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Srikanth UK, Marinaik CB, Rao S, Gomes AR, Rathnamma D, Isloor S, T. Lakshmikanth B, K. Siddaramegowda C, Rizwan A, Byregowda SM, Venkatesha MD, Munivenkatarayappa A, Hegde R. Studies on the sequential pathology of Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD) in Mouse brain: KFD virus induces apoptosis of neurons in cerebrum and hippocampus. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297143. [PMID: 38427645 PMCID: PMC10906829 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The sequential pathology of Kyasanur forest disease (KFD) in mouse brain was assessed in this study. Kyasanur forest disease virus (KFDV) strain P9605 used in this study was confirmed by real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction targeting the NS5 gene. Mouse Lethal Dose 50 (MLD50) of the virus was determined by in-vivo mice inoculation test. One MLD50 of the KFDV was inoculated intra-cerebrally into 36 mice aged 2-3 weeks. Another group of 36 age-matched mice that served as control group were inoculated with plain media. Six mice each from infected and control groups were euthanized every 24 hrs intervals for six days. Brain tissues were collected in 10% NBF. The collected brain tissues were processed and subjected to histopathological studies by Hematoxylin and Eosin staining. Grossly, the infected mice showed symptoms of dullness, hunched back appearance, weakness, sluggish movements with indication of hind quarter paralysis on day four post-infection. These symptoms got aggravated with complete paralysis of the hind quarters, inability to move and death on 5th and 6th day post-infection. Microscopically, the brain showed apoptosis of neurons, perivascular cuffing, gliosis, congestion, neuropil vacuolation, meningitis, degeneration, and necrotic neurons. The real-time RT-PCR on hippocampus of the KFDV-infected mouse brain showed three-fold higher expression levels of Caspase 3, a crucial mediator of apoptosis. The cerebral cortex, cerebellum and hippocampus that control the motor neuron activities and muscle tone were primarily affected, possibly correlating with the gross symptoms of hind quarter paralysis, ataxia, and other motor neuron dysfunctions noticed. Taken together, these findings reveal that KFDV induces apoptosis of neurons in the cerebrum and hippocampus of KFDV infected mice. Further studies are needed to confirm if the lesions noticed in mice brain simulate the brain lesions in humans since gross motor-neuron symptoms are similar in mice as well as humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ullasgowda K. Srikanth
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, KVAFSU, Bangalore, India
- Veterinary College, KVAFSU, Bangalore, India
| | | | - Suguna Rao
- Veterinary College, KVAFSU, Bangalore, India
| | - Amitha Reena Gomes
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, KVAFSU, Bangalore, India
| | | | | | - Bharath T. Lakshmikanth
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, KVAFSU, Bangalore, India
- Veterinary College, KVAFSU, Bangalore, India
| | - Chinmayie K. Siddaramegowda
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, KVAFSU, Bangalore, India
- Veterinary College, KVAFSU, Bangalore, India
| | - Apsana Rizwan
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, KVAFSU, Bangalore, India
| | | | | | | | - Raveendra Hegde
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, KVAFSU, Bangalore, India
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Kumar M, Kumar T, Jangir BL, Singh M, Arora D, Bangar Y, Conlan A, Vordermeier M, Bakker D, Byregowda SM, Srinivasan S, Kapur V, Jindal N. Comparative analysis of tuberculin and defined antigen skin tests for detection of bovine tuberculosis in buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) in Haryana state, India. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:65. [PMID: 38395846 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-03913-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a chronic disease that results from infection with any member of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex. Infected animals are typically diagnosed with tuberculin-based intradermal skin tests according to World Organization of Animal Health which are presently in use. However, tuberculin is not suitable for use in BCG-vaccinated animals due to a high rate of false-positive reactions. Peptide-based defined skin test (DST) antigens have been identified using antigens (ESAT-6, CFP-10 and Rv3615c) which are absent from BCG, but their performance in buffaloes remains unknown. To assess the comparative performance of DST with the tuberculin-based single intradermal test (SIT) and the single intradermal comparative cervical test (SICCT), we screened 543 female buffaloes from 49 organized dairy farms in two districts of Haryana state in India. RESULTS We found that 37 (7%), 4 (1%) and 18 (3%) buffaloes were reactors with the SIT, SICCT and DST tests, respectively. Of the 37 SIT reactors, four were positive with SICCT and 12 were positive with the DST. The results show that none of the animals tested positive with all three tests, and 6 DST positive animals were SIT negative. Together, a total of 43 animals were reactors with SIT, DST, or both, and the two assays showed moderate agreement (Cohen's Kappa 0.41; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.23, 0.59). In contrast, only slight agreement (Cohen's Kappa 0.18; 95% CI: 0.02, 0.34) was observed between SIT and SICCT. Using a Bayesian latent class model, we estimated test specificities of 96.5% (95% CI, 92-99%), 99.7% (95% CI: 98-100%) and 99.0% (95% CI: 97-100%) for SIT, SICCT and DST, respectively, but considerably lower sensitivities of 58% (95% CI: 35-87%), 9% (95% CI: 3-21%), and 34% (95% CI: 18-55%) albeit with broad and overlapping credible intervals. CONCLUSION Taken together, our investigation suggests that DST has a test specificity comparable with SICCT, and sensitivity intermediate between SIT and SICCT for the identification of buffaloes suspected of tuberculosis. Our study highlights an urgent need for future well-powered trials with detailed necropsy, with immunological and microbiological profiling of reactor and non-reactor animals to better define the underlying factors for the large observed discrepancies in assay performance, particularly between SIT and SICCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Kumar
