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Caggia S, Johnston A, Walunj DT, Moore AR, Peer BH, Everett RW, Oyelere AK, Khan SA. Gα i2 Protein Inhibition Blocks Chemotherapy- and Anti-Androgen-Induced Prostate Cancer Cell Migration. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:296. [PMID: 38254786 PMCID: PMC10813862 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16020296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that heterotrimeric G-protein subunit alphai2 (Gαi2) is essential for cell migration and invasion in prostate, ovarian and breast cancer cells, and novel small molecule inhibitors targeting Gαi2 block its effects on migratory and invasive behavior. In this study, we have identified potent, metabolically stable, second generation Gαi2 inhibitors which inhibit cell migration in prostate cancer cells. Recent studies have shown that chemotherapy can induce the cancer cells to migrate to distant sites to form metastases. In the present study, we determined the effects of taxanes (docetaxel), anti-androgens (enzalutamide and bicalutamide) and histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors (SAHA and SBI-I-19) on cell migration in prostate cancer cells. All treatments induced cell migration, and simultaneous treatments with new Gαi2 inhibitors blocked their effects on cell migration. We concluded that a combination treatment of Gαi2 inhibitors and chemotherapy could blunt the capability of cancer cells to migrate and form metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Caggia
- Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, 223 James P. Brawley Dr., Atlanta, GA 30314, USA; (S.C.); (A.R.M.); (R.W.E.)
| | - Alexis Johnston
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, GA 30318, USA; (A.J.); (D.T.W.); (B.H.P.)
| | - Dipak T. Walunj
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, GA 30318, USA; (A.J.); (D.T.W.); (B.H.P.)
| | - Aanya R. Moore
- Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, 223 James P. Brawley Dr., Atlanta, GA 30314, USA; (S.C.); (A.R.M.); (R.W.E.)
| | - Benjamin H. Peer
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, GA 30318, USA; (A.J.); (D.T.W.); (B.H.P.)
| | - Ravyn W. Everett
- Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, 223 James P. Brawley Dr., Atlanta, GA 30314, USA; (S.C.); (A.R.M.); (R.W.E.)
| | - Adegboyega K. Oyelere
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, GA 30318, USA; (A.J.); (D.T.W.); (B.H.P.)
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, 315 Ferst Dr. NW, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Shafiq A. Khan
- Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, 223 James P. Brawley Dr., Atlanta, GA 30314, USA; (S.C.); (A.R.M.); (R.W.E.)
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Caggia S, Tapadar S, Wu B, Venugopal SV, Garrett AS, Kumar A, Stiffend JS, Davis JS, Oyelere AK, Khan SA. Small Molecule Inhibitors Targeting Gα i2 Protein Attenuate Migration of Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1631. [PMID: 32575572 PMCID: PMC7353059 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterotrimeric G-proteins are ubiquitously expressed in several cancers, and they transduce signals from activated G-protein coupled receptors. These proteins have numerous biological functions, and they are becoming interesting target molecules in cancer therapy. Previously, we have shown that heterotrimeric G-protein subunit alphai2 (Gαi2) has an essential role in the migration and invasion of prostate cancer cells. Using a structure-based approach, we have synthesized optimized small molecule inhibitors that are able to prevent specifically the activation of the Gαi2 subunit, keeping the protein in its inactive GDP-bound state. We observed that two of the compounds (13 and 14) at 10 μΜ significantly inhibited the migratory behavior of the PC3 and DU145 prostate cancer cell lines. Additionally, compound 14 at 10 μΜ blocked the activation of Gαi2 in oxytocin-stimulated prostate cancer PC3 cells, and inhibited the migratory capability of DU145 cells overexpressing the constitutively active form of Gαi2, under basal and EGF-stimulated conditions. We also observed that the knockdown or inhibition of Gαi2 negatively regulated migration of renal and ovarian cancer cell lines. Our results suggest that small molecule inhibitors of Gαi2 have potential as leads for discovering novel anti-metastatic agents for attenuating the capability of cancer cells to spread and invade to distant sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Caggia
- Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA; (S.C.); (S.V.V.); (A.S.G.); (A.K.); (J.S.S.)
| | - Subhasish Tapadar
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30318, USA; (S.T.); (B.W.)
| | - Bocheng Wu
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30318, USA; (S.T.); (B.W.)
