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Sandor R, Wagh SG, Kelterborn S, Großkinsky DK, Novak O, Olsen N, Paul B, Petřík I, Wu S, Hegemann P, Strnad M, Červený J, Roitsch T. Cytokinin-deficient Chlamydomonas reinhardtii CRISPR-Cas9 mutants show reduced ability to prime resistance of tobacco against bacterial infection. Physiol Plant 2024; 176:e14311. [PMID: 38715208 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.14311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Although microalgae have only recently been recognized as part of the plant and soil microbiome, their application as biofertilizers has a tradition in sustainable crop production. Under consideration of their ability to produce the plant growth-stimulating hormone cytokinin (CK), known to also induce pathogen resistance, we have assessed the biocontrol ability of CK-producing microalgae. All pro- and eukaryotic CK-producing microalgae tested were able to enhance the tolerance of tobacco against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci (PsT) infection. Since Chlamydomonas reinhardtii (Cre) proved to be the most efficient, we functionally characterized its biocontrol ability. We employed the CRISPR-Cas9 system to generate the first knockouts of CK biosynthetic genes in microalgae. Specifically, we targeted Cre Lonely Guy (LOG) and isopentenyltransferase (IPT) genes, the key genes of CK biosynthesis. While Cre wild-type exhibits a strong protection, the CK-deficient mutants have a reduced ability to induce plant defence. The degree of protection correlates with the CK levels, with the IPT mutants showing less protection than the LOG mutants. Gene expression analyses showed that Cre strongly stimulates tobacco resistance through defence gene priming. This study functionally verifies that Cre primes defence responses with CK, which contributes to the robustness of the effect. This work contributes to elucidate microalgae-mediated plant defence priming and identifies the role of CKs. In addition, these results underscore the potential of CK-producing microalgae as biologicals in agriculture by combining biofertilizer and biocontrol ability for sustainable and environment-friendly crop management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Sandor
- Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Sopan Ganpatrao Wagh
- Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Simon Kelterborn
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute for translational physiology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dominik K Großkinsky
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark
- AIT Austrian Institute of Technology, Center for Health and Bioresources, Bioresources Unit, Tulln a. d. Donau, Austria
| | - Ondrej Novak
- Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Niels Olsen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Bichitra Paul
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Ivan Petřík
- Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Shujie Wu
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark
| | - Peter Hegemann
- Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Biology, Experimental Biophysics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Miroslav Strnad
- Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Červený
- Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Thomas Roitsch
- Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark
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Zinzius K, Marchetti GM, Fischer R, Milrad Y, Oltmanns A, Kelterborn S, Yacoby I, Hegemann P, Scholz M, Hippler M. Calredoxin regulates the chloroplast NADPH-dependent thioredoxin reductase in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Plant Physiol 2023; 193:2122-2140. [PMID: 37474113 PMCID: PMC10602609 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Calredoxin (CRX) is a calcium (Ca2+)-dependent thioredoxin (TRX) in the chloroplast of Chlamydomonas (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii) with a largely unclear physiological role. We elucidated the CRX functionality by performing in-depth quantitative proteomics of wild-type cells compared with a crx insertional mutant (IMcrx), two CRISPR/Cas9 KO mutants, and CRX rescues. These analyses revealed that the chloroplast NADPH-dependent TRX reductase (NTRC) is co-regulated with CRX. Electron transfer measurements revealed that CRX inhibits NADPH-dependent reduction of oxidized chloroplast 2-Cys peroxiredoxin (PRX1) via NTRC and that the function of the NADPH-NTRC complex is under strict control of CRX. Via non-reducing SDS-PAGE assays and mass spectrometry, our data also demonstrated that PRX1 is more oxidized under high light (HL) conditions in the absence of CRX. The redox tuning of PRX1 and control of the NADPH-NTRC complex via CRX interconnect redox control with active photosynthetic electron transport and metabolism, as well as Ca2+ signaling. In this way, an economic use of NADPH for PRX1 reduction is ensured. The finding that the absence of CRX under HL conditions severely inhibited light-driven CO2 fixation underpins the importance of CRX for redox tuning, as well as for efficient photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Zinzius
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Giulia Maria Marchetti
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Ronja Fischer