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125 004, India
| | - Tarun Kumar
- Veterinary Clinical Complex, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125 004, India
| | - Babu Lal Jangir
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125 004, India
| | - Mahavir Singh
- College Central Laboratory, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125 004, India
| | - Devan Arora
- Regional Centre at Karnal, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125 004, India
| | - Yogesh Bangar
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125 004, India
| | - Andrew Conlan
- Disease Dynamics Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Douwe Bakker
- Technical Consultant and Independent Researcher, Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - S M Byregowda
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Bengaluru, India
| | - Sreenidhi Srinivasan
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Vivek Kapur
- Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
- The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Naresh Jindal
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Epidemiology, Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar, 125 004, India.
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Srikanth UGK, Marinaik CB, Gomes AR, Rathnamma D, Byregowda SM, Isloor S, Munivenkatarayappa A, Venkatesha MD, Rao S, Rizwan A, Hegde R. Evaluation of Safety and Potency of Kyasanur Forest Disease (KFD) Vaccine Inactivated with Different Concentrations of Formalin and Comparative Evaluation of In Vitro and In Vivo Methods of Virus Titration in KFD Vaccine. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1871. [PMID: 37509510 PMCID: PMC10377137 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11071871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the safety and potency of the Kyasanur Forest disease (KFD) vaccine inactivated with different formalin concentrations in mice, since the side effects due to higher formalin concentrations have been a major reason for vaccine refusal. Furthermore, with an objective to reduce the use of mice in vaccine testing, we performed quantification of the KFD virus by real-time PCR and compared it with in vivo titration in mice. The KFD vaccine prepared in chicken embryo fibroblast cells was inactivated with 0.04%, 0.06%, and 0.08% concentrations of formalin. The vaccine inactivated with 0.04% and 0.06% formalin failed the safety test, whereas the KFD vaccine inactivated with 0.08% formalin was safe and potent with a log protective index of 5678 in mice. This reduced formalin content may induce no/lesser side-effects of pain/swelling which may increase the vaccine acceptance. The real-time PCR on individual KFD vaccine harvests interpreted that when the CT value of each harvest is <20, the vaccine will have sufficient viral particles to pass the potency test. Comparison of the real-time PCR on tenfold dilutions of the pooled harvests with in vivo mice inoculation test revealed that the 1MLD50 of the vaccine lies in the tenfold dilution that yields CT values between 31 and 34.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ullas Gowda K Srikanth
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University-KVAFSU, Bangalore 560 0624, India
- Veterinary College, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University-KVAFSU, Bangalore 560 0624, India
| | - Chandranaik B Marinaik
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University-KVAFSU, Bangalore 560 0624, India
| | - Amitha Reena Gomes
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University-KVAFSU, Bangalore 560 0624, India
| | - Doddamane Rathnamma
- Veterinary College, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University-KVAFSU, Bangalore 560 0624, India
| | - Sonnahallipura M Byregowda
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University-KVAFSU, Bangalore 560 0624, India
| | - Shrikrishna Isloor
- Veterinary College, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University-KVAFSU, Bangalore 560 0624, India
| | - Archana Munivenkatarayappa
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University-KVAFSU, Bangalore 560 0624, India
| | - Mudalagiri D Venkatesha
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University-KVAFSU, Bangalore 560 0624, India
| | - Suguna Rao
- Veterinary College, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University-KVAFSU, Bangalore 560 0624, India
| | - Apsana Rizwan
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University-KVAFSU, Bangalore 560 0624, India
| | - Raveendra Hegde
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University-KVAFSU, Bangalore 560 0624, India
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Marinaik CB, Venkatesha MD, Gomes AR, Reddy P, Nandini P, Byregowda SM. Isolation and molecular characterization of zoonotic Buffalopox virus from skin lesions of humans in India. Int J Dermatol 2018; 57:590-592. [PMID: 29318603 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.13890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Amitha Reena Gomes
