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Esper GW, Meltzer-Bruhn AT, Ganta A, Egol KA, Konda SR. Can we predict 1-year functional outcomes and mortality following hip fracture in middle-aged and geriatric patients at time of admission? Musculoskelet Surg 2024; 108:99-106. [PMID: 38218747 DOI: 10.1007/s12306-023-00804-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
This study's purpose is to determine if patients treated for hip fracture at highest risk for poor functional outcomes, shorter time to death, and death within 1-year can be predicted at the time of admission. We hypothesized that the Score for Trauma Triage in the Geriatric and Middle-Aged (STTGMA) tool can be used to predict risk of these variables. Between February 2019-July 2020, 544 patients ≥ 55-years-old were treated for hip fracture [AO/OTA 31A/B, 32A/C]. Each patient's demographics, functional status, and injury details were used to calculate their respective risk (STTGMA) score at time of admission. Patients were divided into risk quartiles by STTGMA score. Patients were contacted by phone to complete EuroQol-5 Dimension (EQ5D-3L) questionnaires on functional status. Comparative analyses were conducted on outcomes and EQ5D-3L questionnaire results. 439 patients (80.7%) had at least 1-year follow-up. 82 patients (18.7%) died within 1-year after hospitalization. Mean STTGMA score was 1.67% ± 4.49%. The highest-risk cohort experienced a 42x (p < 0.01) and 2.5x (p = 0.01) increased rate of 1-year mortality compared to the minimal- and low-risk groups respectively. The highest-risk cohort had the shortest time to death (p = 0.015). The highest-risk cohort had the lowest EQ5D index (p < 0.01) and VAS scores (p < 0.01) along with the highest rate of 30 day readmission (p < 0.01) and the longest length of stay (p < 0.01). The STTGMA tool provides important prognostic information for middle-aged and geriatric hip fracture patients that can help modulate care levels. This information is useful when counseling patients, their families, and caregivers on expected outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G W Esper
- Division of Orthopedic Trauma Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Orthopedic Hospital, 301 E. 17th Street, 14th Floor, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - A T Meltzer-Bruhn
- Division of Orthopedic Trauma Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Orthopedic Hospital, 301 E. 17th Street, 14th Floor, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - A Ganta
- Division of Orthopedic Trauma Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Orthopedic Hospital, 301 E. 17th Street, 14th Floor, New York, NY, 10003, USA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Jamaica Hospital Medical Center, Richmond Hill, NY, USA
| | - K A Egol
- Division of Orthopedic Trauma Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Orthopedic Hospital, 301 E. 17th Street, 14th Floor, New York, NY, 10003, USA
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Jamaica Hospital Medical Center, Richmond Hill, NY, USA
| | - S R Konda
- Division of Orthopedic Trauma Surgery, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, NYU Langone Health, NYU Langone Orthopedic Hospital, 301 E. 17th Street, 14th Floor, New York, NY, 10003, USA.
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Jamaica Hospital Medical Center, Richmond Hill, NY, USA.
- NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Medisys Health Network, Richmond Hill, NY, USA.
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Khanam SJ, Konda SR, Ketavath R, Fu W, Li W, Murali B. Enhanced Higher Harmonic Generation in Modified MAPbBr 3-xCl x Single Crystal by Additive Engineering. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:9222-9229. [PMID: 37812013 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c02454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Mixed-halide perovskite materials (MHSCs) hold significant interest in photonics applications owing to their inherent advantages, including tunable bandgap properties, remarkable defect tolerance characteristics, and facile processability. These attributes position MHSCs as up-and-coming materials for various applications. However, the commercialization of these materials is severely affected by external factors, such as humidity and oxygen. The current work studies change in higher harmonics generation (HHG) in MAPbBr3-xClx single crystals (MHSC) with changing nitrogen-based additives. These additives act as a passivating layer and improve the nanolevel crystallinity. The additive engineering strategy impacts morphological and optical properties, depending on the additive's interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarvani Jowhar Khanam
- Solar Cells and Photonics Research Laboratory, School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Srinivasa Rao Konda
- The GPL Photonics Laboratory State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Ravi Ketavath
- Solar Cells and Photonics Research Laboratory, School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Wufeng Fu
- The GPL Photonics Laboratory State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Wei Li