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Yuval Milrad
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Anne Oltmanns
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Simon Kelterborn
- Institute of Biology, Experimental Biophysics, Humboldt University of Berlin, 10099 Berlin, Germany
| | - Iftach Yacoby
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Peter Hegemann
- Institute of Biology, Experimental Biophysics, Humboldt University of Berlin, 10099 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Scholz
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, 48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Michael Hippler
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, 48143 Münster, Germany
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Okayama 710-0046, Japan
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Sieckmann T, Schley G, Ögel N, Kelterborn S, Boivin FJ, Fähling M, Ashraf MI, Reichel M, Vigolo E, Hartner A, Lichtenberger FB, Breiderhoff T, Knauf F, Rosenberger C, Aigner F, Schmidt-Ott K, Scholz H, Kirschner KM. Strikingly conserved gene expression changes of polyamine regulating enzymes among various forms of acute and chronic kidney injury. Kidney Int 2023; 104:90-107. [PMID: 37121432 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2023.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The polyamines spermidine and spermine and their common precursor molecule putrescine are involved in tissue injury and repair. Here, we test the hypothesis that impaired polyamine homeostasis contributes to various kidney pathologies in mice during experimental models of ischemia-reperfusion, transplantation, rhabdomyolysis, cyclosporine treatment, arterial hypertension, diabetes, unilateral ureteral obstruction, high oxalate feeding, and adenine-induced injuries. We found a remarkably similar pattern in most kidney pathologies with reduced expression of enzymes involved in polyamine synthesis together with increased expression of polyamine degrading enzymes. Transcript levels of amine oxidase copper-containing 1 (Aoc1), an enzyme which catalyzes the breakdown of putrescine, were barely detectable by in situ mRNA hybridization in healthy kidneys. Aoc1 was highly expressed upon various experimental kidney injuries resulting in a significant reduction of kidney putrescine content. Kidney levels of spermine were also significantly reduced, whereas spermidine was increased in response to ischemia-reperfusion injury. Increased Aoc1 expression in injured kidneys was mainly accounted for by an Aoc1 isoform that harbors 22 additional amino acids at its N-terminus and shows increased secretion. Mice with germline deletion of Aoc1 and injured kidneys showed no decrease of kidney putrescine content; although they displayed no overt phenotype, they had fewer tubular casts upon ischemia-reperfusion injury. Hyperosmotic stress stimulated AOC1 expression at the transcriptional and post-transcription levels in metanephric explants and kidney cell lines. AOC1 expression was also significantly enhanced after kidney transplantation in humans. These data demonstrate that the kidneys respond to various forms of injury with down-regulation of polyamine synthesis and activation of the polyamine breakdown pathway. Thus, an imbalance in kidney polyamines may contribute to various etiologies of kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Sieckmann
- Institute of Translational Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gunnar Schley
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Neslihan Ögel
- Institute of Translational Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Simon Kelterborn
- Institute of Translational Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Felix J Boivin
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany; Molecular and Translational Kidney Research, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Fähling
- Institute of Translational Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Muhammad I Ashraf
- Department of Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Reichel
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Emilia Vigolo
- Molecular and Translational Kidney Research, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea Hartner
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Falk-Bach Lichtenberger
- Institute of Translational Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tilman Breiderhoff
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, Nephrology and Metabolic Diseases, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Felix Knauf
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Rosenberger
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Felix Aigner
- Department of Surgery, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany; Department of Surgery, St. John of God Hospital Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Kai Schmidt-Ott
- Department of Nephrology and Medical Intensive Care, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany; Molecular and Translational Kidney Research, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany; Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Holger Scholz
- Institute of Translational Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karin M Kirschner
- Institute of Translational Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.
