA, Afzal M, Bouqellah NA, Ouf SA, Muhammad S, Jan M, Kaleem S, Hashem M, Alamri S, Abdel Latef AAH, Ali OM, Soliman MH. The Antifungal Activity of Ag/CHI NPs against Rhizoctonia solani Linked with Tomato Plant Health. Plants (Basel) 2021; 10:plants10112283. [PMID: 34834647 PMCID: PMC8618975 DOI: 10.3390/plants10112283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Pathogenic infestations are significant threats to vegetable yield, and have become an urgent problem to be solved. Rhizoctonia solani is one of the worst fungi affecting tomato crops, reducing yield in some regions. It is a known fact that plants have their own defense against such infestations; however, it is unclear whether any exogenous material can help plants against infestation. Therefore, we performed greenhouse experiments to evaluate the impacts of R. solani on 15- and 30-day old tomato plants after fungal infestation, and estimated the antifungal activity of nanoparticles (NPs) against the pathogen. We observed severe pathogenic impacts on the above-ground tissues of tomato plants which would affect plant physiology and crop production. Pathogenic infection reduced total chlorophyll and anthocyanin contents, which subsequently disturbed plant physiology. Further, total phenolic contents (TPC), total flavonoid contents (TFC), and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents were significantly increased in pathogen treatments. Constitutively, enhanced activities were estimated for catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) in response to reactive oxygen species (ROS)in pathogen-treated plants. Moreover, pathogenesis-related genes, namely, chitinase, plant glutathione S-transferase (GST), phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL1), pathogenesis-related protein (PR12), and pathogenesis-related protein (PR1) were evaluated, with significant differences between treated and control plants. In vitro and greenhouse antifungal activity of silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs), chitosan nanoparticles, and Ag NPs/CHI NPs composites and plant health was studied using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometry. We found astonishing results, namely, that Ag and CHI have antifungal activities against R. solani. Overall, plant health was much improved following treatment with Ag NPs/CHI NPs composites. In order to manage R. solani pathogenicity and improve tomato health, Ag/CHI NPs composites could be used infield as well as on commercial levels based on recommendations. However, there is an urgent need to first evaluate whether these NP composites have any secondary impacts on human health or the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Muhammad Afzal
- Institute of Soil and Water Resources and Environmental Science, College of Environment and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Islamic Girls School and College, Parachinar 26301, KPK, Pakistan
| | | | - Salama A. Ouf
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt;
| | - Sajid Muhammad
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (S.M.); (M.J.)
| | - Mehmood Jan
- Institute of Crop Science, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (S.M.); (M.J.)
| | - Sidra Kaleem
- Ocean College of Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China;
| | - Mohamed Hashem
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia; (M.H.); (S.A.)
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut 71516, Egypt
| | - Saad Alamri
- Department of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 61413, Saudi Arabia; (M.H.); (S.A.)
| | | | - Omar M. Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Turabah University College, Turabah Branch, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mona H. Soliman
- Botany and Microbiology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt;
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, Al-Sharm, Yanbu El-Bahr, Yanbu 46429, Saudi Arabia;
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Siddiqui A, Ladak LA, Kazi AM, Kaleem S, Akbar F, Kirmani S. Assessing Health-Related Quality of Life, Morbidity, and Survival Status for Individuals With Down Syndrome in Pakistan (DS-Pak): Protocol for a Web-Based Collaborative Registry. JMIR Res Protoc 2021; 10:e24901. [PMID: 34081014 PMCID: PMC8212620 DOI: 10.2196/24901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Down syndrome is the most common chromosomal disorder, with a global incidence of 1 in 700 live births. However, the true prevalence, associated morbidities, and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) of these individuals and their families are not well documented, especially in low- and middle-income countries such as Pakistan. Disease-specific documentation in the form of a collaborative registry is required to better understand this condition and the associated health outcomes. This protocol paper describes the aims and processes for developing the first comprehensive, web-based collaborative registry for Down syndrome in a Pakistani cohort. Objective This study aims to assess the HRQOL, long-term survival, and morbidity of individuals with Down syndrome by using a web-based collaborative registry. Methods The registry data collection will be conducted at the Aga Khan University Hospital and at the Karachi Down Syndrome Program. Data will be collected by in-person interviews or virtually via telephone or video interviews. Participants of any age and sex with Down syndrome (trisomy 