- The GPL Photonics Laboratory State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Banavoth Murali
- Solar Cells and Photonics Research Laboratory, School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India
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Khanam SJ, Konda SR, Li W, Murali B. Aromatic Additives Boost the Terahertz Properties of Mixed Halide Perovskite Single Crystals. J Phys Chem Lett 2023:5624-5632. [PMID: 37310362 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c00649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Mixed halide perovskite (MHP) materials are promising candidates for photonic applications, owing to their tunable bandgap and pronounced optoelectronic properties. However, phase segregation in these materials severely impacts their scalability. The additive engineering (AE) strategy in the growth of most perovskite crystals (PSCs) has proven more effective. Current work focused toward enhancing the stability of 6.67% Cl-doped methylammonium lead(II) bromide single crystals (MHSCs) using aromatic nitrogen-based additives. Modified MHSCs showed enhanced terahertz (THz) radiation transmission and reflection. Moreover, the evidence from powder X-ray diffraction (p-XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and THz transmission in modified MHSCs revealed the mitigated phase segregation in modified MHSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarvani Jowhar Khanam
- Solar Cells and Photonics Research Laboratory, School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana 500046, India
| | - Srinivasa Rao Konda
- The GPL Photonics Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130033, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Li
- The GPL Photonics Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130033, People's Republic of China
| | - Banavoth Murali
- Solar Cells and Photonics Research Laboratory, School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana 500046, India
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Venkatesh M, Kim VV, Boltaev GS, Konda SR, Svedlindh P, Li W, Ganeev RA. High-Order Harmonics Generation in MoS2 Transition Metal Dichalcogenides: Effect of Nickel and Carbon Nanotube Dopants. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076540. [PMID: 37047513 PMCID: PMC10094757 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The transition metal dichalcogenides have instigated a lot of interest as harmonic generators due to their exceptional nonlinear optical properties. Here, the molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) molecular structures with dopants being in a plasma state are used to demonstrate the generation of intense high-order harmonics. The MoS2 nanoflakes and nickel-doped MoS2 nanoflakes produced stronger harmonics with higher cut-offs compared with Mo bulk and MoS2 bulk. Conversely, the MoS2 with nickel nanoparticles and carbon nanotubes (MoS2-NiCNT) produced weaker coherent XUV emissions than other materials, which is attributed to the influence of phase mismatch. The influence of heating and driving pulse intensities on the harmonic yield and cut-off energies are investigated in MoS2 molecular structures. The enhanced coherent extreme ultraviolet emission at ~32 nm (38 eV) due to the 4p-4d resonant transitions is obtained from all aforementioned molecular structures, except for MoS2-NiCNT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mottamchetty Venkatesh
- GPL Photonics Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 35, SE-75103 Uppsala, Sweden
- Correspondence: (M.V.); (R.A.G.)
| | - Vyacheslav V. Kim
- GPL Photonics Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
- Laboratory of Nonlinear Optics, University of Latvia, Jelgavas 3, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia
- Institute of Fundamental and Applied Research, TIIAME National Research University, Kori Niyoziy 39, Tashkent 100000, Uzbekistan
| | - Ganjaboy S. Boltaev
- GPL Photonics Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
- Institute of Fundamental and Applied Research, TIIAME National Research University, Kori Niyoziy 39, Tashkent 100000, Uzbekistan
- Faculty of Physics and Matematics, Chirchik State Pedagogical University, 104 Amir Temur, Chirchik 111700, Uzbekistan
| | - Srinivasa Rao Konda
- GPL Photonics Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Peter Svedlindh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 35, SE-75103 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Wei Li
- GPL Photonics Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Rashid A. Ganeev
- GPL Photonics Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
- Laboratory of Nonlinear Optics, University of Latvia, Jelgavas 3, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia
- Institute of Fundamental and Applied Research, TIIAME National Research University, Kori Niyoziy 39, Tashkent 100000, Uzbekistan
- Faculty of Physics and Matematics, Chirchik State Pedagogical University, 104 Amir Temur, Chirchik 111700, Uzbekistan
- Department of Physics, Voronezh State University, 394006 Voronezh, Russia
- Correspondence: (M.V.); (R.A.G.)