| | - Smrruthi V. Venugopal
- Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA; (S.C.); (S.V.V.); (A.S.G.); (A.K.); (J.S.S.)
| | - Autumn S. Garrett
- Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA; (S.C.); (S.V.V.); (A.S.G.); (A.K.); (J.S.S.)
| | - Aditi Kumar
- Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA; (S.C.); (S.V.V.); (A.S.G.); (A.K.); (J.S.S.)
| | - Janae S. Stiffend
- Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA; (S.C.); (S.V.V.); (A.S.G.); (A.K.); (J.S.S.)
| | - John S. Davis
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, University of Nebraska Medical Center and VA Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA;
| | - Adegboyega K. Oyelere
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30318, USA; (S.T.); (B.W.)
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30318, USA
| | - Shafiq A. Khan
- Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, GA 30314, USA; (S.C.); (S.V.V.); (A.S.G.); (A.K.); (J.S.S.)
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Venugopal SV, Caggia S, Gambrell-Sanders D, Khan SA. Differential roles and activation of mammalian target of rapamycin complexes 1 and 2 during cell migration in prostate cancer cells. Prostate 2020; 80:412-423. [PMID: 31995655 PMCID: PMC7232714 DOI: 10.1002/pros.23956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a downstream substrate activated by PI3K/AKT pathway and it is essential for cell migration. It exists as two complexes: mTORC1 and mTORC2. mTORC1 is known to be regulated by active AKT, but the activation of mTORC2 is poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the roles and differential activation of the two mTOR complexes during cell migration in prostate cancer cells. METHODS We used small interfering RNA to silence the expression of Rac1 and the main components of mTOR complexes (regulatory associated protein of mTOR [RAPTOR] and rapamycin-insensitive companion of mTOR [RICTOR]) in LNCaP, DU145, and PC3 prostate cancer cell lines. We performed transwell migration assay to evaluate the migratory capability of the cells, and Western blot analysis to study the activation levels of mTOR complexes. RESULTS Specific knockdown of RAPTOR and RICTOR caused a decrease of cell migration, suggesting their essential role in prostate cancer cell movement. Furthermore, epidermal growth factor (EGF) treatments induced the activation of both the mTOR complexes. Lack of Rac1 activity in prostate cancer cells blocked EGF-induced activation of mTORC2, but had no effect on mTORC1 activation. Furthermore, the overexpression of constitutively active Rac1 resulted in significant increase in cell migration and activation of mTORC2 in PC3 cells, but had no effect on mTORC1 activation. Active Rac1 was localized in the plasma membrane and was found to be in a protein complex, with RICTOR, but not RAPTOR. CONCLUSION We suggest that EGF-induced activation of Rac1 causes the activation of mTORC2 via RICTOR. This mechanism plays a critical role in prostate cancer cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smrruthi Vaidegi Venugopal
- Department of biological sciences, Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Silvia Caggia
- Department of biological sciences, Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - DaJhnae Gambrell-Sanders
- Department of biological sciences, Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Shafiq A Khan
- Department of biological sciences, Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia
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Caggia S, Garrett AS, Kumar A, Tapadar S, Oyelere AK, Venugopal SV, Khan SA. Abstract 4596: Synthesis and biological evaluation of small molecules inhibitors targeting heterotrimeric Gαi2 protein. Cancer Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2019-4596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Heterotrimeric G-proteins are ubiquitously expressed in cells, and they transduce signals from activated G-protein coupled receptors. It is well known that these proteins are differentially expressed in cancer, thereby activating signals that lead to different biological functions such as proliferation and cell motility. Previously, we have shown that Gαi2 protein is essential for cell migration and invasion in prostate cancer cell lines, and its action is downstream of PI3-kinase/Rac1 activation. We have also shown that in PC3 prostate cancer cells, pre-treated with Pertussis toxin (PTX), a well know inhibitor of Gαi/0, resulted in the attenuation of TGFβ1- and oxytocin-induced migration and PI3-kinase activation, without affecting EGF-induced PI3-kinase activation and cell migration. Here, we synthesized new small molecules inhibitors, GDIs, capable of preventing nucleotide exchange and subunit activation. Compounds #29 and #46 are analogs of the lead compound, lacking the thiophene OH-group and with a thiol- to N-methyl amino-group substitution, respectively. Compound #35, a methyl ether derivative of #46, is designed to test the effect of the modification to the phenolic group on Gαi2 inhibition activity. We pretreated PC3 cells with the small molecules and then stimulated with EGF and oxytocin to activate Gαi2 subunit. Immunoprecipitation of the active Gαi and western blot for Gαi2 showed a decrease in the amount of active Gαi2 that was pulled down compared with the controls. Using cell migration assay, we observed that #29 and #46, both at 10 μM, caused inhibition of migration in different prostate cancer cell lines in response to EGF treatments. In contrast, #35 is inactive in this assay at the same concentration. To determine if the effects of Gαi2 are the same in other cancer cells, we first knockdown Gαi2 protein expression in breast and ovarian cancer cells and performed migration assays. The knock-down of endogenous Gαi2 attenuated cell migration, compared to the control cells. We also performed migration assays in the same cells using compound #29 at 10 μM and observed significant inhibition of migratory behavior in response to EGF- and FBS stimuli compared to the controls. We conclude that the small molecules we used in this study may be considered as potential therapeutic tools, inhibiting the migratory capability of metastatic cells.