- Institute of animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Hebbal, Bangalore, India
| | - Poorvi Reddy
- Institute of animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Hebbal, Bangalore, India
| | - Poojappa Nandini
- Institute of animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Hebbal, Bangalore, India
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Hegde R, Kowalli S, Nagaraja K, Dharanesha NK, Seema CM, Khan TA, Nagaraj GV, Srikala K, Sudharshana KJ, Nagaraju D, Rao S, Giridhara P, Byregowda SM. Serosurveillance of foot and mouth disease in Karnataka state, India: a 3 years study. Virusdisease 2017; 27:294-302. [PMID: 28466042 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-016-0340-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A prospective serological investigation was conducted to determine the prevalence and distribution of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), as well as to monitor the effectiveness of the FMD control programme (FMD-CP) through vaccination in Karnataka, India. Random serum samples were collected every year between May and August before the start of vaccination in 2011, and subsequently following two phases of vaccination in 2012 and 2013. Infection status (seroprevalence) was inferred by subjecting the sera to indirect r3AB3 non-structural protein-ELISA, using kits developed by the Project Directorate on FMD, India. The seromonitoring of FMD-CP was carried out by detecting antibodies deemed to be protective in the pre- and post-vaccinal sera, using liquid-phase blocking-ELISA for structural proteins. The results revealed significant decrease in seroprevalence from 58 to 21 %, providing more definitive data supporting our earlier findings obtained through clinical observations (Hegde et al. in Virusdisease 25:504-509, 2014), and detecting active infection in some of the populations which were considered to be free based on passive surveillance. On the other hand, after four rounds of vaccination, a gradual and significant increase from 4.5 to 59 % of animals carrying antibody levels deemed to be protective was observed against all the three serotypes. The findings of this study could be useful for further strategizing to strengthen the ongoing FMD-CP in Karnataka State, India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raveendra Hegde
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560024 India
| | - Srikanth Kowalli
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560024 India
| | - K Nagaraja
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560024 India
| | - N K Dharanesha
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560024 India
| | - C M Seema
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560024 India
| | - Tanveer Ahmed Khan
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560024 India
| | - G V Nagaraj
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560024 India
| | - K Srikala
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560024 India
| | - K J Sudharshana
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560024 India
| | - D Nagaraju
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560024 India
| | - Shesha Rao
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560024 India
| | - P Giridhara
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560024 India
| | - S M Byregowda
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560024 India
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Dharanesha NK, Giridhar P, Byregowda SM, Venkatesh MD, Ananda KJ. Seasonal prevalence of blood parasitic diseases in crossbred cattle of Mysore and its surrounding districts of Karnataka. J Parasit Dis 2017; 41:773-777. [PMID: 28848277 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-017-0887-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study report the seasonal prevalence of blood parasitic diseases in cross bred cattle in Mysore and its surrounding districts of Karnataka such as Mandya, Chamaraj Nagar and Kodagu. The study was undertaken for a period of 2 years from August 2013 to July 2015. A total of 1655 blood samples were collected from clinically suspected cattle for blood parasitic diseases with clinical symptoms of anorexia, high fever, anaemia, salivation, enlargement of superficial lymphnodes, haemoglobinuria and sudden drop in milk yield. The blood samples were examined by giemsa's staining technique. Of the 1655 blood samples screened, 673 (40.22%) blood samples were found positive for blood parasites. Amid 673 positive samples, 609 (90.49%), 19 (2.82%) and 45 (6.68%) were found positive for Theileria annulata, Babesia bigemina and Anaplasma marginale respectively. The season wise prevalence revealed that, the highest prevalence was observed in summer months (March-June) (43.17%) followed by rainy (July-October) (39.53%) and winter season (November-February) (39.35%). Further, the month wise prevalence showed highest in August (77.64%) (Rainy month) followed by November (38.23%) and January (35.93%). During August-2013 to July 2014 and between August-2014 and July 2015, the highest was found in the month of May (85%) followed by July (70%) and April (69.81%). Theileriosis was most prevalent in summer (92.73%) followed by rainy (90.95%) and winter season (87.61%). Babesiosis was most prevalent in winter season (5.04%) followed by rainy (1.8%) and summer season (1.7%) whereas, Anaplasmosis was most prevalent in rainy season (7.23%) followed by winter (6.88%) and summer season (5.55%) during two years of study period.
