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Molina-Gil S, Sotillos S, Espinosa-Vázquez JM, Almudi I, Hombría JCG. Interlocking of co-opted developmental gene networks in Drosophila and the evolution of pre-adaptive novelty. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5730. [PMID: 37714829 PMCID: PMC10504328 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41414-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The re-use of genes in new organs forms the base of many evolutionary novelties. A well-characterised case is the recruitment of the posterior spiracle gene network to the Drosophila male genitalia. Here we find that this network has also been co-opted to the testis mesoderm where is required for sperm liberation, providing an example of sequentially repeated developmental co-options. Associated to this co-option event, an evolutionary expression novelty appeared, the activation of the posterior segment determinant Engrailed to the anterior A8 segment controlled by common testis and spiracle regulatory elements. Enhancer deletion shows that A8 anterior Engrailed activation is not required for spiracle development but only necessary in the testis. Our study presents an example of pre-adaptive developmental novelty: the activation of the Engrailed transcription factor in the anterior compartment of the A8 segment where, despite having no specific function, opens the possibility of this developmental factor acquiring one. We propose that recently co-opted networks become interlocked, so that any change to the network because of its function in one organ, will be mirrored by other organs even if it provides no selective advantage to them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Molina-Gil
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), CSIC-JA-UPO Ctra. de Utrera, km1, 41013, Seville, Spain
- Málaga Biomedical Research Institute and Andalusian Centre for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology Platform, Severo Ochoa, 35, 29590, Málaga, Spain
| | - Sol Sotillos
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), CSIC-JA-UPO Ctra. de Utrera, km1, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - José Manuel Espinosa-Vázquez
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), CSIC-JA-UPO Ctra. de Utrera, km1, 41013, Seville, Spain
- Department of Food Biotechnology, Instituto de la Grasa. Campus de la Universidad Pablo de Olavide. Ctra. de Utrera, km. 1, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Isabel Almudi
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), CSIC-JA-UPO Ctra. de Utrera, km1, 41013, Seville, Spain
- Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics and Institut de Recerca de la Biodiversitat (IRBio), Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal, 643, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - James C-G Hombría
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD), CSIC-JA-UPO Ctra. de Utrera, km1, 41013, Seville, Spain.
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2
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Sotillos S, von der Decken I, Domenech Mercadé I, Srinivasan S, Sirokha D, Livshits L, Vanni S, Nef S, Biason-Lauber A, Rodríguez Gutiérrez D, Castelli-Gair Hombría J. A conserved function of Human DLC3 and Drosophila Cv-c in testis development. eLife 2022; 11:82343. [PMID: 36326091 PMCID: PMC9678365 DOI: 10.7554/elife.82343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of genes affecting gonad development is essential to understand the mechanisms causing Variations/Differences in Sex Development (DSD). Recently, a DLC3 mutation was associated with male gonadal dysgenesis in 46,XY DSD patients. We have studied the requirement of Cv-c, the Drosophila ortholog of DLC3, in Drosophila gonad development, as well as the functional capacity of DLC3 human variants to rescue cv-c gonad defects. We show that Cv-c is required to maintain testis integrity during fly development. We find that Cv-c and human DLC3 can perform the same function in fly embryos, as flies carrying wild type but not patient DLC3 variations can rescue gonadal dysgenesis, suggesting functional conservation. We also demonstrate that the StART domain mediates Cv-c's function in the male gonad independently from the GAP domain's activity. This work demonstrates a role for DLC3/Cv-c in male gonadogenesis and highlights a novel StART domain mediated function required to organize the gonadal mesoderm and maintain its interaction with the germ cells during testis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sol Sotillos
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del DesarrolloSevilleSpain
| | - Isabel von der Decken
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Cardiovascular research, University of FribourgFribourgSwitzerland
| | - Ivan Domenech Mercadé
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Cardiovascular research, University of FribourgFribourgSwitzerland
| | | | - Dmytro Sirokha
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of UkraineKyivUkraine
| | - Ludmila Livshits
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of UkraineKyivUkraine
| | - Stefano Vanni
- Department of Biology, University of FribourgFribourgSwitzerland
| | - Serge Nef
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, Faculty of Medicine, University of GenevaGenevaSwitzerland
| | - Anna Biason-Lauber
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Cardiovascular research, University of FribourgFribourgSwitzerland
| | - Daniel Rodríguez Gutiérrez
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Cardiovascular research, University of FribourgFribourgSwitzerland
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3
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Hombría JCG, Sotillos S. Evo-Devo: When Four Became Two Plus Two. Curr Biol 2020; 30:R655-R657. [PMID: 32516617 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Wings and halteres are homologous flight appendages whose shape differences are controlled by the Ubx transcription factor. Recent research shows how Ubx regulates apical and basal extracellular matrix proteases and their inhibitors to achieve this morphological divergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C-G Hombría
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Junta de Andalucía/Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Seville, Spain.
