1
|
Kulkarni B, Qutub S, Khashab NM, Hadjichristidis N. Rhodamine B-Conjugated Fluorescent Block Copolymer Micelles for Efficient Chlorambucil Delivery and Intracellular Imaging. ACS Omega 2023; 8:22698-22707. [PMID: 37396240 PMCID: PMC10308396 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c01514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
The clinical development of the anticancer drug chlorambucil (CHL) is limited by its low solubility in water, poor bioavailability, and off-target toxicity. Besides, another constraint for monitoring intracellular drug delivery is the non-fluorescent nature of CHL. Nanocarriers based on block copolymers of poly(ethylene glycol)/poly(ethylene oxide) (PEG/PEO) and poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) are an elegant choice for drug delivery applications due to their high biocompatibility and inherent biodegradability properties. Here, we have designed and prepared block copolymer micelles (BCM) containing CHL (BCM-CHL) from a block copolymer having fluorescent probe rhodamine B (RhB) end-groups to achieve efficient drug delivery and intracellular imaging. For this purpose, the previously reported tetraphenylethylene (TPE)-containing poly(ethylene oxide)-b-poly(ε-caprolactone) [TPE-(PEO-b-PCL)2] triblock copolymer was conjugated with RhB by a feasible and effective post-polymerization modification method. In addition, the block copolymer was obtained by a facile and efficient synthetic strategy of one-pot block copolymerization. The amphiphilicity of the resulting block copolymer TPE-(PEO-b-PCL-RhB)2 led to the spontaneous formation of micelles (BCM) in aqueous media and successful encapsulation of the hydrophobic anticancer drug CHL (CHL-BCM). Dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy analyses of BCM and CHL-BCM revealed a favorable size (10-100 nm) for passive targeting of tumor tissues via the enhanced permeability and retention effect. The fluorescence emission spectrum (λex 315 nm) of BCM demonstrated Förster resonance energy transfer between TPE aggregates (donor) and RhB (acceptor). On the other hand, CHL-BCM revealed TPE monomer emission, which may be attributed to the π-π stacking interaction between TPE and CHL molecules. The in vitro drug release profile showed that CHL-BCM exhibits drug release in a sustained manner over 48 h. A cytotoxicity study proved the biocompatibility of BCM, while CHL-BCM revealed significant toxicity to cervical (HeLa) cancer cells. The inherent fluorescence of RhB in the block copolymer offered an opportunity to directly monitor the cellular uptake of the micelles by confocal laser scanning microscopy imaging. These results demonstrate the potential of these block copolymers as drug nanocarriers and as bioimaging probes for theranostic applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bhagyashree Kulkarni
- Polymer
Synthesis Laboratory, Chemistry Program, KAUST Catalysis Center, Physical
Sciences and Engineering Division, King
Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Somayah Qutub
- Smart
Hybrid Materials (SHMs) Laboratory, Chemistry Program, Advanced Membranes
and Porous Materials Center, King Abdullah
University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Niveen M. Khashab
- Smart
Hybrid Materials (SHMs) Laboratory, Chemistry Program, Advanced Membranes
and Porous Materials Center, King Abdullah
University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nikos Hadjichristidis
- Polymer
Synthesis Laboratory, Chemistry Program, KAUST Catalysis Center, Physical
Sciences and Engineering Division, King
Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Baslyman WS, Alahmed O, Chand S, Qutub S, Khashab NM. Dynamic Hydrogen-Bonded Zinc Adeninate Framework (ZAF) for Immobilization of Catalytic DNA. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202302840. [PMID: 37073945 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202302840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/20/2023]
Abstract
Effective immobilization and delivery of genetic materials is at the forefront of biological and medical research directed toward tackling scientific challenges such as gene therapy and cancer treatment. Herein we present a biologically inspired hydrogen-bonded zinc adeninate framework (ZAF) consisting of zinc adeninate macrocycles that self-assemble into a 3D framework through adenine-adenine interactions. ZAF can efficiently immobilize DNAzyme with full protection against enzyme degradation and physiological conditions until it is successfully delivered into the nucleus. As compared to zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs), ZAFs are twofold more biocompatible with a significant loading efficiency of 96 %. Overall, our design paves the way for expanding functional hydrogen-bonding-based systems as potential platforms for the loading and delivery of biologics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Walaa S Baslyman
- Smart Hybrid Materials (SHMs) Laboratory, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Othman Alahmed
- Smart Hybrid Materials (SHMs) Laboratory, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Developmental Medicine Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard-Health Affairs (MNG-HA), Riyadh, 11481, Saudi Arabia
| | - Santanu Chand
- Smart Hybrid Materials (SHMs) Laboratory, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Somayah Qutub
- Smart Hybrid Materials (SHMs) Laboratory, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Niveen M Khashab