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Affiliation(s)
- N K Dharanesha
- Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory and Information Centre, IAH&VB, KVAFSU, City Veterinary Hospital Compound, Dhanvantri Road, Mysore, 570001 India
| | - P Giridhar
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biological, Hebbal, Bangalore, 560024 India
| | - S M Byregowda
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biological, Hebbal, Bangalore, 560024 India
| | - M D Venkatesh
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biological, Hebbal, Bangalore, 560024 India
| | - K J Ananda
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Veterinary College, Shivamogga, 577204 India
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Rudresh BH, Murthy HNN, Jayashankar MR, Nagaraj CS, Kotresh AM, Byregowda SM. Microsatellite based genetic diversity study in indigenous chicken ecotypes of Karnataka. Vet World 2015; 8:970-6. [PMID: 27047184 PMCID: PMC4774763 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2015.970-976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The current study was the first of its kind taken upon indigenous ecotypes of the Karnataka in order to unravel the diversity details at 20 chicken microsatellite regions. Materials and Methods: 210 indigenous chicken belonging to six districts of Bangalore and Mysore division formed the target sample for the present study. The genomic deoxyribonucleic acid was isolated by phenol chloroform isoamyl alcohol method. A panel of 20 microsatellite regions, including 14 recommended by FAO and six identified from published scientific literature became the targeted chicken genomic region. 27-33 samples were successfully genotyped in each of the six ecotypes through simplex or multiplex polymerase chain reactions, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and silver staining for the selected microsatellite panel. Results: The chickens of Ramanagara and Chamrajnagara were most distant with a Nei’s genetic distance value of 0.22. The chickens of Bangalore rural and Mysore were least distant with a value of 0.056. The Ramanagara and Chamrajnagara pair had Nei’s genetic identity value of 0.802, which is least among all pairs of ecotypes. There were five main nodes from which the six ecotypes evolved on the basis 20 microsatellite markers used in this study. This study indicates that the four ecotypes Ramnagara, Bangalore Rural, Chickaballapura and Mysore are genetically identical due to their common ancestral evolution while, Mandya and Chamrajnagara ecotypes formed a relatively different cluster due to a separate common ancestral chicken population and less number of generations since drifting from bifurcation node. Conclusion: Twenty microsatellite markers based genetic diversity study on six indigenous ecotypes indicated lower genetic distances as well as lower FST values compared to the distinguished breeds reported. There were two main clusters, which differentiated into six ecotypes. They may differentiate into more distinct varieties if bred in isolation for a longer number of generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- B H Rudresh
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Veterinary College, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Shimoga, Karnataka, India
| | - H N N Murthy
- Department of Livestock Production and Management, Veterinary College, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - M R Jayashankar
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, Veterinary College, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries sciences University, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - C S Nagaraj
- All India Coordinated Research Project on Poultry Meat, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Veterinary College, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - A M Kotresh
- Department of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, Veterinary College, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries sciences University, Shimoga, Karnataka, India
| | - S M Byregowda
- Institute of Animal Health & Veterinary Biologicals, Bangalore, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Karnataka, India
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Archana M, D'Souza PE, Renuka Prasad C, Byregowda SM. Prevalence of different species of Culicoides in Bangalore rural and urban districts of South India. J Parasit Dis 2014; 40:591-604. [PMID: 27605753 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-014-0544-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A study was conducted to observe the prevalence of Culicoides a biting midge, important pest and prime vector for various viruses, protozoa and filarid worms. In the vicinity of 11 different farms of cattle, buffalo, sheep and goats in Bangalore rural and urban districts the flies were collected by using UV traps (Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute. ARC. LNR) connected with suction fan for the period of 1 year (2012-2013). Around 83,629 Culicoides were collected of which 77,906 (93.16 %) were female and 5,723 (6.84 %) were males and 40,120 (47.97 %) of C. imicola, 39,366 (47.07 %) C. oxystoma, 2,504 (2.99 %) C. actoni, 1,145 (1.37 %) C. peregrinus, 145 (0.17 %) C. huffi, 120 (0.16 %) C. innoxius, 90 (0.11 %) C. palpifer, 67 (0.08 %) C. anopheles, 37 (0.04 %) C. circumscriptus and 25 (0.03 %) were C. arakawae. It was observed that C. imicola and C. oxystoma were the most predominant species prevalent in Bangalore rural and urban districts of Karnataka.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Archana