| | - Sol Sotillos
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas/Junta de Andalucía/Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Seville, Spain
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4
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Gómez-Gálvez P, Vicente-Munuera P, Tagua A, Forja C, Castro AM, Letrán M, Valencia-Expósito A, Grima C, Bermúdez-Gallardo M, Serrano-Pérez-Higueras Ó, Cavodeassi F, Sotillos S, Martín-Bermudo MD, Márquez A, Buceta J, Escudero LM. Author Correction: Scutoids are a geometrical solution to three-dimensional packing of epithelia. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4210. [PMID: 30297704 PMCID: PMC6175858 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06671-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Gómez-Gálvez
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad de Sevilla and Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Pablo Vicente-Munuera
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad de Sevilla and Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Antonio Tagua
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad de Sevilla and Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Cristina Forja
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad de Sevilla and Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Ana M Castro
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad de Sevilla and Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Marta Letrán
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad de Sevilla and Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Clara Grima
- Departamento de Matemática Aplicada I, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - Marina Bermúdez-Gallardo
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad de Sevilla and Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Óscar Serrano-Pérez-Higueras
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad de Sevilla and Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Florencia Cavodeassi
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa and CIBER de Enfermedades Raras, C/ Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049, Madrid, Spain.,St. George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Sol Sotillos
- CABD, CSIC/JA/UPO, Campus Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Alberto Márquez
- Departamento de Matemática Aplicada I, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - Javier Buceta
- Bioengineering Department, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, 18018, USA. .,Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, 18018, USA.
| | - Luis M Escudero
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad de Sevilla and Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013, Seville, Spain.
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5
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Gómez-Gálvez P, Vicente-Munuera P, Tagua A, Forja C, Castro AM, Letrán M, Valencia-Expósito A, Grima C, Bermúdez-Gallardo M, Serrano-Pérez-Higueras Ó, Cavodeassi F, Sotillos S, Martín-Bermudo MD, Márquez A, Buceta J, Escudero LM. Scutoids are a geometrical solution to three-dimensional packing of epithelia. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2960. [PMID: 30054479 PMCID: PMC6063940 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-05376-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
As animals develop, tissue bending contributes to shape the organs into complex three-dimensional structures. However, the architecture and packing of curved epithelia remains largely unknown. Here we show by means of mathematical modelling that cells in bent epithelia can undergo intercalations along the apico-basal axis. This phenomenon forces cells to have different neighbours in their basal and apical surfaces. As a consequence, epithelial cells adopt a novel shape that we term "scutoid". The detailed analysis of diverse tissues confirms that generation of apico-basal intercalations between cells is a common feature during morphogenesis. Using biophysical arguments, we propose that scutoids make possible the minimization of the tissue energy and stabilize three-dimensional packing. Hence, we conclude that scutoids are one of nature's solutions to achieve epithelial bending. Our findings pave the way to understand the three-dimensional organization of epithelial organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Gómez-Gálvez
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad de Sevilla and Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Pablo Vicente-Munuera
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad de Sevilla and Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Antonio Tagua
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad de Sevilla and Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Cristina Forja
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad de Sevilla and Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Ana M Castro
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad de Sevilla and Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Marta Letrán
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad de Sevilla and Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Clara Grima
- Departamento de Matemática Aplicada I, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - Marina Bermúdez-Gallardo
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad de Sevilla and Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Óscar Serrano-Pérez-Higueras
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad de Sevilla and Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | - Florencia Cavodeassi
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa and CIBER de Enfermedades Raras. C/ Nicolás Cabrera 1, 28049, Madrid, Spain
- St. George's, University of London, Cranmer Terrace, SW17 0RE, London, UK
| | - Sol Sotillos
- CABD, CSIC/JA/UPO, Campus Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Alberto Márquez
- Departamento de Matemática Aplicada I, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012, Seville, Spain
| | - Javier Buceta
- Bioengineering Department, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, 18018, USA.