Citation Format: Silvia Caggia, Autumn S. Garrett, Aditi Kumar, Subhasish Tapadar, Adegboyega K. Oyelere, Smrruthi Vaidegi Venugopal, Shafiq A. Khan. Synthesis and biological evaluation of small molecules inhibitors targeting heterotrimeric Gαi2 protein [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 4596.
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Caggia S, Chunduri H, Millena AC, Perkins JN, Venugopal SV, Vo BT, Li C, Tu Y, Khan SA. Novel role of Giα2 in cell migration: Downstream of PI3-kinase-AKT and Rac1 in prostate cancer cells. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:802-815. [PMID: 30078221 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Tumor cell motility is the essential step in cancer metastasis. Previously, we showed that oxytocin and epidermal growth factor (EGF) effects on cell migration in prostate cancer cells require Giα2 protein. In the current study, we investigated the interactions among G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR), Giα2, PI3-kinase, and Rac1 activation in the induction of migratory and invasive behavior by diverse stimuli. Knockdown and knockout of endogenous Giα2 in PC3 cells resulted in attenuation of transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1), oxytocin, SDF-1α, and EGF effects on cell migration and invasion. In addition, knockdown of Giα2 in E006AA cells attenuated cell migration and overexpression of Giα2 in LNCaP cells caused significant increase in basal and EGF-stimulated cell migration. Pretreatment of PC3 cells with Pertussis toxin resulted in attenuation of TGFβ1- and oxytocin-induced migratory behavior and PI3-kinase activation without affecting EGF-induced PI3-kinase activation and cell migration. Basal- and EGF-induced activation of Rac1 in PC3 and DU145 cells were not affected in cells after Giα2 knockdown. On the other hand, Giα2 knockdown abolished the migratory capability of PC3 cells overexpressing constitutively active Rac1. The knockdown or knockout of Giα2 resulted in impaired formation of lamellipodia at the leading edge of the migrating cells. We conclude that Giα2 protein acts at two different levels which are both dependent and independent of GPCR signaling to induce cell migration and invasion in prostate cancer cells and its action is downstream of PI3-kinase-AKT-Rac1 axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Caggia
- Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - HimaBindu Chunduri
- Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ana C Millena
- Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jonathan N Perkins
- Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Smrruthi V Venugopal
- Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - BaoHan T Vo
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Chunliang Li
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Yaping Tu
- Department of Pharmacology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, Nebraska
| | - Shafiq A Khan
- Center for Cancer Research and Therapeutic Development, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia
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Ali A, Caggia S, Matesic DF, Khan SA. Abstract 2669: Chaetoglobosin K, an Akt pathway inhibitor, prevents proliferation and migration of prostate carcinoma cells. Cancer Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2015-2669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Chaetoglobosin K (ChK) is an indolylcytochalasin isolated from the fungus Diplodia macrospora that has shown anti-tumorigenic effects in multiple human lung and ovarian carcinoma cell lines. We have previously reported that ChK decreases Akt activation and modulates key downstream Akt/mTOR pathway effectors in tumorigenic cells. The down-regulation of Akt activation by ChK is independent of class I PI3K enzyme inhibition or the upstream mediators PDK1, PTEN, and mTORC2. The purpose of these studies was to investigate the effect of ChK on the proliferation and migration of prostate carcinoma cells of various metastatic potential and PTEN status. The activation of Akt was monitored to assess the ability of ChK to inhibit Akt in prostate carcinoma cells. In these studies, MTT assays were used to measure the number of viable PC3, DU145, and LNCaP cells treated with ChK. Scratch wound and transwell migration assays were utilized to examine the effect of ChK on cell migration. To assess Akt activation, western blot analysis was performed to measure changes in Akt phosphorylation at the ser473 and thr308 sites after cells were treated with ChK or vehicle. ChK was found to inhibit the number of viable PC3, DU145, and LNCaP cells with IC50 values in the 3-5μM range. ChK inhibited migration of PC3 cells into the wound space at 1μM by approximately 60% after 72 hours as compared to vehicle treated controls. ChK inhibited transwell migration of PC3 cells by greater than 90% compared to controls after 5 hours. Additionally, ChK treatment lowered Akt phosphorylation at key activation sites. In summary, ChK inhibits the proliferation, migration, and Akt activation of prostate carcinoma cells in vitro. Further mechanistic studies of ChK will substantiate its therapeutic potential in the treatment of prostate and other cancers.