- Centre of Advanced Faculty Training, Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Veterinary College, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Science University, Hebbal, Bangalore, 560024 India
| | - Placid E D'Souza
- Centre of Advanced Faculty Training, Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Veterinary College, Karnataka Veterinary Animal and Fisheries Science University, Hebbal, Bangalore, 560024 India
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Santhosh AK, Gomes AR, Hegde R, Rathnamma D, Veeregowda BM, Byregowda SM, Renukaprasad C, Bhanuprakash V, Prabhudas K, Hegde NR, Isloor S. Comparative immunogenicity of two peste des petitis ruminants (PPR) vaccines in South Indian sheep and goats under field conditions. Indian J Virol 2013; 24:373-9. [PMID: 24426300 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-013-0168-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Peste des petitis ruminants (PPR) is an economically important endemic viral disease of sheep and goats in India, where several different homologous PPR vaccine candidates have been developed. We evaluated the serological response to two vaccine strains, Arasur/87 and Sungri/96, in South Indian cross-bred and native sheep and goats reared under organized and unorganized settings. Animals seronegative (percent inhibition or PI <40) by competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-ELISA) were immunized with either of the vaccine strains or placebo. Sera collected on 21, 60 and 90 days post-vaccination were subjected to c-ELISA and serum neutralization test (SNT). Seropositivity (PI >40), seroconversion (fourfold increase in SNT titres) and seroprotection (SNT titre of ≥8 deemed to be protective) ranged from 66.7 to 84.0 %, 56.0 to 69.2 %, and 60.0 to 76.0 %, respectively. However, no significant difference was observed between responses to the two vaccine strains. These results support the premise that the two vaccine strains are equally efficacious.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Santhosh
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560024 India
| | - Amitha R Gomes
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560024 India
| | - Raveendra Hegde
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560024 India
| | - D Rathnamma
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560024 India
| | - B M Veeregowda
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560024 India
| | - S M Byregowda
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560024 India
| | - C Renukaprasad
- Institute of Animal Health and Veterinary Biologicals, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560024 India ; Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Bidar, 585401 India
| | - V Bhanuprakash
- Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560024 India
| | - K Prabhudas
- Project Directorate on Animal Disease Monitoring and Surveillance, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560024 India
| | - Nagendra R Hegde
- Ella Foundation, Genome Valley, Turkapally, Shameerpet Mandal, Hyderabad, 500078 India
| | - Shrikrishna Isloor
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Karnataka Veterinary, Animal and Fisheries Sciences University, Hebbal, Bengaluru, 560024 India
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Raju H, Chandrappa S, Prasanna DS, Ananda H, Nagamani TS, Byregowda SM, Rangappa KS. Synthesis, characterization and in-vitro antiproliferative effects of novel 5-amino pyrazole derivatives against breast cancer cell lines. Recent Pat Anticancer Drug Discov 2011; 6:186-95. [PMID: 21247401 DOI: 10.2174/157489211795328459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 11/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In search of synthetic chemotherapeutic substances capable of inhibiting, retarding, or reversing the process of multistage carcinogenesis, we synthesised a series of novel 1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-3-cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazol-5-amine derivatives 9(a-h) by a nucleophilic substitution reaction and characterized by (1)H and (13)C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC/MS), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), and elemental analysis. These novel compounds were evaluated for their efficacy in inhibiting VERO normal and MCF-7 breast cancer cells proliferation by trypan blue exclusion assay, MTT assay, [(3)H] thymidine incorporation assay and DNA fragmentation analysis. Among the series, some compounds exhibited interesting growth inhibitory effects against cell lines. From the Structure-Activity Relationship studies, it has been revealed that, both novel patented compounds and therapeutic protocols of N-terminal pyrazole ring structures play key role in the antiproliferative activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanumegowda Raju