- Smart Hybrid Materials (SHMs) Laboratory, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Aguliar Perez KM, Alagoz Y, Maatouk B, Wang J, Berqdar L, Qutub S, Jamil M, AlNasser S, BinSaleh N, Lin P, Almarwaey L, Asami T, Al-Babili S, Khashab NM. Biomimetic Mineralization for Smart Biostimulant Delivery and Crop Micronutrients Fortification. Nano Lett 2023. [PMID: 37272543 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c04506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable and precise fortification practices are necessary to ensure food security for the increasing human population. Precision agriculture aims to minimize the use of fertilizers and pesticides by developing smart materials for real-life agricultural practices. Here, we show that biomimetic mineralization can be efficiently employed to encapsulate and controllably release plant biostimulants (MiZax-3) to improve the quality and yield of capsicum (Capsicum annum) crops in field experiments. ZIF-8 encapsulation of MiZax-3 (MiZIFs) could significantly enhance its stability up to around 679 times (6p value = 0.0072) at field conditions. Our results demonstrate that the coordinating Zn ions and the MiZax-3 play a vital role in improving Zn content in the produced fruits by 2-fold, which is the first report of this nature on Zn content in fruits. We envision this platform as a starting point to investigate other biocompatible coordination-based platforms for micronutrient delivery in precision agriculture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katya M Aguliar Perez
- Smart Hybrid Materials Laboratory (SHMs), Chemistry Program, Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yagiz Alagoz
- The BioActives Lab. Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Batoul Maatouk
- Smart Hybrid Materials Laboratory (SHMs), Chemistry Program, Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jiangyou Wang
- The BioActives Lab. Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lamis Berqdar
- The BioActives Lab. Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Somayah Qutub
- Smart Hybrid Materials Laboratory (SHMs), Chemistry Program, Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Jamil
- The BioActives Lab. Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sara AlNasser
- The BioActives Lab. Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nouf BinSaleh
- Smart Hybrid Materials Laboratory (SHMs), Chemistry Program, Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Peiyu Lin
- The BioActives Lab. Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lamyaa Almarwaey
- The BioActives Lab. Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tadao Asami
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 1138657, Japan
| | - Salim Al-Babili
- The BioActives Lab. Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Center for Desert Agriculture, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Plant Science Program, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Niveen M Khashab
- Smart Hybrid Materials Laboratory (SHMs), Chemistry Program, Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chand S, Alahmed O, Baslyman WS, Dey A, Qutub S, Saha R, Hijikata Y, Alaamery M, Khashab NM. DNA-Mimicking Metal-Organic Frameworks with Accessible Adenine Faces for Complementary Base Pairing. JACS Au 2022; 2:623-630. [PMID: 35373199 PMCID: PMC8969998 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Biologically derived metal-organic frameworks (Bio-MOFs) are significant, as they can be used in cutting-edge biomedical applications such as targeted gene delivery. Herein, adenine (Ade) and unnatural amino acids coordinate with Zn2+ to produce biocompatible frameworks, KBM-1 and KBM-2, with extremely defined porous channels. They feature an accessible Watson-Crick Ade face that is available for further hydrogen bonding and can load single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) with 13 and 41% efficiency for KBM-1 and KBM-2, respectively. Treatment of these frameworks with thymine (Thy), as a competitive guest for base pairing with the Ade open sites, led to more than 50% reduction of ssDNA loading. Moreover, KBM-2 loaded Thy-rich ssDNA more efficiently than Thy-free ssDNA. These findings support the role of the Thy-Ade base pairing in promoting ssDNA loading. Furthermore, theoretical calculations using the self-consistent charge density functional tight-binding (SCC-DFTB) method verified the role of hydrogen bonding and van der Waals type interactions in this host-guest interface. KBM-1 and KBM-2 can protect ssDNA from enzymatic degradation and release it at acidic pH. Most importantly, these biocompatible frameworks can efficiently deliver genetic cargo with retained activity to the cell nucleus. We envisage that this class of Bio-MOFs can find immediate applicability as biomimics for sensing, stabilizing, and delivering genetic materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Santanu Chand
- Smart
Hybrid Materials (SHMs) Laboratory, Advanced Membranes and Porous
Materials Center, Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
(KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi
Arabia
| | - Othman Alahmed
- Smart
Hybrid Materials (SHMs) Laboratory, Advanced Membranes and Porous
Materials Center, Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
(KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi
Arabia
| | - Walaa S. Baslyman
- Smart
Hybrid Materials (SHMs) Laboratory, Advanced Membranes and Porous
Materials Center, Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
(KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi
Arabia
| | - Avishek Dey
- Smart
Hybrid Materials (SHMs) Laboratory, Advanced Membranes and Porous
Materials Center, Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
(KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi
Arabia
| | - Somayah Qutub
- Smart
Hybrid Materials (SHMs) Laboratory, Advanced Membranes and Porous
Materials Center, Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
(KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi
Arabia
| | - Ranajit Saha
- Institute
for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
| | - Yuh Hijikata
- Institute
for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
| | - Manal Alaamery
- Developmental
Medicine Department, King Abdullah Interna-tional Medical Research
Center, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University
for Health Sciences, Ministry of
National Guard-Health Affairs (MNG-HA), Riyadh 11481, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Niveen M. Khashab
- Smart
Hybrid Materials (SHMs) Laboratory, Advanced Membranes and Porous
Materials Center, Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology
(KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi
Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kulkarni B, Qutub S, Ladelta V, Khashab NM, Hadjichristidis N. AIE-Based Fluorescent Triblock Copolymer Micelles for Simultaneous Drug Delivery and Intracellular Imaging. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:5243-5255. [PMID: 34852198 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c01165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescent drug delivery systems have received increasing attention in cancer therapy because they combine drug delivery and bioimaging into a single platform. For example, polymers with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) fluorophores, such as tetraphenylethylene (TPE), have emerged as an elegant choice for drug delivery/bioimaging applications. In this work, we report one-pot sequential organocatalytic ring-opening polymerization of ε-caprolactone (CL) and ethylene oxide (EO) using TPE-(OH)2 as a difunctional initiator, in the presence of a t-BuP2/TEB Lewis pair (catalyst), in THF at room temperature. Two well-defined triblock copolymers with inverse block sequences, TPE-(PCL-b-PEO)2 and TPE-(PEO-b-PCL)2, were synthesized by altering the sequential addition of CL and EO. The physicochemical properties, including hydrodynamic diameter, morphology, and AIE properties of the synthesized amphiphilic triblock copolymers were investigated in aqueous media. The block copolymer micelles were loaded with anticancer drugs doxorubicin and curcumin to serve as drug delivery vehicles. In vitro studies revealed the accelerated drug release at lower pH (5.5), which mimics the tumor microenvironment, different from the physiological pH (7.4). In vitro cytotoxicity studies demonstrated that the neat block copolymer micelles are biocompatible, while drug-loaded micelles exhibited a significant cytotoxic effect in cancer cells. Cellular uptake, examined by confocal laser scanning microscopy, showed that the block copolymer micelles were rapidly internalized by the cells with simultaneous emission of TPE fluorophore. These results suggest that these triblock copolymers can be utilized for intracellular bioimaging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bhagyashree Kulkarni
- Polymer Synthesis Laboratory, KAUST Catalysis Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Somayah Qutub
- Smart Hybrid Materials (SHMs) Laboratory, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Viko Ladelta
- Polymer Synthesis Laboratory, KAUST Catalysis Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Niveen M Khashab
- Smart Hybrid Materials (SHMs) Laboratory, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nikos Hadjichristidis
- Polymer Synthesis Laboratory, KAUST Catalysis Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) are a unique class of smart hybrid materials that have recently attracted significant interest for catalysis, separation and biomedical applications. Different strategies have been developed to overcome the limitations of MOFs for bio-applications in order to produce a system with high biocompatibility and biodegradability. In this review, we outline the chemical and physical factors that dictate the biocompatibility and biodegradability characteristics of MOFs including the nature of the metal ions and organic ligands, size, surface properties and colloidal stability. This review includes the in vitro biodegradation and in vivo biodistribution studies of MOFs to better understand their pharmacokinetics, organ toxicity and immune response. Such studies can guide the design of future bio-friendly systems that bring us closer to safely translating these platforms into the pharmaceutical consumer market.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Namita Singh
- Smart Hybrid Materials (SHMs) Laboratory, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Somayah Qutub
- Smart Hybrid Materials (SHMs) Laboratory, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Niveen M Khashab
- Smart Hybrid Materials (SHMs) Laboratory, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Singh N, Ahmed S, Fakim A, Qutub S, Alahmed O, El Tall O, Shekhah O, Eddaoudi M, Khashab NM. In situ assembled ZIF superstructures via an emulsion-free soft-templating approach. Chem Sci 2020; 11:11280-11284. [PMID: 34094369 PMCID: PMC8162773 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc04513f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Assembling well-defined MOF superstructures remains challenging as it requires easily removable hard templates or readily available immiscible solutions for an emulsion-based soft-template approach. In this work, a single-step emulsion-free soft templating approach is reported to spontaneously prepare hollow ZIF-8 and ZIF-67 colloidosomes with no further purification. These superstructures can load different enzymes regardless of the size and charge with a high encapsulation efficiency of 99%. We envisage that this work will expand the repertoires of MOF superstructures by the judicious selection of precursors and the reaction medium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Namita Singh
- Smart Hybrid Materials (SHMs) Laboratory, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sana Ahmed
- Smart Hybrid Materials (SHMs) Laboratory, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Aliyah Fakim
- Smart Hybrid Materials (SHMs) Laboratory, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Somayah Qutub
- Smart Hybrid Materials (SHMs) Laboratory, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Othman Alahmed
- Smart Hybrid Materials (SHMs) Laboratory, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Omar El Tall
- KAUST Core Labs, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Osama Shekhah
- Prof. Mohamed Eddaoudi Functional Materials Design, Discovery & Development Research Group (FMD3) Advanced Membranes & Porous Materials Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Eddaoudi
- Prof. Mohamed Eddaoudi Functional Materials Design, Discovery & Development Research Group (FMD3) Advanced Membranes & Porous Materials Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Niveen M Khashab
- Smart Hybrid Materials (SHMs) Laboratory, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) Thuwal 23955-6900 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|