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering Department, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, 18018, USA.
| | - Luis M Escudero
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Universidad de Sevilla and Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, 41013, Seville, Spain.
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6
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Sotillos S, Aguilar-Aragon M, Hombría JCG. Functional analysis of the Drosophila RhoGAP Cv-c protein and its equivalence to the human DLC3 and DLC1 proteins. Sci Rep 2018; 8:4601. [PMID: 29545526 PMCID: PMC5854602 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-22794-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
RhoGAP proteins control the precise regulation of the ubiquitous small RhoGTPases. The Drosophila Crossveinless-c (Cv-c) RhoGAP is homologous to the human tumour suppressor proteins Deleted in Liver Cancer 1-3 (DLC1-3) sharing an identical arrangement of SAM, GAP and START protein domains. Here we analyse in Drosophila the requirement of each Cv-c domain to its function and cellular localization. We show that the basolateral membrane association of Cv-c is key for its epithelial function and find that the GAP domain targeted to the membrane can perform its RhoGAP activity independently of the rest of the protein, implying the SAM and START domains perform regulatory roles. We propose the SAM domain has a repressor effect over the GAP domain that is counteracted by the START domain, while the basolateral localization is mediated by a central, non-conserved Cv-c region. We find that DLC3 and Cv-c expression in the Drosophila ectoderm cause identical effects. In contrast, DLC1 is inactive but becomes functional if the central non-conserved DLC1 domain is substituted for that of Cv-c. Thus, these RhoGAP proteins are functionally equivalent, opening up the use of Drosophila as an in vivo model to analyse pharmacologically and genetically the human DLC proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sol Sotillos
- CABD (CSIC/JA/Univ. Pablo de Olavide), Seville, Spain.
| | - Mario Aguilar-Aragon
- CABD (CSIC/JA/Univ. Pablo de Olavide), Seville, Spain.,The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
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Abstract
A tight relationship between apico-basal polarity and trafficking is essential for epithelial physiology and tissue homeostasis. Recent studies have described how some Rab GTPases, key components of the intracellular traffic machinery, contribute to the establishment of cell polarity in vertebrates. We have demonstrated a novel connection between cell polarity and trafficking: in Drosophila epithelia, the apical determinant aPKC is recycled via Rab11-Nuf-recycling endosomes to maintain cell polarity. Furthermore, the phosphorylation of Nuf by aPKC allows aPKC to control the sub-cellular localization of Nuf and its own membrane accumulation. Here we review these data and show the different contribution of the 2 Drosophila Rab11 adaptor proteins, Nuf and Rip11, to the maintenance of Drosophila embryonic ectoderm polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sol Sotillos
- a CABD , CSIC/JA/UPO, Campus Universidad Pablo de Olavide , Sevilla , Spain
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8
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Calero-Cuenca FJ, Espinosa-Vázquez JM, Reina-Campos M, Díaz-Meco MT, Moscat J, Sotillos S. Nuclear fallout provides a new link between aPKC and polarized cell trafficking. BMC Biol 2016; 14:32. [PMID: 27089924 PMCID: PMC4836198 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-016-0253-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cell polarity, essential for cell physiology and tissue coherence, emerges as a consequence of asymmetric localization of protein complexes and directional trafficking of cellular components. Although molecules required in both processes are well known their relationship is still poorly understood. Results Here we show a molecular link between Nuclear Fallout (Nuf), an adaptor of Rab11-GTPase to the microtubule motor proteins during Recycling Endosome (RE) trafficking, and aPKC, a pivotal kinase in the regulation of cell polarity. We demonstrate that aPKC phosphorylates Nuf modifying its subcellular distribution. Accordingly, in aPKC mutants Nuf and Rab11 accumulate apically indicating altered RE delivery. We show that aPKC localization in the apico-lateral cortex is dynamic. When we block exocytosis, by means of exocyst-sec mutants, aPKC accumulates inside the cells. Moreover, apical aPKC concentration is reduced in nuf mutants, suggesting aPKC levels are maintained by recycling. Conclusions We demonstrate that active aPKC interacts with Nuf, phosphorylating it and, as a result, modifying its subcellular distribution. We propose a regulatory loop by which Nuf promotes aPKC apical recycling until sufficient levels of active aPKC are reached. Thus, we provide a novel link between cell polarity regulation and traffic control in epithelia. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12915-016-0253-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Calero-Cuenca
- CABD, CSIC/JA/UPO, Campus Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Ctra. De Utrera Km. 1, Seville, 41013, Spain
| | | | | | - María T Díaz-Meco
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Jorge Moscat
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Sol Sotillos
- CABD, CSIC/JA/UPO, Campus Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Ctra. De Utrera Km. 1, Seville, 41013, Spain.