Citation Format: Amna Ali, Silvia Caggia, Diane F. Matesic, Shafiq A. Khan. Chaetoglobosin K, an Akt pathway inhibitor, prevents proliferation and migration of prostate carcinoma cells. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 2669. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-2669
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Madrid A, Cardile V, González C, Montenegro I, Villena J, Caggia S, Graziano A, Russo A. Psoralea glandulosa as a potential source of anticancer agents for melanoma treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:7944-59. [PMID: 25860949 PMCID: PMC4425060 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16047944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
With the aim of identifying novel agents with antigrowth and pro-apoptotic activity on melanoma cancer, the present study was undertaken to investigate the biological activity of the resinous exudate of aerial parts from Psoralea glandulosa, and its active components (bakuchiol (1), 3-hydroxy-bakuchiol (2) and 12-hydroxy-iso-bakuchiol (3)) against melanoma cells (A2058). In addition, the effect in cancer cells of bakuchiol acetate (4), a semi-synthetic derivative of bakuchiol, was examined. The results obtained show that the resinous exudate inhibited the growth of cancer cells with IC50 value of 10.5 μg/mL after 48 h of treatment, while, for pure compounds, the most active was the semi-synthetic compound 4. Our data also demonstrate that resin is able to induce apoptotic cell death, which could be related to an overall action of the meroterpenes present. In addition, our data seem to indicate that the apoptosis correlated to the tested products appears, at least in part, to be associated with an increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. In summary, our study provides the first evidence that P. glandulosa may be considered a source of useful molecules in the development of analogues with more potent efficacy against melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Madrid
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Playa Ancha, Avda. Leopoldo Carvallo 270, Playa Ancha, 2340000 Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Venera Cardile
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Catania, V. le A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy.
| | - César González
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Av. España N° 1680, 2340000 Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Ivan Montenegro
- Escuela de Obstetricia y Puericultura, Facultad de medicina, Universidad de Valparaíso, Blanco N° 1911, 2340000 Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Joan Villena
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CIB), Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Valparaíso, Av. Hontaneda N° 2664, 2340000 Valparaíso, Chile.
| | - Silvia Caggia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Catania, V. le A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy.
| | - Adriana Graziano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Catania, V. le A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Russo
- Department of Drug Sciences, Biochemistry Section, University of Catania, V. le A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy.