21) will be recruited. After receiving informed consent and assent, a series of tablet-based questionnaires will be administered. The questionnaires aim to assess the sociodemographic background, clinical status, and HRQOL of the participants and their families. Data will be uploaded to a secure cloud server to allow for real-time access to participant responses by the clinicians to plan prompt interventions. Patient safety and confidentiality will be maintained by using multilayer encryption and unique coded patient identifiers. The collected data will be analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 22.0 (IBM Corporation), with the mean and SD of continuous variables being reported. Categorical variables will be analyzed with their percentages being reported and with a P value cutoff of .05. Multivariate regression analysis will be conducted to identify predictors related to the HRQOL in patients with Down syndrome. Survival analysis will be reported using the Kaplan-Meier survival curves. Results The web-based questionnaire is currently being finalized before the commencement of pilot testing. This project has not received funding at the moment (ethical review committee approval reference ID: 2020-3582-11145). Conclusions This registry will allow for a comprehensive understanding of Down syndrome in low- and middle-income countries. This can provide the opportunity for data-informed interventions, which are tailored to the specific needs of this patient population and their families. Although this web-based registry is a proof of concept, it has the potential to be expanded to national, regional, and international levels. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) PRR1-10.2196/24901
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayat Siddiqui
- Department of Pediatrics, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Laila Akbar Ladak
- Department of Pediatrics, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan.,Faculty of Medicine and Health, Susan Wakil School of Nursing and Midwifery, Sydney Nursing School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Abdul Momin Kazi
- Department of Pediatrics, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Sidra Kaleem
- Department of Pediatrics, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Fizza Akbar
- Department of Pediatrics, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Salman Kirmani
- Department of Pediatrics, Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
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Kaleem S, Ge H, Yi W, Zhang Z, Wu B. Isolation, structural elucidation, and antimicrobial evaluation of the metabolites from a marine-derived fungus Penicillium sp. ZZ1283. Nat Prod Res 2019; 35:2498-2506. [PMID: 31642714 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2019.1680669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
A crude extract prepared from a culture of marine-sourced fungus Penicillum ZZ1283 in the medium of potato dextrose broth was found to have antimicrobial activities. Chemical investigation on this active extract resulted in the isolation of eighteen metabolites, including purpuride D, a new analogue of drimane-type sesquiterpene lactones conjugated with N-acetyl-L-valine. Structure of the new purpuride D was determined based on its HRESIMS data, NMR spectroscopic analyses, single-crystal X-ray diffraction and ECD calculation. Purpuride D showed activities in inhibiting the growth of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Candida albicans with MIC values of 4, 3 and 8 μg/mL, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidra Kaleem
- Ocean College, Zhoushan Campus, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Hengju Ge
- Ocean College, Zhoushan Campus, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Wenwen Yi
- Ocean College, Zhoushan Campus, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Zhizhen Zhang
- Ocean College, Zhoushan Campus, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, China
| | - Bin Wu
- Ocean College, Zhoushan Campus, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, China
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Alshahrani I, Hameed MS, Syed S, Amanullah M, Togoo RA, Kaleem S. Changes in essential salivary parameters in patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment: A longitudinal study. Niger J Clin Pract 2019; 22:707-712. [PMID: 31089027 DOI: 10.4103/njcp.njcp_606_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Objective Orthodontic treatment using fixed appliances is known to alter the oral environment and encourage plaque retention around orthodontic brackets and bands, resulting in enamel demineralization and gingival inflammation. This study aimed to evaluate the changes in essential salivary parameters in patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment. Materials and Methods Saliva samples were collected from 60 patients before and 2 months after commencing fixed orthodontic treatment. The salivary flow rate, pH, buffering capacity, and levels of amylase, total protein, and glucose were determined. Parametric and nonparametric tests for paired samples were used for comparing the mean differences before and after commencing treatment. Results Significant reductions in the salivary flow rate, pH, and buffering capacity were noted 2 months after commencing treatment (P < 0.05). Total protein concentrations and calcium levels decreased significantly and amylase and glucose levels increased after commencing treatment (P < 0.05). Significant correlations were observed between salivary total protein concentrations and buffering capacity as well as calcium levels (P < 0.05). Conclusion These findings indicate that the biochemical properties of saliva are altered after introducing fixed orthodontic appliances into the oral cavity, thereby promoting plaque retention and increasing the susceptibility to tooth demineralization and gingival inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Alshahrani