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9
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Sánchez-Higueras C, Sotillos S, Castelli-Gair Hombría J. Common origin of insect trachea and endocrine organs from a segmentally repeated precursor. Curr Biol 2013; 24:76-81. [PMID: 24332544 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2013.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Segmented organisms have serially repeated structures [1] that become specialized in some segments [2]. We show here that the Drosophila corpora allata, prothoracic glands, and trachea have a homologous origin and can convert into each other. The tracheal epithelial tubes develop from ten trunk placodes [3, 4], and homologous ectodermal cells in the maxilla and labium form the corpora allata and the prothoracic glands. The early endocrine and trachea gene networks are similar, with STAT and Hox genes inducing their activation. The initial invagination of the trachea and the endocrine primordia is identical, but activation of Snail in the glands induces an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), after which the corpora allata and prothoracic gland primordia coalesce and migrate dorsally, joining the corpora cardiaca to form the ring gland. We propose that the arthropod ectodermal endocrine glands and respiratory organs arose through an extreme process of divergent evolution from a metameric repeated structure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sol Sotillos
- CABD, CSIC/JA/Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Seville, Spain
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10
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Hombría JCG, Sotillos S. JAK-STAT pathway in Drosophila morphogenesis: From organ selector to cell behavior regulator. JAKSTAT 2013; 2:e26089. [PMID: 24069568 PMCID: PMC3772120 DOI: 10.4161/jkst.26089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the main contributions of Drosophila to the JAK-STAT field is the study of morphogenesis. JAK-STAT signaling controls the formation of many different structures through surprisingly different morphogenetic behaviors that include induction of cell rearrangements, invagination, folding of tissues, modulation of cell shape, and migration. This variability may be explained by the many transcription factors and signaling molecules STAT regulates at early stages of development. But is STAT just acting as an upstream inducer of morphogenesis or does it have a more direct role in controlling cell behaviors? Here we review what is known about how the canonical phosphorylation of STAT contributes to shaping the embryonic and imaginal structures.