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Catalan RE, Fragkopoulos AA, von Trott N, Kelterborn S, Baidukova O, Hegemann P, Bäumchen O. Light-regulated adsorption and desorption of Chlamydomonas cells at surfaces. Soft Matter 2023; 19:306-314. [PMID: 36520090 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm01039a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Microbial colonization of surfaces represents the first step towards biofilm formation, which is a recurring phenomenon in nature with beneficial and detrimental implications in technological and medical settings. Consequently, there is interest in elucidating the fundamental aspects of the initial stages of biofilm formation of microorganisms on solid surfaces. While most of the research is oriented to understand bacterial surface colonization, the fundamental principles of surface colonization of motile, photosynthetic microbes remain largely unexplored so far. Recent single-cell studies showed that the flagellar adhesion of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is switched on in blue light and switched off under red light [Kreis et al., Nat. Phys., 2018, 14, 45-49]. Here, we study this light-switchable surface association on the population level and measure the kinetics of adsorption and desorption of suspensions of motile C. reinhardtii cells on glass surfaces using bright-field optical microscopy. We observe that both processes exhibit a response lag relative to the time at which the blue- and red-light conditions are set and model this feature using time-delayed Langmuir-type kinetics. We find that cell adsorption occurs significantly faster than desorption, which we attribute to the protein-mediated molecular adhesion mechanism of the cells. Adsorption experiments using phototactically blind C. reinhardtii mutants demonstrate that phototaxis does not affect the cell adsorption kinetics. Hence, this framework can be used as an assay for characterizing the dynamics of the surface colonization of microbial species exhibiting light-regulated surface adhesion under precisely controlled environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo E Catalan
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization (MPIDS), Am Faßberg 17, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Experimental Physics V, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Alexandros A Fragkopoulos
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization (MPIDS), Am Faßberg 17, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Experimental Physics V, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany.
| | - Nicolas von Trott
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization (MPIDS), Am Faßberg 17, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Simon Kelterborn
- Institute of Biology, Experimental Biophysics, Humboldt-Universität, Invalidenstraße 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Translational Physiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Olga Baidukova
- Institute of Biology, Experimental Biophysics, Humboldt-Universität, Invalidenstraße 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Hegemann
- Institute of Biology, Experimental Biophysics, Humboldt-Universität, Invalidenstraße 42, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Bäumchen
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization (MPIDS), Am Faßberg 17, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Experimental Physics V, University of Bayreuth, Universitätsstraße 30, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany.
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Neusius D, Kleinknecht L, Teh JT, Ostermeier M, Kelterborn S, Eirich J, Hegemann P, Finkemeier I, Bohne AV, Nickelsen J. Lysine acetylation regulates moonlighting activity of the E2 subunit of the chloroplast pyruvate dehydrogenase complex in Chlamydomonas. Plant J 2022; 111:1780-1800. [PMID: 35899410 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase subunit DLA2 of the chloroplast pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (cpPDC) in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii has previously been shown to possess moonlighting activity in chloroplast gene expression. Under mixotrophic growth conditions, DLA2 forms part of a ribonucleoprotein particle (RNP) with the psbA mRNA that encodes the D1 protein of the photosystem II (PSII) reaction center. Here, we report on the characterization of the molecular switch that regulates shuttling of DLA2 between its functions in carbon metabolism and D1 synthesis. Determination of RNA-binding affinities by microscale thermophoresis demonstrated that the E3-binding domain (E3BD) of DLA2 mediates psbA-specific RNA recognition. Analyses of cpPDC formation and activity, as well as RNP complex formation, showed that acetylation of a single lysine residue (K197) in E3BD induces the release of DLA2 from the cpPDC, and its functional shift towards RNA binding. Moreover, Förster resonance energy transfer microscopy revealed that psbA mRNA/DLA2 complexes localize around the chloroplast's pyrenoid. Pulse labeling and D1 re-accumulation after induced PSII degradation strongly suggest that DLA2 is important for D1 synthesis during de novo PSII biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Neusius
- Molecular Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biology, LMU Munich, Großhaderner Str. 2-4, 82152 Planegg-, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Laura Kleinknecht
- Molecular Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biology, LMU Munich, Großhaderner Str. 2-4, 82152 Planegg-, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jing Tsong Teh
- Molecular Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biology, LMU Munich, Großhaderner Str. 2-4, 82152 Planegg-, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Matthias Ostermeier
- Molecular Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biology, LMU Munich, Großhaderner Str. 2-4, 82152 Planegg-, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Simon Kelterborn