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Cupri S, Musumeci T, Graziano ACE, Caggia S, Cardile V, Pignatello R. Evaluation of amphiphilic PEG derivatives as surface modifiers for the production of stealth liposomes. Colloid Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-014-3465-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Lo Furno D, Graziano ACE, Caggia S, Perrotta RE, Tarico MS, Giuffrida R, Cardile V. Decrease of apoptosis markers during adipogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells from human adipose tissue. Apoptosis 2013; 18:578-88. [PMID: 23479126 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-013-0830-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Although the proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from adipose tissue (AT) have been widely studied, relatively little information is available on the underlying mechanism of apoptosis during the adipogenic differentiation. Thus, the aim of this study was to analyze how the expression of some apoptotic markers is affected by in vitro expansion during adipogenic differentiation of AT-MSCs. The cultures incubated or not with adipogenic medium were investigated by Western blot at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days for the production of p53, AKT, pAKT, Bax, PDCD4 and PTEN. MSCs were recognized for their immunoreactivity to MSC-specific cell types markers by immunocytochemical procedure. The effectiveness of adipogenic differentiation was assessed by staining with Sudan III and examination of adipogenic markers expression, such as PPAR-γ and FABP, at different time points by Western blot. The adipogenic differentiation medium led to the appearance, after 7 days, of larger rounded cells presenting numerous vacuoles containing lipids in which it was evident a red-orange staining, that increased in size in a time-dependent manner, parallel to an increase of the levels of expression of PPAR-γ and FABP. More than 50 % of human MSCs were fully differentiated into adipocytes within the four-week induction period. The results showed that during adipogenic differentiation of AT-MSCs the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway is activated and that p53, PTEN, PDCD4, and Bax proteins are down-regulated in time-dependent manner. Our data provide new information on the behavior of some apoptotic markers during adipogenic differentiation of AT-MSCs to apply for tissues repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora Lo Furno
- Department of Bio-medical Sciences, Section of Physiology, University of Catania, V.le A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy
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Pignatello R, Leonardi A, Pellitteri R, Carbone C, Caggia S, Graziano ACE, Cardile V. Evaluation of new amphiphilic PEG derivatives for preparing stealth lipid nanoparticles. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2013.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Puglia C, Cardile V, Panico AM, Crascì L, Offerta A, Caggia S, Drechsler M, Mariani P, Cortesi R, Esposito E. Evaluation of Monooleine Aqueous Dispersions as Tools for Topical Administration of Curcumin: Characterization, In Vitro and Ex-Vivo Studies. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:2349-61. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Caggia S, Candido S, Libra M, Cardile V. Abstract 4074: Transcription factors involved in the genesis and progression of cancer differently modulated by transforming growth factor-beta3 (TGF-Beta3) in prostate cell lines. Cancer Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2013-4074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta3 (TGF-β3) is a member of a family of multifunctional cytokines that control different cellular processes including cell proliferation, morphogenesis, migration, extracellular matrix production, cytokine secretion, and apoptosis, as well as in normal physiological and disease processes. Among the various isoforms of TGF-β, TGF-β1 has been the most studied form, especially in the context of tumor development. In contrast, only few studies have been focused on the role of TGF-β3 in tumorogenesis. Recently, it has been shown that the transcription factors Yin Yang 1 (YY1) is involved in the TGF-β3 pathway. YY1 is known to be associated with cancer progression. One the potential mechanisms of this association is linked with the inactivation of p53. On this ground, the aims of this study were i) to explore the correlated expression of p53 and YY1 in a human benign prostate hyperplasia cell line (BPH-1) and in two prostate cancer cell lines, LNCaP (androgen-sensitive) and DU-145 (androgen-refractory) after treatment with different dose of TGF-β3; ii) to determine, in TGF-β3-treated prostate cell lines, the expression of a fraction of intracellular signalling pathways involved in both cell cycle progression and in apoptosis. TGF-β3 stimulation in prostate cancer cell lines showed different effects, such as YYI downregulation and p53 overexpression. These effects are also associated with a different modulation of intracellular signaling pathways (PI3K, AKT, pAKT, PTEN, Bcl-2, Bax, and iNOS). In conclusion, these findings may have important therapeutic implications in prostate cancer.
