1
|
Garg R, Endzhievskaya S, Williamson M. B-type Plexins promote the GTPase activity of Ran to affect androgen receptor nuclear translocation in prostate cancer. Cancer Gene Ther 2023; 30:1513-1523. [PMID: 37563360 PMCID: PMC10645588 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-023-00655-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to anti-androgen therapy for metastatic prostate cancer is a major clinical problem. Sema3C promotes resistance to androgen withdrawal via its receptor, PlexinB1. Activation of PlexinB1 promotes the ligand-independent nuclear translocation of the androgen receptor (AR), which may contribute to resistance to androgen deprivation therapy. However, the mechanism by which PlexinB1 promotes nuclear translocation is unclear. We show here that PlexinB1 and B2 regulate nuclear import by acting as GTPase activating proteins (GAPs) for the small RasGTPase Ran, a key regulator of nuclear trafficking. Purified PlexinB1/B2 protein catalyses the hydrolysis of RanGTP, and mutations in the GAP domain of PlexinB1 inhibit this activity. Activation of PlexinB1/B2 with Sema4D decreases the levels of RanGTP, while PlexinB1 or B2 depletion increases the levels of activated Ran in the cell. Ran directly associates with B-type plexins in a GTP-dependent manner. Sema4D is internalised by endocytosis, and PlexinB1 and Ran display overlapping patterns of expression. Furthermore, Sema4D/PlexinB1-induced AR nuclear translocation is dependent on the GAP domain of PlexinB1 and is blocked by the expression of non-functional Ran mutants. Depletion of PlexinB1 decreases the nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio of Ran, indicative of a higher RanGTP/GDP ratio. Plexins may promote the growth of androgen-independent prostate cancer through their activity as RanGAPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Garg
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sofia Endzhievskaya
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Magali Williamson
- School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Endzhievskaya S, Hsu CK, Yang HS, Huang HY, Lin YC, Hong YK, Lee JYW, Onoufriadis A, Takeichi T, Yu-Yun Lee J, Shaw TJ, McGrath JA, Parsons M. Loss of RhoE Function in Dermatofibroma Promotes Disorganized Dermal Fibroblast Extracellular Matrix and Increased Integrin Activation. J Invest Dermatol 2023:S0022-202X(23)00075-1. [PMID: 36774976 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2023.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Dermatofibromas (DFs) are common, benign fibrous skin tumors that can occur at any skin site. In most cases, DFs are solitary and sporadic, but a few are multiple and familial, and the mechanisms leading to these lesions are currently unclear. Using exome sequencing, we have identified a heterozygous variant in a pedigree with autosomal dominant multiple familial DF within RND3 (c.692C>T,p.T231M) that encodes for the small GTPase RhoE, a regulator of the actin cytoskeleton. Expression of T231M-RhoE or RhoE depletion using CRISPR in human dermal fibroblasts increased proliferation and adhesion to extracellular matrix through enhanced β1 integrin activation and more disorganized matrix. The enzyme PLOD2 was identified as a binding partner for RhoE, and the formation of this complex was disrupted by T231M-RhoE. PLOD2 promotes collagen cross-linking and activation of β1 integrins, and depleting PLOD2 in T231M-RhoE-expressing cells reduced T231M-RhoE-mediated β1 integrin activation and led to increased matrix alignment. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed reduced expression of RhoE but increased expression of PLOD2 in the dermis of DF skin samples compared with that of the controls. Our data show that loss of RhoE function leads to increased PLOD2 activation, enhancing integrin activation and leading to a disorganized extracellular matrix, contributing to DF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Endzhievskaya
- Randall Centre for Cell & Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chao-Kai Hsu
- Department of Dermatology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; International Center of Wound Repair and Regeneration, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hsing-San Yang
- Department of Dermatology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Yu Huang
- Department of Dermatology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chen Lin
- Department of Dermatology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Kai Hong
- Department of Dermatology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - John Y W Lee
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexandros Onoufriadis
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Takuya Takeichi
- Department of Dermatology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Julia Yu-Yun Lee
- Department of Dermatology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Tanya J Shaw
- Centre for Inflammation Biology & Cancer Immunology, School of Immunology & Microbial Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - John A McGrath
- St John's Institute of Dermatology, School of Basic & Medical Biosciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maddy Parsons
- Randall Centre for Cell & Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Vakhrusheva A, Endzhievskaya S, Zhuikov V, Nekrasova T, Parshina E, Ovsiannikova N, Popov V, Bagrov D, Minin AА, Sokolova OS. The role of vimentin in directional migration of rat fibroblasts. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2019; 76:467-476. [PMID: 31626376 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Revised: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cell migration is one of the most important processes in which the cytoskeleton plays a main role. The cytoskeleton network is formed by tubulin microtubules, actin filaments, and intermediate filaments (IFs). While the structure and functions of the two aforementioned proteins have been extensively investigated during the last decades, vimentin IFs structure and their role in cell migration and adhesion remain unclear. Here, we investigated polarity determination in rat fibroblasts with either a knocked out vim gene or with a mutation that blocks filament formation on the stage of unit-length filaments (ULFs). Structured illumination microscopy has demonstrated the difference in the morphology of IFs in wild-type fibroblasts and of ULFs in mutant fibroblasts. We have developed an approach to measure cell stiffness separately on the trailing and leading edges using atomic force microscopy. Young's modulus values on the leading and trailing edge of migrating rat fibroblasts differ approximately by two times, being larger on the leading edge. The knockout of the vim gene leads to having comparable values of Young's moduli on both edges. Vimentin-null cells change the direction of migration more frequently than those expressing wild-type or mutated vimentin. Our results have shown the principle role of vimentin, not only in the form of IFs, but also as ULFs, in the determination of the polarity and the directionality of fibroblast migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Vakhrusheva
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Department of Biology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sofia Endzhievskaya
- Institute of Protein Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, Department of Cell Biology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vsevolod Zhuikov
- Research Centre of Biotechnology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatyana Nekrasova
- Institute of Protein Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, Department of Cell Biology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Evgenia Parshina
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Department of Biology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia Ovsiannikova
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Belozersky Institute of Physico-chemical biology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir Popov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Department of Physics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry Bagrov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Department of Biology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexander А Minin
- Institute of Protein Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, Department of Cell Biology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga S Sokolova
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Department of Biology, Moscow, Russia
| |
Collapse
|