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11
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Sotillos S, Krahn M, Espinosa-Vázquez JM, Hombría JCG. Src kinases mediate the interaction of the apical determinant Bazooka/PAR3 with STAT92E and increase signalling efficiency in Drosophila ectodermal cells. Development 2013; 140:1507-16. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.092320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Intercellular communication depends on the correct organization of the signal transduction complexes. In many signalling pathways, the mechanisms controlling the overall cell polarity also localize components of these pathways to different domains of the plasma membrane. In the Drosophila ectoderm, the JAK/STAT pathway components are highly polarized with apical localization of the receptor, the associated kinase and the STAT92E protein itself. The apical localization of STAT92E is independent of the receptor complex and is due to its direct association with the apical determining protein Bazooka (Baz). Here, we find that Baz-STAT92E interaction depends on the presence of the Drosophila Src kinases. In the absence of Src, STAT92E cannot bind to Baz in cells or in whole embryos, and this correlates with an impairment of JAK/STAT signalling function. We believe that the requirement of Src proteins for STAT92E apical localization is mediated through Baz, as we can co-precipitate Src with Baz but not with STAT92E. This is the first time that a functional link between cell polarity, the JAK/STAT signalling pathway and the Src kinases has been established in a whole organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sol Sotillos
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, CSIC/JA/UPO, Ctra de Utrera Km1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Michael Krahn
- Stem Cell Biology, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Goettingen, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 11, 37 077 Goettingen, Germany
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Letizia A, Sotillos S, Campuzano S, Llimargas M. Regulated Crb accumulation controls apical constriction and invagination in Drosophila tracheal cells. Development 2011. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.063586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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13
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Letizia A, Sotillos S, Campuzano S, Llimargas M. Regulated Crb accumulation controls apical constriction and invagination in Drosophila tracheal cells. J Cell Sci 2010; 124:240-51. [PMID: 21172808 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.073601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Many epithelial tissues undergo extensive remodelling during morphogenesis. How their epithelial features, such as apicobasal polarity or adhesion, are maintained and remodelled and how adhesion and polarity proteins contribute to morphogenesis are two important questions in development. Here, we approach these issues by investigating the role of the apical determinant protein Crumbs (Crb) during the morphogenesis of the embryonic Drosophila tracheal system. Crb accumulates differentially throughout tracheal development and is required for different tracheal events. The earliest requirement for Crb is for tracheal invagination, which is preceded by an enhanced accumulation of Crb in the invagination domain. There, Crb, acting in parallel with the epidermal growth factor receptor (Egfr) pathway, is required for tracheal cell apical constriction and for organising an actomyosin complex, which we propose is mediated by Crb recruitment of moesin (Moe). The ability of a Crb isoform unable to rescue polarity in crb mutants to otherwise rescue their invagination phenotype, and the converse inability of a FERM-binding domain mutant Crb to rescue faulty invagination, support our hypothesis that it is the absence of Crb-dependent Moe enrichment, and not the polarity defect, that mainly underlies the crb invagination phenotype. This hypothesis is supported by the phenotype of lethal giant larvae (lgl); crb double mutants. These results unveil a link between Crb and the organisation of the actin cytoskeleton during morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Letizia
- Institut de Biologia Molecular de Barcelona, CSIC, Parc Científic de Barcelona, Baldiri Reixac, 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Castelli Gair Hombría J, Rivas ML, Sotillos S. Genetic control of morphogenesis - Hox induced organogenesis of the posterior spiracles. Int J Dev Biol 2010; 53:1349-58. [PMID: 19247941 DOI: 10.1387/ijdb.072421jc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The posterior spiracle has become one of the best systems to study how Hox genes control morphogenesis. Interaction of Abdominal-B (ABD-B) with dorso ventral and intrasegmental positional information leads to the local activation of ABD-B primary targets in the dorsal region of the eighth abdominal segment (A8). Primary targets pattern the spiracle subdividing it into two broad areas: external stigmatophore vs. internal spiracular chamber precursor cells. Primary targets then activate secondary targets and modulate the expression of signalling molecules in the spiracle primordium creating unique spiracle positional values. This genetic cascade activates the realisator genes that modulate the cell behaviours causing invagination, elongation and cell rearrangements responsible for spiracle morphogenesis. The spiracle realisators that have been identified to date correspond to cell adhesion proteins, cytoskeleton regulators and cell polarity molecules. Interestingly, these realisators localise to different apico-basal locations in the cell (RhoGEF apical, Crumbs subapical, E-cadherin in the adherens junction, RhoGAP basolateral). Therefore, the Hox anterior-posterior code is converted in the cell into apico-basal information required to implement the posterior spiracle morphogenetic program. We believe this may be a common characteristic for Hox induced organogenesis.