- Experimental Biophysics, Institute of Biology, Humboldt University of Berlin, Invalidenstr. 42, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen Eirich
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Muenster, Schlossplatz 7, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Peter Hegemann
- Experimental Biophysics, Institute of Biology, Humboldt University of Berlin, Invalidenstr. 42, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Iris Finkemeier
- Institute of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Muenster, Schlossplatz 7, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Alexandra-Viola Bohne
- Molecular Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biology, LMU Munich, Großhaderner Str. 2-4, 82152 Planegg-, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jörg Nickelsen
- Molecular Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biology, LMU Munich, Großhaderner Str. 2-4, 82152 Planegg-, Martinsried, Germany
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Sieckmann T, Ögel N, Kelterborn S, Boivin FJ, Schley G, Fähling M, Ashraf MI, Reichel M, Vigolo E, Hartner A, Knauf F, Rosenberger C, Aigner F, Smidt‐Ott K, Scholz H, Kirschner KM. Different Murine Models of Kidney Injury Reveal a Common Pattern of Dysregulation within the Polyamine System in Favour of its Catabolic Pathways. FASEB J 2022. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.2022.36.s1.r3345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Felix J. Boivin
- Charité ‐ Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlin
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular MedicineBerlin
| | - Gunnar Schley
- Friedrich‐Alexander University Erlangen‐Nürnberg (FAU) and University Hospital ErlangenErlangen
| | | | | | | | | | - Andrea Hartner
- Friedrich‐Alexander University Erlangen‐Nürnberg (FAU) and University Hospital ErlangenErlangen
| | | | | | | | - Kai Smidt‐Ott
- Charité ‐ Universitätsmedizin BerlinBerlin
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular MedicineBerlin
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Awasthi M, Ranjan P, Kelterborn S, Hegemann P, Snell WJ. A cytoplasmic protein kinase couples engagement of Chlamydomonas ciliary receptors to cAMP-dependent cellular responses. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:275490. [PMID: 35502650 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium is a cellular compartment specialized for receipt of extracellular signals essential for development and homeostasis. Although intraciliary responses to engagement of ciliary receptors are well studied, fundamental questions remain about the mechanisms and molecules that transduce ciliary signals into responses in the cytoplasm. During fertilization in the bi-ciliated alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, ciliary adhesion between plus and minus gametes triggers an immediate ∼10-fold increase in cellular cAMP and consequent responses in the cytoplasm required for cell-cell fusion. Here, we identify a new participant in ciliary signaling, Gamete-Specific Protein Kinase (GSPK). GSPK is essential for the adhesion-induced cAMP increase and for rapid gamete fusion. The protein is in the cytoplasm and the entire cellular complement responds to a signal from the cilium by becoming phosphorylated within 1 minute after ciliary receptor engagement. Unlike all other cytoplasmic events in ciliary signaling, GSPK phosphorylation is not responsive to exogenously added cAMP. Thus, during ciliary signaling in Chlamydomonas, a cytoplasmic protein is required to rapidly interpret a still uncharacterized ciliary signal to generate a cytoplasmic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayanka Awasthi
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Peeyush Ranjan
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Simon Kelterborn
- Experimental Biophysics, Institute for Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Translational Physiology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Hegemann
- Experimental Biophysics, Institute for Biology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - William J Snell
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
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Kelterborn S, Boehning F, Sizova I, Baidukova O, Evers H, Hegemann P. Gene Editing in Green Alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii via CRISPR-Cas9 Ribonucleoproteins. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2379:45-65. [PMID: 35188655 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1791-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
With the establishment of the CRISPR-Cas9 molecular tool as a DNA editing system in 2012, the handling of gene editing experiments was strongly facilitated pushing reverse genetics approaches forward in many organisms. These new gene editing technologies also drastically increased the possibilities for design-driven synthetic biology. Here, we describe a protocol for gene editing in the green algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii using preassembled CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoproteins.The three sections of the protocol guide through a complete gene editing experiment, starting with the experimental design and the choice of suitable CRISPR target sites and how to perform a Cas9 in vitro test digestion. The second part covers the transformation of algal cells with Cas9 RNPs using electroporation. In the last part, the PCR-based screening for mutants and isolation of clones is explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Kelterborn
- Institute of Biology, Experimental Biophysics, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany. .,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Institute of Translational Physiology, Charitéplatz 1, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Francisca Boehning
- Institute of Biology, Experimental Biophysics, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Irina Sizova