Citation Format: Silvia Caggia, Saverio Candido, Massimo Libra, Venera Cardile. Transcription factors involved in the genesis and progression of cancer differently modulated by transforming growth factor-beta3 (TGF-Beta3) in prostate cell lines. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4074. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-4074
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Cardile V, Musumeci G, Sicurezza E, Caggia S, Rusu MC, Leonardi R, Loreto C. Expression of TRAIL and its receptors DR5 and DcR2 in orthodontic tooth movement. Histol Histopathol 2013; 28:933-40. [PMID: 23430714 DOI: 10.14670/hh-28.933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND TRAIL is a transmembrane protein that induces apoptosis in various tissues including alveolar bone. Its in vitro expression can be activated by several methods, such as RANKL administration and cell scraping. Expression of TRAIL and its receptors DR5 and DcR2 was examined in osteoclast-like cells to analyze their effects on cell lifespan and to explore their role in orthodontic tooth movement. MATERIALS AND METHODS Osteoclast-like cells were differentiated from a mouse hematopoietic cell line by stimulation with RANKL for 24 h (T1), 72 h (T2) or 5 days (T3); some cultures were then scraped. Immunostaining for TRAIL, DR5 and DcR2 was evaluated by immunocytochemistry and Western blot analysis in control and treated cells. RESULTS Significantly greater TRAIL expression was found in treated osteoclast-like cells at T1 and T3 both on immunocytochemistry and Western blotting. TRAIL expression peaked at T1 and T3 in correspondence with DcR2 and DR5 maxima, respectively. CONCLUSIONS These data may contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms regulating tooth movement and to improve the accuracy of orthodontic treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Cardile
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, Physiology Section, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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14
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Russo A, Espinoza CL, Caggia S, Garbarino JA, Peña-Cortés H, Carvajal TM, Cardile V. A new jasmonic acid stereoisomeric derivative induces apoptosis via reactive oxygen species in human prostate cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2012; 326:199-205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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15
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Coco M, Caggia S, Musumeci G, Perciavalle V, Graziano AC, Pannuzzo G, Cardile V. Sodium L-lactate differently affects brain-derived neurothrophic factor, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and heat shock protein 70 kDa production in human astrocytes and SH-SY5Y cultures. J Neurosci Res 2012; 91:313-20. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2012] [Revised: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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16
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Formisano C, Rigano D, Russo A, Cardile V, Caggia S, Apostolides Arnold N, Mari A, Piacente S, Rosselli S, Senatore F, Bruno M. Phytochemical profile and apoptotic activity of Onopordum cynarocephalum. Planta Med 2012; 78:1651-60. [PMID: 22965548 DOI: 10.1055/s-0032-1315259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A phytochemical investigation of acetone and chloroform extracts of the aerial parts of Onopordum cynarocephalum Boiss. et Blanche was carried out. It led to the isolation of two new sesquiterpenes, the elemane aldehyde (2) and the eudesmane (11), together with 15 known compounds: two lignans (1 and 15) and 13 sesquiterpenes (3-10, 12-14, 16, 17). The structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analyses, especially 1D and 2D NMR spectra. The anti-growth effect against three human melanoma cell lines, M14, A375, and A2058, of the different extracts and compounds of O. cynarocephalum was also investigated. Among them, the chloroform extract exhibited the strongest biological activity, while the most active compounds were the lignan arctigenin (1), and the sesquiterpenes, compounds 3, 5, and 6 belonging to the elemane type, and 7 belonging to the eudesmane type. Our data also demonstrate that acetone and chloroform extracts induce, in the A375 cell line, apoptotic cell death that could be related to an overall action of the compounds present, but in particular to the lignans arctigenin (1) and the sesquiterpenes compounds 3-8 and 16. In fact, these molecules were able to induce a high DNA fragmentation, correlated to a significant increase of the caspase-3 enzyme activity. Furthermore, apoptosis appears to be mediated, at least in part, via PTEN activity and the inhibition of Hsp70 expression.
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MESH Headings
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/chemistry
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/isolation & purification
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Caspase 3/drug effects
- Caspase 3/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- DNA Fragmentation/drug effects
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Furans/chemistry
- Furans/isolation & purification
- Furans/pharmacology
- HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins/drug effects
- HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Inhibitory Concentration 50
- Lignans/chemistry
- Lignans/isolation & purification
- Lignans/pharmacology
- Molecular Structure
- Monocyclic Sesquiterpenes
- Onopordum/chemistry
- PTEN Phosphohydrolase/drug effects
- PTEN Phosphohydrolase/metabolism
- Plant Components, Aerial/chemistry
- Plant Extracts/chemistry
- Plant Extracts/isolation & purification
- Plant Extracts/pharmacology
- Plants, Medicinal
- Sesquiterpenes/chemistry
- Sesquiterpenes/isolation & purification
- Sesquiterpenes/pharmacology
- Sesquiterpenes, Eudesmane/chemistry
- Sesquiterpenes, Eudesmane/isolation & purification
- Sesquiterpenes, Eudesmane/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Formisano