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Sotillos S, Espinosa-Vázquez JM, Foglia F, Hu N, Hombría JCG. An efficient approach to isolate STAT regulated enhancers uncovers STAT92E fundamental role in Drosophila tracheal development. Dev Biol 2010; 340:571-82. [PMID: 20171201 PMCID: PMC2877871 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Revised: 02/04/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The ventral veinless (vvl) and trachealess (trh) genes are determinants of the Drosophila trachea. Early in development both genes are independently activated in the tracheal primordia by signals that are ill defined. Mutants blocking JAK/STAT signaling at any level do not form a tracheal tree suggesting that STAT92E may be an upstream transcriptional activator of the early trachea determinants. To test this hypothesis we have searched for STAT92E responsive enhancers activating the expression of vvl and trh in the tracheal primordia. We show that STAT92E regulated enhancers can be rapidly and efficiently isolated by focusing the analysis on genomic regions with clusters of putative STAT binding sites where at least some of them are phylogenetically conserved. Detailed analysis of a vvl early tracheal enhancer shows that non-conserved sites collaborate with conserved sites for enhancer activation. We find that STAT92E regulated enhancers can be located as far 60 kb from the promoters. Our results indicate that vvl and trh are independently activated by STAT92E which is the most important transcription factor required for trachea specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sol Sotillos
- CABD, CSIC/Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
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Sotillos S, Díaz-Meco MT, Moscat J, Castelli-Gair Hombría J. Polarized subcellular localization of Jak/STAT components is required for efficient signaling. Curr Biol 2008; 18:624-9. [PMID: 18424141 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2008.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2007] [Revised: 03/27/2008] [Accepted: 03/28/2008] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Three protein complexes control polarization of epithelial cells: the apicolateral Crumbs and Par-3 complexes and the basolateral Lethal giant larvae complex. Polarization results in the specific localization of proteins and lipids to different membrane domains. The receptors of the Notch, Hedgehog, and WNT pathways are among the proteins that are polarized, with subcellular receptor localization representing an important aspect of signaling regulation. For example, in the WNT pathway, differential DFz2 receptor localization results in activation of either the canonical or the planar polarity pathway. Despite the large body of research on the vertebrate JAK/STAT pathway, there are no reports indicating polarized signaling. By using the conserved Drosophila JAK/STAT pathway as a system, we find that the receptor and its associated kinase are located in the apical membrane of epithelial cells. Unexpectedly, the transcription factor STAT is enriched in the apicolateral membrane domain of ectoderm epithelial cells in a Par-3-dependent manner. Our results indicate that preassembly of STAT and the Receptor/JAK complex to specific membrane domains is a key aspect for signaling efficiency. Our results also suggest that receptor polarization in the ectoderm cell membrane restricts the cell's response to ligands provided by neighboring cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sol Sotillos
- CABD-CSIC, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Sevilla, Spain.
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Lovegrove B, Simões S, Rivas ML, Sotillos S, Johnson K, Knust E, Jacinto A, Hombría JCG. Coordinated control of cell adhesion, polarity, and cytoskeleton underlies Hox-induced organogenesis in Drosophila. Curr Biol 2007; 16:2206-16. [PMID: 17113384 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2006.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2006] [Revised: 09/05/2006] [Accepted: 09/07/2006] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hox genes control animal body plans by directing the morphogenesis of segment-specific structures. As transcription factors, HOX proteins achieve this through the activation of downstream target genes. Much research has been devoted to the search for these targets and the characterization of their roles in organogenesis. This has shown that the direct targets of Hox activation are often transcription factors or signaling molecules, which form hierarchical genetic networks directing the morphogenesis of particular organs. Importantly, very few of the direct Hox targets known are "realizator" genes involved directly in the cellular processes of organogenesis. RESULTS Here, we describe for the first time a complete network linking the Hox gene Abdominal-B to the realizator genes it controls during the organogenesis of the external respiratory organ of the larva. In this process, Abdominal-B induces the expression of four intermediate signaling molecules and transcription factors, and this expression results in the mosaic activation of several realizator genes. The ABD-B spiracle realizators include at least five cell-adhesion proteins, cell-polarity proteins, and GAP and GEF cytoskeleton regulators. Simultaneous ectopic expression of the Abd-B downstream targets can induce spiracle-like structure formation in the absence of ABD-B protein. CONCLUSION Hox realizators include cytoskeletal regulators and molecules required for the apico-basal cell organization. HOX-coordinated activation of these realizators in mosaic patterns confers to the organ primordium its assembling properties. We propose that during animal development, Hox-controlled genetic cascades coordinate the local cell-specific behaviors that result in organogenesis of segment-specific structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget Lovegrove
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EJ, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Transcriptional responses to the activation of a signalling pathway are cell-specific. New data show that the sequence-specific transcriptional repressors of the KEN/BCL-6 family play an important role in the selection of STAT targets in vertebrates and invertebrates, indicating that all STAT proteins may share this ancestral mechanism.