- Institute of Biology, Experimental Biophysics, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute - NRC Kurchatov Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia.,Kurchatov Genome Center - PNPI, Gatchina, Russia
| | - Olga Baidukova
- Institute of Biology, Experimental Biophysics, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Heide Evers
- Institute of Biology, Experimental Biophysics, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Hegemann
- Institute of Biology, Experimental Biophysics, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Kirschner KM, Kelterborn S, Stehr H, Penzlin JLT, Jacobi CLJ, Endesfelder S, Sieg M, Kruppa J, Dame C, Sciesielski LK. Adaptation of the Oxygen Sensing System during Lung Development. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2022; 2022:9714669. [PMID: 35242281 PMCID: PMC8886745 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9714669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
During gestation, the most drastic change in oxygen supply occurs with the onset of ventilation after birth. As the too early exposure of premature infants to high arterial oxygen pressure leads to characteristic diseases, we studied the adaptation of the oxygen sensing system and its targets, the hypoxia-inducible factor- (HIF-) regulated genes (HRGs) in the developing lung. We draw a detailed picture of the oxygen sensing system by integrating information from qPCR, immunoblotting, in situ hybridization, and single-cell RNA sequencing data in ex vivo and in vivo models. HIF1α protein was completely destabilized with the onset of pulmonary ventilation, but did not coincide with expression changes in bona fide HRGs. We observed a modified composition of the HIF-PHD system from intrauterine to neonatal phases: Phd3 was significantly decreased, while Hif2a showed a strong increase and the Hif3a isoform Ipas exclusively peaked at P0. Colocalization studies point to the Hif1a-Phd1 axis as the main regulator of the HIF-PHD system in mouse lung development, complemented by the Hif3a-Phd3 axis during gestation. Hif3a isoform expression showed a stepwise adaptation during the periods of saccular and alveolar differentiation. With a strong hypoxic stimulus, lung ex vivo organ cultures displayed a functioning HIF system at every developmental stage. Approaches with systemic hypoxia or roxadustat treatment revealed only a limited in vivo response of HRGs. Understanding the interplay of the oxygen sensing system components during the transition from saccular to alveolar phases of lung development might help to counteract prematurity-associated diseases like bronchopulmonary dysplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin M. Kirschner
- Institute of Translational Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Simon Kelterborn
- Institute of Translational Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Herrmann Stehr
- Department of Neonatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Johanna L. T. Penzlin
- Department of Neonatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Charlotte L. J. Jacobi
- Department of Neonatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefanie Endesfelder
- Department of Neonatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Miriam Sieg
- Institute of Biometry and Clinical Epidemiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jochen Kruppa
- Institute of Medical Informatics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christof Dame
- Department of Neonatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lina K. Sciesielski
- Department of Neonatology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
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10
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Sizova I, Kelterborn S, Verbenko V, Kateriya S, Hegemann P. Chlamydomonas POLQ is necessary for CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene targeting. G3 (Bethesda) 2021; 11:jkab114. [PMID: 33836052 PMCID: PMC8495919 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkab114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The use of CRISPR/Cas endonucleases has revolutionized gene editing techniques for research on Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. To better utilize the CRISPR/Cas system, it is essential to develop a more comprehensive understanding of the DNA repair pathways involved in genome editing. In this study, we have analyzed contributions from canonical KU80/KU70-dependent nonhomologous end-joining (cNHEJ) and DNA polymerase theta (POLQ)-mediated end joining on SpCas9-mediated untemplated mutagenesis and homology-directed repair (HDR)/gene inactivation in Chlamydomonas. Using CRISPR/SpCas9 technology, we generated DNA repair-defective mutants ku80, ku70, polQ for gene targeting experiments. Our results show that untemplated repair of SpCas9-induced double strand breaks results in mutation spectra consistent with an involvement of both KU80/KU70 and POLQ. In addition, the inactivation of POLQ was found to negatively affect HDR of the inactivated paromomycin-resistant mut-aphVIII gene when donor single-stranded oligos were used. Nevertheless, mut-aphVIII was still repaired by homologous recombination in these mutants. POLQ inactivation suppressed random integration of transgenes co-transformed with the donor ssDNA. KU80 deficiency did not affect these events but instead was surprisingly found to stimulate HDR/gene inactivation. Our data suggest that in Chlamydomonas, POLQ is the main contributor to CRISPR/Cas-induced HDR and random integration of transgenes, whereas KU80/KU70 potentially plays a secondary role. We expect our results will lead to improvement of genome editing in C. reinhardtii and can be used for future development of algal biotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Sizova
- Experimental Biophysics, Institute of Biology, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin D-10099, Germany