- Department of Chemistry of Natural Products, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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17
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Musumeci G, Lo Furno D, Loreto C, Giuffrida R, Caggia S, Leonardi R, Cardile V. Mesenchymal stem cells from adipose tissue which have been differentiated into chondrocytes in three-dimensional culture express lubricin. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2011; 236:1333-41. [PMID: 22036733 DOI: 10.1258/ebm.2011.011183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study focused on the isolation, cultivation and characterization of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from adipose tissue and on their differentiation into chondrocytes through the NH ChondroDiff medium. The main aim was to investigate some markers of biomechanical quality of cartilage, such as lubricin, and collagen type I and II. Little is known, in fact, about the ability of chondrocytes from human MSCs of adipose tissue to generate lubricin in three-dimensional (3D) culture. Lubricin, a 227.5-kDa mucinous glycoprotein, is known to play an important role in articular joint physiology, and the loss of accumulation of lubricin is thought to play a role in the pathology of osteoarthritis. Adipose tissue is an alternative source for the isolation of multipotent MSCs, which allows them to be obtained by a less invasive method and in larger quantities than from other sources. These cells can be isolated from cosmetic liposuctions in large numbers and easily grown under standard tissue culture conditions. 3D chondrocytes were assessed by histology (hematoxylin and eosin) and histochemistry (Alcian blue and Safranin-O/fast green staining). Collagen type I, II and lubricin expression was determined through immunohistochemistry and Western blot. The results showed that, compared with control cartilage and monolayer chondrocytes showing just collagen type I, chondrocytes from MSCs (CD44-, CD90- and CD105- positive; CD45-, CD14- and CD34-negative) of adipose tissue grown in nodules were able to express lubricin, and collagen type I and II, indicative of hyaline cartilage formation. Based on the function of lubricin in the joint cavity and disease and as a potential therapeutic agent, our results suggest that MSCs from adipose tissue are a promising cell source for tissue engineering of cartilage. Our results suggest that chondrocyte nodules producing lubricin could be a novel biotherapeutic approach for the treatment of cartilage abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Musumeci
- Department of Bio-medical Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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18
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Cardile V, Musumeci G, Fenga C, Caggia S, Loreto C. Role of retinoblastoma (RB) and phospho-retinoblastoma (PRB) protein in the cell proliferation and neoplastic transformation of human lung epithelial and mesothelial cell cultures treated with fluoro-edenite fibres. Toxicol Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.05.294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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19
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Caggia S, Libra M, Malaponte G, Cardile V. Modulation of YY1 and p53 expression by transforming growth factor-β3 in prostate cell lines. Cytokine 2011; 56:403-10. [PMID: 21807531 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2011.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Revised: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is the prototype of a family of secreted polypeptide growth factors. These cytokines play very important roles during development, as well as in normal physiological and disease processes, by regulating a wide array of cellular processes, such as cell growth, differentiation, migration, apoptosis, and extracellular matrix production. TGF-β utilizes a multitude of intracellular signalling pathways in addition to Smads with actions that are dependent on circumstances, including dose, target cell type, and context. The aims of this research were (i) to verify the effects of dose-dependent TGF-β3 treatment on YY1 and p53 expression, in BPH-1 cell line, human benign prostate hyperplasia, and two prostate cancer cell lines, LNCaP, which is androgen-sensitive, and DU-145, which is androgen-non responsive, (ii) establish a correlation between p53 and YY1 and (iii) determine the expression of a number of important intracellular signalling pathways in TGF-β3-treated prostate cell lines. The expression of YY1, p53, PI3K, AKT, pAKT, PTEN, Bcl-2, Bax, and iNOS was evaluated through Western blot analysis on BPH-1, LNCaP, and DU-145 cultures treated with 10 and 50 ng/ml of TGF-β3 for 24 h. The production of nitric oxide (NO) was determined by Griess reagent and cell viability through MTT assay. The results of this research demonstrated profound differences in the responses of the BPH-1, LNCaP, and DU-145 cell lines to TGF-β3 stimulation. We believe that the findings could be important because of the clinical relevance that they may assume and the therapeutic implications for TGF-β treatment of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Caggia
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, University of Catania, V.le A. Doria 6, 95125 Catania, Italy.
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20
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Russo A, Cardile V, Caggia S, Gunther G, Troncoso N, Garbarino J. Boldo prevents UV light and nitric oxide-mediated plasmid DNA damage and reduces the expression of Hsp70 protein in melanoma cancer cells. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011; 63:1219-29. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2011.01320.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
This study was designed to investigate the potential protective effect of a methanolic extract of Peumus boldus leaves on UV light and nitric oxide (NO)-mediated DNA damage. In addition, we investigated the growth inhibitory activity of this natural product against human melanoma cells (M14).