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Simões S, Denholm B, Azevedo D, Sotillos S, Martin P, Skaer H, Hombría JCG, Jacinto A. Compartmentalisation of Rho regulators directs cell invagination during tissue morphogenesis. Development 2006; 133:4257-67. [PMID: 17021037 DOI: 10.1242/dev.02588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
During development, small RhoGTPases control the precise cell shape changes and movements that underlie morphogenesis. Their activity must be tightly regulated in time and space, but little is known about how Rho regulators(RhoGEFs and RhoGAPs) perform this function in the embryo. Taking advantage of a new probe that allows the visualisation of small RhoGTPase activity in Drosophila, we present evidence that Rho1 is apically activated and essential for epithelial cell invagination, a common morphogenetic movement during embryogenesis. In the posterior spiracles of the fly embryo, this asymmetric activation is achieved by at least two mechanisms: the apical enrichment of Rho1; and the opposing distribution of Rho activators and inhibitors to distinct compartments of the cell membrane. At least two Rho1 activators, RhoGEF2 and RhoGEF64C are localised apically, whereas the Rho inhibitor RhoGAP Cv-c localises at the basolateral membrane. Furthermore, the mRNA of RhoGEF64C is also apically enriched, depending on signals present within its open reading frame, suggesting that apical transport of RhoGEF mRNA followed by local translation is a mechanism to spatially restrict Rho1 activity during epithelial cell invagination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sérgio Simões
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina de Lisboa, Portugal
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Sotillos S, de Celis JF. Regulation of decapentaplegic expression during Drosophila wing veins pupal development. Mech Dev 2006; 123:241-51. [PMID: 16423512 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2005.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2005] [Revised: 12/07/2005] [Accepted: 12/08/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The differentiation of veins in the Drosophila wing relies on localised expression of decapentaplegic (dpp) in pro-vein territories during pupal development. The expression of dpp in the pupal veins requires the integrity of the shortvein region (shv), localised 5' to the coding region. It is likely that this DNA integrates positive and negative regulatory signals directing dpp transcription during pupal development. Here, we identify a minimal 0.9 kb fragment giving localised expression in the vein L5 and a 0.5 kb fragment giving expression in all longitudinal veins. Using a combination of in vivo expression of reporter genes regulated by shv sequences, in vitro binding assays and sequence comparisons between the shv region of different Drosophila species, we found binding sites for the vein-specific transciption factors Araucan, Knirps and Ventral veinless, as well as binding sites for the Dpp pathway effectors Mad and Med. We conclude that conserved vein-specific enhancers regulated by transcription factors expressed in individual veins collaborate with general vein and intervein regulators to establish and maintain the expression of dpp confined to the veins during pupal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sol Sotillos
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Crta. de Utrera Km1, 41013 Sevilla, Spain.