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute named by B.P. Konstantinov of National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, Gatchina 188300, Russia
- Kurchatov Genome Center - PNPI, Gatchina 188300, Russia
| | - Simon Kelterborn
- Experimental Biophysics, Institute of Biology, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin D-10099, Germany
| | - Valeriy Verbenko
- Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute named by B.P. Konstantinov of National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”, Gatchina 188300, Russia
- Kurchatov Genome Center - PNPI, Gatchina 188300, Russia
| | - Suneel Kateriya
- Laboratory of Optobiology School of Biotechnology, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Peter Hegemann
- Experimental Biophysics, Institute of Biology, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin D-10099, Germany
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11
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Xu N, Oltmanns A, Zhao L, Girot A, Karimi M, Hoepfner L, Kelterborn S, Scholz M, Beißel J, Hegemann P, Bäumchen O, Liu LN, Huang K, Hippler M. Altered N-glycan composition impacts flagella-mediated adhesion in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. eLife 2020; 9:58805. [PMID: 33300874 PMCID: PMC7759384 DOI: 10.7554/elife.58805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
For the unicellular alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, the presence of N-glycosylated proteins on the surface of two flagella is crucial for both cell-cell interaction during mating and flagellar surface adhesion. However, it is not known whether only the presence or also the composition of N-glycans attached to respective proteins is important for these processes. To this end, we tested several C. reinhardtii insertional mutants and a CRISPR/Cas9 knockout mutant of xylosyltransferase 1A, all possessing altered N-glycan compositions. Taking advantage of atomic force microscopy and micropipette force measurements, our data revealed that reduction in N-glycan complexity impedes the adhesion force required for binding the flagella to surfaces. This results in impaired polystyrene bead binding and transport but not gliding of cells on solid surfaces. Notably, assembly, intraflagellar transport, and protein import into flagella are not affected by altered N-glycosylation. Thus, we conclude that proper N-glycosylation of flagellar proteins is crucial for adhering C. reinhardtii cells onto surfaces, indicating that N-glycans mediate surface adhesion via direct surface contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nannan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Anne Oltmanns
- Institute for Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Longsheng Zhao
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, and Marine Biotechnology Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Antoine Girot
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization (MPIDS), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marzieh Karimi
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization (MPIDS), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lara Hoepfner
- Institute for Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Simon Kelterborn
- Institute of Biology, Experimental Biophysics, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Martin Scholz
- Institute for Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Julia Beißel
- Institute for Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Peter Hegemann
- Institute of Biology, Experimental Biophysics, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Bäumchen
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization (MPIDS), Göttingen, Germany.,Experimental Physics V, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Lu-Ning Liu
- Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom.,College of Marine Life Sciences, and Frontiers Science Center for Deep Ocean Multispheres and Earth System, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Kaiyao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Michael Hippler
- Institute for Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.,Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Japan
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12
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Greiner A, Kelterborn S, Evers H, Kreimer G, Sizova I, Hegemann P. Targeting of Photoreceptor Genes in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii via Zinc-Finger Nucleases and CRISPR/Cas9. Plant Cell 2017; 29:2498-2518. [PMID: 28978758 PMCID: PMC5774583 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.17.00659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The fast-growing biflagellated single-celled chlorophyte Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is the most widely used alga in basic research. The physiological functions of the 18 sensory photoreceptors are of particular interest with respect to Chlamydomonas development and behavior. Despite the demonstration of gene editing in Chlamydomonas in 1995, the isolation of mutants lacking easily ascertained newly acquired phenotypes remains problematic due to low DNA recombination efficiency. We optimized gene-editing protocols for several Chlamydomonas strains (including wild-type CC-125) using zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs), genetically encoded CRISPR/associated protein 9 (Cas9) from Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes, and recombinant Cas9 and developed protocols for rapidly isolating nonselectable gene mutants. Using this technique, we disrupted the photoreceptor genes COP1/2, COP3 (encoding channelrhodopsin 1 [ChR1]), COP4 (encoding ChR2), COP5, PHOT, UVR8, VGCC, MAT3, and aCRY and created the chr1 chr2 and uvr8 phot double mutants. Characterization of the chr1, chr2, and mat3 mutants confirmed the value of photoreceptor mutants for physiological studies. Genes of interest were disrupted in 5 to 15% of preselected clones (∼1 out of 4000 initial cells). Using ZFNs, genes were edited in a reliable, predictable manner via homologous recombination, whereas Cas9 primarily caused gene disruption via the insertion of cotransformed DNA. These methods should be widely applicable to research involving green algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Greiner