Methods
Boldine, catechin, quercetin and rutin were identified using a HPLC method. The extract was incubated with plasmid DNA and, before irradiating the samples with UV-R, H2O2 was added. For analysis of DNA single-strand breaks induced by NO, the experiments were performed by incubating the extract with Angeli's salt. In the study on M14 cell line, cell viability was measured using MTT assay. Release of lactate dehydrogenase, a marker of membrane breakdown, was also measured. For the detection of apoptosis, the evaluation of DNA fragmentation (COMET assay) and caspase-3 activity assay were employed. The expression of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) was detected by Western blot analysis. Generation of reactive oxygen species was measured by using a fluorescent probe.
Key findings
The extract (demonstrating the synergistic effect of the constituents boldine and flavonoids), showed a protective effect on plasmid DNA and selectively inhibited the growth of melanoma cells. But a novel finding was that apoptosis evoked by this natural product in M14 cells, appears to be mediated, at least in part, via the inhibition of Hsp70 expression, which may be correlated with a modulation of redox-sensitive mechanisms.
Conclusions
These results confirm the promising biological properties of Peumus boldus and encourage in-vivo investigations into its potential anti-cancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Russo
- Departments of Biological Chemistry, Medical Chemistry and Molecular Biology, Catania, Italy
| | - Venera Cardile
- Departments of Physiological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Silvia Caggia
- Departments of Physiological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Germán Gunther
- Departments of Laboratorio de Cinética y Fotoquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Juan Garbarino
- Department of Chemistry, University T.F. Santa Maria, Valparaiso, Chile
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Carvajal M, Espinoza L, Caggia S, Cardile V, Garbarino JA, Peña-Cortés H, Russo A. New stereoisomeric derivatives of jasmonic acid generated by biotransformation with the fungus Gibberella fujikuroi affect the viability of human cancer cells. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2011. [DOI: 10.2225/vol14-issue2-fulltext-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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22
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Musumeci G, Cardile V, Fenga C, Caggia S, Loreto C. Mineral fibre toxicity: expression of retinoblastoma (Rb) and phospho-retinoblastoma (pRb) protein in alveolar epithelial and mesothelial cell lines exposed to fluoro-edenite fibres. Cell Biol Toxicol 2011; 27:217-25. [PMID: 21327865 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-011-9183-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2010] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Several asbestos-like mineral fibres, including fluoro-edenite, may cause lung cancer and/or other lung diseases. However, biological and molecular mechanisms linked to cancer development after mineral fibre exposure have not been fully investigated. In the present study, human non-malignant mesothelial (MeT-5A) and human bronchoalveolar alveolar epithelial (A549) cell lines were incubated with rising concentrations of fluoro-edenite to evaluate the expression of retinoblastoma (Rb) protein, which has been demonstrated to play an important role in cell cycle control and tumour progression. Intriguingly, these results show that Rb expression was unchanged, while the level of the phosphorylated protein increased significantly in a dose-dependent manner, suggesting an involvement of this regulator protein in the pathogenesis of the lung diseases induced by mineral fibres. In conclusion, fluoro-edenite regulates the expression of phospho-retinoblastoma to trigger a network of signals strictly connected with cell proliferation and neoplastic cell transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Musumeci
- Department of Anatomy, Diagnostic Pathology, Forensic Medicine, Hygiene and Public Health, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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23
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Cardile V, Libra M, Caggia S, Frasca G, Umezawa K, Stivala F, Mazzarino MC, Bevelacqua Y, Coco M, Malaponte G. Dehydroxymethylepoxyquinomicin, a novel nuclear factor-κB inhibitor, prevents inflammatory injury induced by interferon-γ and histamine in NCTC 2544 keratinocytes. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2010; 37:679-83. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2010.05375.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Cardile V, Frasca G, Libra M, Caggia S, Umezawa K, Panico A, Malaponte G. Dehydroxymethylepoxyquinomicin Inhibits Expression and Production of Inflammatory Mediators in Interleukin-1β-induced Human Chondrocytes. Cell Physiol Biochem 2010; 25:543-550. [DOI: 10.1159/000303058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
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