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Konda SR, Lin Y, Rajan RA, Yu W, Li W. Measurement of Optical Properties of CH 3NH 3PbX 3 (X = Br, I) Single Crystals Using Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:ma16020610. [PMID: 36676346 PMCID: PMC9866690 DOI: 10.3390/ma16020610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Organometallic lead bromide and iodide perovskite single crystals (PSCs) are potential candidates for terahertz applications. Herein, we performed terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) in the frequency range of 0.1-3.0 THz on different thicknesses of MAPbBr3 (0.3, 0.6, and 0.8 mm) and MAPbI3 (0.6, 0.8, 0.9, 1.3, and 2.3 mm). The measurements were carried out with respect to the position (along the focal area), azimuthal rotation of the PSCs, and incidence angles of the reference THz pulse on the PSCs' surface. Based on the transmitted THz pulses from PSCs from the above measurements, we calculated the real and imaginary parts of the refractive index, dielectric constants, absorption coefficients, and dark conductivity. These optical parameters tend to increase with decreases in the PSCs' thicknesses. The transmission spectra of the terahertz electric field indicate that the measured optical properties do not vary significantly with the position and orientation of PSCs. The real parts of the refractive index and dielectric constants are higher than the imaginary values for both PSCs. On the other hand, a slight blueshift in the optical phonon vibrations corresponding to Pb-Br/I-Pb and Pb-Br/I bonds is observed with an increase in thickness. Interestingly, the phonon vibrations do not vary with the incidence angle of the THz pulses on the same crystal's surface. The optical parameters based on THz-TDS reveal that the PSCs satisfy the requirement for tunable THz devices which need suitable, sensitive, and stable absorption properties between 0.1 and 3 THz.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Weili Yu
- Correspondence: (S.R.K.); (W.Y.); (W.L.)
| | - Wei Li
- Correspondence: (S.R.K.); (W.Y.); (W.L.)
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Kim VV, Konda SR, Yu W, Li W, Ganeev RA. Harmonics Generation in the Laser-Induced Plasmas of Metal and Semiconductor Carbide Nanoparticles. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2022; 12:4228. [PMID: 36500851 PMCID: PMC9740026 DOI: 10.3390/nano12234228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Carbon-containing plasma is an attractive medium for generation of harmonics of laser pulses in the extreme ultraviolet range. We ablate two metal carbide (B4C and Cr3C2) nanoparticles and silicon carbide (SiC) nanoparticles and generate harmonics after propagation of 35 fs pulses through the laser-induced plasmas. We analyze the spectra, spectral shifts, and splitting of harmonics from nanoparticles-contained plasmas, which demonstrate the chirp-related harmonic cut-off scaling. In addition, we present the simplified two-color pump model calculations of HHG based on the strong field approximation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vyacheslav V. Kim
- The GPL Photonics Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
- Laboratory of Nonlinear Optics, Institute of Astronomy, University of Latvia, Jelgavas Iela 3, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia
| | - Srinivasa Rao Konda
- The GPL Photonics Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Weili Yu
- The GPL Photonics Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Wei Li
- The GPL Photonics Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
| | - Rashid A. Ganeev
- The GPL Photonics Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, China
- Laboratory of Nonlinear Optics, Institute of Astronomy, University of Latvia, Jelgavas Iela 3, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia
- Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers, National Research University, Kori Niyozov Street 39, Tashkent 100000, Uzbekistan
- Department of Physics, Voronezh State University, 394006 Voronezh, Russia
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Konda SR, Ganeev RA, Kim VV, Ketavath R, Yu J, Li W. High-order harmonics generation in nanosecond-pulses-induced plasma containing Ni-doped CsPbBr 3perovskite nanocrystals using chirp-free and chirped femtosecond pulses. Nanotechnology 2022; 34:055705. [PMID: 36327449 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac9fdb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate high-order harmonic generation in Ni-doped CsPbBr3perovskite nanocrystals ablated by nanosecond pulses using chirp-free 35 fs, and chirped 135 fs pulses in the case of single-color pump (800 nm) and a two-color pump (800 and 400 nm). We analyzed the spectral shift, cut-off, and intensity distribution of harmonics in the case of chirped drving pulses compared to chirp-free pulses. It is shown that the presence of Ni dopants and CsPbBr3plasma components improves the harmonics emission. Also, we measured the third-order nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of these nanocrystals using 800 nm, 60 fs, 1 kHz pulses. The variations of measured NLO parameters of CsPbBr3perovskite nanocrystals containing different concentrations of nickel correlate with variations of generated high-order harmonics from laser induced plasmas of studied nanocrystals in terms of harmonics intensity, cut-off, and spectral shift (in case of chirped driving pulses). The spectral shift of the harmonics generated from the Ni-doped CsPbBr3perovskite nanocrystals can be used to form tunable extreme ultraviolet sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasa Rao Konda