- Institute of Biology, Experimental Biophysics, Humboldt University of Berlin, 10099 Berlin, Germany
| | - Simon Kelterborn
- Institute of Biology, Experimental Biophysics, Humboldt University of Berlin, 10099 Berlin, Germany
| | - Heide Evers
- Institute of Biology, Experimental Biophysics, Humboldt University of Berlin, 10099 Berlin, Germany
| | - Georg Kreimer
- Department of Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Irina Sizova
- Institute of Biology, Experimental Biophysics, Humboldt University of Berlin, 10099 Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Hegemann
- Institute of Biology, Experimental Biophysics, Humboldt University of Berlin, 10099 Berlin, Germany
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13
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Radeck J, Kraft K, Bartels J, Cikovic T, Dürr F, Emenegger J, Kelterborn S, Sauer C, Fritz G, Gebhard S, Mascher T. The Bacillus BioBrick Box: generation and evaluation of essential genetic building blocks for standardized work with Bacillus subtilis. J Biol Eng 2013; 7:29. [PMID: 24295448 PMCID: PMC4177231 DOI: 10.1186/1754-1611-7-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Standardized and well-characterized genetic building blocks are a prerequisite for the convenient and reproducible assembly of novel genetic modules and devices. While numerous standardized parts exist for Escherichia coli, such tools are still missing for the Gram-positive model organism Bacillus subtilis. The goal of this study was to develop and thoroughly evaluate such a genetic toolbox. RESULTS We developed five BioBrick-compatible integrative B. subtilis vectors by deleting unnecessary parts and removing forbidden restriction sites to allow cloning in BioBrick (RFC10) standard. Three empty backbone vectors with compatible resistance markers and integration sites were generated, allowing the stable chromosomal integration and combination of up to three different devices in one strain. In addition, two integrative reporter vectors, based on the lacZ and luxABCDE cassettes, were BioBrick-adjusted, to enable β-galactosidase and luciferase reporter assays, respectively. Four constitutive and two inducible promoters were thoroughly characterized by quantitative, time-resolved measurements. Together, these promoters cover a range of more than three orders of magnitude in promoter strength, thereby allowing a fine-tuned adjustment of cellular protein amounts. Finally, the Bacillus BioBrick Box also provides five widely used epitope tags (FLAG, His10, cMyc, HA, StrepII), which can be translationally fused N- or C-terminally to any protein of choice. CONCLUSION Our genetic toolbox contains three compatible empty integration vectors, two reporter vectors and a set of six promoters, two of them inducible. Furthermore, five different epitope tags offer convenient protein handling and detection. All parts adhere to the BioBrick standard and hence enable standardized work with B. subtilis. We believe that our well-documented and carefully evaluated Bacillus BioBrick Box represents a very useful genetic tool kit, not only for the iGEM competition but any other BioBrick-based project in B. subtilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jara Radeck
- Department Biology I, AG Synthetic Microbiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Grosshaderner Str. 2-4, D-82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Korinna Kraft
- Department Biology I, AG Synthetic Microbiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Grosshaderner Str. 2-4, D-82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Julia Bartels
- Department Biology I, AG Synthetic Microbiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Grosshaderner Str. 2-4, D-82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Tamara Cikovic
- Department Biology I, AG Synthetic Microbiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Grosshaderner Str. 2-4, D-82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Franziska Dürr
- Department Biology I, AG Synthetic Microbiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Grosshaderner Str. 2-4, D-82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Jennifer Emenegger
- Department Biology I, AG Synthetic Microbiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Grosshaderner Str. 2-4, D-82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Simon Kelterborn
- Department Biology I, AG Synthetic Microbiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Grosshaderner Str. 2-4, D-82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Christopher Sauer
- Department Biology I, AG Synthetic Microbiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Grosshaderner Str. 2-4, D-82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.,Present affiliation: Institute of Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Centre for Bacterial Cell Biology, Richardson Road, NE2 4AX Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Georg Fritz
- Department Biology I, AG Synthetic Microbiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Grosshaderner Str. 2-4, D-82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.,Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Arnold Sommerfeld Center for Theoretical Physics, Theresienstr. 37, D-80333 München, Germany
| | - Susanne Gebhard
- Department Biology I, AG Synthetic Microbiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Grosshaderner Str. 2-4, D-82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
| | - Thorsten Mascher
- Department Biology I, AG Synthetic Microbiology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Grosshaderner Str. 2-4, D-82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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