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontic Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - M S Hameed
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences and Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - S Syed
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences and Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - M Amanullah
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - R A Togoo
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontic Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - S Kaleem
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences and Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Anjum K, Kaleem S, Yi W, Zheng G, Lian X, Zhang Z. Novel Antimicrobial Indolepyrazines A and B from the Marine-Associated Acinetobacter sp. ZZ1275. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17020089. [PMID: 30717135 PMCID: PMC6410138 DOI: 10.3390/md17020089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 01/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Two new alkaloids indolepyrazines A (1) and B (2) were isolated from the marine-derived Acinetobacter sp. ZZ1275. Their structures were elucidated through extensive nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic analyses, high resolution electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy (HRESIMS) data, and electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculation. Indolepyrazine A represents the first example of alkaloids with an indole-pyrazine-oxindole skeleton. Both 1 and 2 showed antimicrobial activities against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Candida albicans with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 12 μg/mL, 8–10 μg/mL, and 12–14 μg/mL, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komal Anjum
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Sidra Kaleem
- Ocean College, Zhoushan Campus, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China.
| | - Wenwen Yi
- Ocean College, Zhoushan Campus, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China.
| | - Guowan Zheng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Xiaoyuan Lian
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Zhizhen Zhang
- Ocean College, Zhoushan Campus, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan 316021, China.
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Anjum K, Sadiq I, Chen L, Kaleem S, Li XC, Zhang Z, Lian XY. Novel antifungal janthinopolyenemycins A and B from a co-culture of marine-associated Janthinobacterium spp. ZZ145 and ZZ148. Tetrahedron Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2018.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Rahman AU, Bashir M, Kaleem S, Fatima T. Isolation, Structure and Oxidative Fragmentation of 16-epi-19-S-Vindolinine – an Alkaloid from the Leaves of Catharanthus roseus. Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B 2014. [DOI: 10.1515/znb-1984-0526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A new alkaloid has been isolated from the leaves of Catharanthus roseus. Spectroscopic and degradative studies have established its structure to be 16-epi-19-S-vindolinine
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Affiliation(s)
- Atta-ur Rahman
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry University of Karachi, Karachi-32/Pakistan
| | - M. Bashir
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry University of Karachi, Karachi-32/Pakistan
| | - S. Kaleem
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry University of Karachi, Karachi-32/Pakistan
| | - T. Fatima
- H. E. J. Research Institute of Chemistry University of Karachi, Karachi-32/Pakistan
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Abstract
The binding of polymeric decavanadate anion [V10O28]6- with bovine serum albumin and gelatin was studied at pH 4.0 and 3.0, the region of thermodynamic stability of oligomeric vanadate anion. The binding of decavanadate anion at pH 4.0 with bovine serum albumin (BSA) and gelatin was found to be 9 and 32 gmol of decavanadate per gram mole of the proteins. The binding at pH 3.0 was found to be 12 and 38 gmol, respectively. Freshly formed BSA decavanadate precipitate was particulate in nature while that of gelatin-decavanadate made a gummy mass. This indicates a different mode of binding of decavanadate anions with globular and fibrillar proteins. Infrared spectra of the adducts endorses electrostatic binding between proteins and decavanadate. Scanning electron microscopy micrographs reveal extended crosslinked binding between decavanadate and gelatin and aggregation of the uncharged BSA-decavanadate molecules to make a granular adduct. The mode of binding was also correlated with the structure of decavanadate anions, BSA, and gelatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Ashraf
- Department of Chemistry, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
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