- GPL photonics laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, People's Republic of China
| | - Rashid A Ganeev
- Laboratory of Nonlinear Optics, Institute of Astronomy, University of Latvia, Jelgavas iela 3, Riga, LV-1004, Latvia
- Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers, National Research University, Kori Niyazov street 39, Tashkent 100000, Uzbekistan
- Department of Physics, Voronezh State University, Voronezh 394006, Russia
| | - Vyacheslav V Kim
- Laboratory of Nonlinear Optics, Institute of Astronomy, University of Latvia, Jelgavas iela 3, Riga, LV-1004, Latvia
| | - Ravi Ketavath
- Solar Cells and Photonics Research Laboratory, School of Chemistry, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad 500046, Telangana, India
| | - Jiaqi Yu
- GPL photonics laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Li
- GPL photonics laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130033, People's Republic of China
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Manoli A, Capriccioso CE, Konda SR, Egol KA. Total shoulder arthroplasty for proximal humerus fracture is associated with increased hospital charges despite a shorter length of stay. Orthop Traumatol Surg Res 2016; 102:19-24. [PMID: 26803987 DOI: 10.1016/j.otsr.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Operation choice is a complex decision in the surgical management of proximal humerus fractures. Recently, there has been an increase in the use of total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) for complex fracture patterns. HYPOTHESIS Patients with proximal humerus fractures who receive TSA are more likely to have higher hospital charges and a prolonged length of stay relative to patients receiving hemiarthroplasty (HA), open reduction with internal fixation (ORIF) or closed reduction with internal fixation (CRIF). MATERIALS AND METHODS A statewide electronic database was used to identify 13,316 hospital admissions from 2000-2011 were a proximal humerus fracture was surgically managed in an effort to determine the effect of operation choice on cost and length of stay. A univariate analysis was preformed to examine overall trends in surgical management. Additionally, a periodic, multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to determine how operation choice affected the odds of a high cost hospital stay or a prolonged length of stay after controlling for age, comorbidity burden, gender, and insurance type. RESULTS After controlling for confounding factors, patients receiving total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) were 2.25 times more likely to have high total hospital charges than patients receiving HA and 3.21 times more likely than patients receiving ORIF. Additionally, TSA was found to be a significant negative predictor of prolonged length of stay (pLOS). HA, ORIF and CRIF did not significantly predict pLOS. DISCUSSION The use of TSA for acute proximal humerus fractures is associated with increased hospital costs despite a shorter length of stay when compared to other operative choices. As reverse total shoulder arthroplasty becomes more popular for treatment of this injury, it is important that functional outcomes be interpreted in the context of relative cost trade-offs. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Manoli
- NYU hospital for joint diseases, New York, United States
| | | | - S R Konda
- NYU hospital for joint diseases, New York, United States
| | - K A Egol
- NYU hospital for joint diseases, New York, United States.
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Abstract
Cytokines help mediate the acute and chronic inflammation and associated destruction of connective tissue in arthritic temporomandibular joints (TMJ). The proinflammatory cytokines TNFalpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8, and IFN-gamma are associated with inflammation in synovial joints and connective tissue destruction. Therefore, the increased levels of these cytokines in the synovial fluid of temporomandibular disorder (TMD) patients would be expected. Conversely, IL-1ra and IL-10 acts as inhibitors to these proinflammatory cytokines. Thus, in TMD patients, low levels of IL-1ra and IL-10 might be expected. A review of studies from multiple investigators confirms that proinflammatory cytokine levels increase in TMD patients, IL-1ra levels are also increased, and IL-10 levels remain unchanged. Because IL-10 can inhibit TNFalpha, IL-1, IL-6, and IL-8, the lack of IL-10 in the TMJ in the face of the other studies showing increases in TNFalpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, and IL-8 could partially explain the exacerbation of the associated osteoarthritis. In addition, although IL-1ra levels are elevated in most of the TMD patients, the increases do not appear to be sufficient to inhibit the inflammation and connective tissue degradation associated with IL-1beta. Thus, it appears that treatment of TMD requires a delicate balance between proinflammatory cytokines and cytokine inhibitors such as IL-1ra and IL-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Kacena
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Conn. 06520-8071, USA
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