- Department of Studies in Chemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore-570006, India
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11
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Raju H, Nagamani TS, Chandrappa S, Ananda H, Vinaya K, Thimmegowda NR, Byregowda SM, Rangappa KS. Synthesis of 1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-3-cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazol-5-amine derivatives as antimicrobial agents. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2010; 25:537-43. [PMID: 20235748 DOI: 10.3109/14756360903357601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of novel substituted 1-(4-methoxybenzyl)-3-cyclopropyl-1H-pyrazol-5-amine benzamides 9(a-h) were synthesized to determine their antibacterial and antifungal activities as well as possible structure-activity relationships (SARs) to improve therapeutic efficacy. The pyrazol-5-amine benzamides were screened for their antibacterial activity against standard strains of Gram-positive (Streptococcus pyogenes NCIM 2608, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29737, Bacillus subtilis NCIM 2010) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 20852, Klebsiella pneumoniae MTCC 618) bacteria by using streptomycin as positive control. They were also tested for their antifungal activities against mycotoxic strains of Fusarium verticillioides, Aspergillus ochraceous, Aspergillus flavus, Alternaria alternata, and Penicillium chrysogenum using nystatin as positive control. Among the synthesized compounds, 9d, 9g, and 9h showed potent antimicrobial activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Raju
- Department of Studies in Chemistry, University of Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore, India
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Balumahendiran M, Sreenivasulu D, Kumar CA, Suryanarayana VVS, Byregowda SM. Characterization of VP2 gene of an Indian Bluetongue virus serotype 2 and its close phylogenetic relationship to the Taiwan isolate. Res Vet Sci 2008; 86:332-8. [PMID: 18649903 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2008.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2007] [Revised: 04/17/2008] [Accepted: 05/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study we present the first report on partial amplification, sequencing and phylogenetic relationship of VP2 of the Indian isolate BTV-2. A PCR product of 1135 bp was amplified, cloned and sequenced. About 1063 bp of partial VP2 gene (1792-2854 bp region) of the Indian isolate was subjected to sequence analysis with already published sequences available in the genome database. The percent similarity of 85.2 was observed with Taiwan isolate and 59% with other isolates of BTV-2. However, 46.2% similarity with Australian BTV-1 and no significant similarity were noted with other serotypes. In-silico analysis and restriction enzyme digestion confirmed the presence of conserved SalI site at 2380 bp position in both Indian and Taiwan isolates. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all BTV-2 isolates formed one distinct group in which BTV-2 Indian and Taiwan isolate is more closely related and further demonstrated that BTV's of the same serotype from different geographical regions were closely related at nucleotide and amino acid level, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Balumahendiran
- Project Directorate on Animal Disease Monitoring and Surveillance (PD_ADMAS), I.V.R.I. Campus, Hebbal, Bangalore 560024, Karnataka, India.
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Viswas KN, Muniyappa L, Suryanarayana VVS, Byregowda SM. Nucleotide sequence analysis of variable region of VP2 gene of two infectious bursal disease virus isolates from commercial poultry farms. Acta Virol 2003; 46:95-101. [PMID: 12387501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
Two infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) isolates were obtained from commercial poultry farms with a history of severe outbreaks. A 474-bp product encompassing hypervariable region of IBDV VP2 gene was amplified by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The nucleotide sequences of two isolates, VMB1 and VMB2, were determined and compared with those of twenty IBDV strains, including seven very virulent, four classical virulent, four classical attenuated, three antigenic variants and two avirulent serotype 2 strains. The two isolates showed a similarity of 96.5-98.4% with very virulent strains, 84.6-94.6% with classical virulent strains, 90.0-91.4% with classical attenuated strains, 83.0-91.9% with antigenic variants and 65.8-68.7% with avirulent strains. The deduced amino acid sequences of the two isolates showed amino acid substitutions of V256I, N279D, L294I and N299S, specific for very virulent strains. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the two isolates, along with a reported very virulent Indian strain, were closely related to European, Japanese and Chinese very virulent strains indicating their evolutionary origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- K N Viswas
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Agricultural Sciences, Bangalore, India.
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