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Sotillos S, De Celis JF. Interactions between the Notch, EGFR, and decapentaplegic signaling pathways regulate vein differentiation duringDrosophila pupal wing development. Dev Dyn 2005; 232:738-52. [PMID: 15704120 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.20270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of longitudinal veins in the Drosophila wing involves cell interactions mediated by the conserved signaling pathways Decapentaplegic (Dpp), Notch, and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Interactions between Notch and EGFR taking place in the wing disc divide each vein into a central domain, where EGFR is active, and two boundary domains where Notch is active. The expression of decapentaplegic (dpp) is activated in the veins during pupal development, and we have generated Gal4 drivers using the regulatory region that drives dpp expression at this stage. By using these drivers, we studied the relationships between the Notch, EGFR, and Dpp signaling pathways that occur during pupal development. Our results indicate that the interactions between EGFR and Notch initiated in the imaginal disc are maintained throughout pupal development and contribute to determine the places where dpp is expressed. Once dpp expression is initiated, Dpp and EGFR activities in the provein maintain each other and, in cooperation, determine vein cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sol Sotillos
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
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Sotillos S, Díaz-Meco MT, Caminero E, Moscat J, Campuzano S. DaPKC-dependent phosphorylation of Crumbs is required for epithelial cell polarity in Drosophila. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 166:549-57. [PMID: 15302858 PMCID: PMC2172211 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200311031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Both in Drosophila and vertebrate epithelial cells, the establishment of apicobasal polarity requires the apically localized, membrane-associated Par-3–Par-6–aPKC protein complex. In Drosophila, this complex colocalizes with the Crumbs–Stardust (Sdt)–Pals1-associated TJ protein (Patj) complex. Genetic and molecular analyses suggest a functional relationship between them. We show, by overexpression of a kinase-dead Drosophila atypical PKC (DaPKC), the requirement for the kinase activity of DaPKC to maintain the position of apical determinants and to restrict the localization of basolateral ones. We demonstrate a novel physical interaction between the apical complexes, via direct binding of DaPKC to both Crb and Patj, and identify Crumbs as a phosphorylation target of DaPKC. This phosphorylation of Crumbs is functionally significant. Thus, a nonphosphorylatable Crumbs protein behaves in vivo as a dominant negative. Moreover, the phenotypic effect of overexpressing wild-type Crumbs is suppressed by reducing DaPKC activity. These results provide a mechanistic framework for the functional interaction between the Par-3–Par-6–aPKC and Crumbs–Sdt–Patj complexes based in the posttranslational modification of Crb by DaPKC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sol Sotillos
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas and Univerisidad Autonoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
We have identified a novel Drosophila gene, DRacGAP, which behaves as a negative regulator of Ρ-family GTPases DRac1 and DCdc42. Reduced function of DRacGAP or increased expression of DRac1 in the wing imaginal disc cause similar effects on vein and sensory organ development and cell proliferation. These effects result from enhanced activity of the EGFR/Ras signalling pathway. We find that in the wing disc, DRac1 enhances EGFR/Ras-dependent activation of MAP Kinase in the prospective veins. Interestingly, DRacGAP expression is negatively regulated by the EGFR/Ras pathway in these regions. During vein formation, local DRacGAP repression would ensure maximal activity of Rac and, in turn, of Ras pathways in vein territories. Additionally, maximal expression of DRacGAP at the vein/intervein boundaries would help to refine the width of the veins. Hence, control of DRacGAP expression by the EGFR/Ras pathway is a previously undescribed feedback mechanism modulating the intensity and/or duration of its signalling during Drosophila development.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sotillos
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and UAM Cantoblanco, Spain
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Sotillos S, Roch F, Campuzano S. The metalloprotease-disintegrin Kuzbanian participates in Notch activation during growth and patterning of Drosophila imaginal discs. Development 1997; 124:4769-79. [PMID: 9428413 DOI: 10.1242/dev.124.23.4769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The Notch transmembrane protein is the receptor of an evolutionary conserved pathway that mediates intercellular signalling leading to the specification of different cell types during development. In this pathway, many aspects of the signal transduction mechanism remain poorly understood, especially the role of proteolytic processing of Notch. We present genetic evidence indicating that the metalloprotease-disintegrin kuzbanian (J. Rooke, D. Pan, T. Xu and G. M. Rubin (1996) Science 273, 1227–1231) is a new component of the Notch signalling pathway and is involved in Notch activation. kuzbanian genetic mosaics demonstrate that, during neurogenesis, wing margin formation and vein width specification kuzbanian is autonomously required in the cell where Notch is activated. Genetic interactions between kuzbanian and different genes of the Notch pathway indicate that kuzbanian is required upstream of Suppressor of Hairless. Moreover, the requirement of kuzbanian for signalling by a ligand-dependent Abruptex receptor, but not by a constitutively activated form of Notch, suggests that kuzbanian is involved in the generation of a Notch functional receptor and/or in its activation. However, differences in the phenotypes of loss-of-function Notch and kuzbanian mutations suggest the existence of alternative Kuzbanian-independent mechanisms that generate Notch functional receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sotillos
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC and UAM, Madrid, Spain
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