1
|
Schmitteckert S, Mederer T, Röth R, Günther P, Holland-Cunz S, Metzger M, Samstag Y, Schröder-Braunstein J, Wabnitz G, Kurzhals S, Scheuerer J, Beretta CA, Lasitschka F, Rappold GA, Romero P, Niesler B. Postnatal human enteric neurospheres show a remarkable molecular complexity. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2019; 31:e13674. [PMID: 31318473 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The enteric nervous system (ENS), a complex network of neurons and glial cells, coordinates major gastrointestinal functions. Impaired development or secondary aberrations cause severe enteric neuropathies. Neural crest-derived stem cells as well as enteric neuronal progenitor cells, which form enteric neurospheres, represent a promising tool to unravel molecular pathomechanisms and to develop novel therapy options. However, so far little is known about the detailed cellular composition and the proportional distribution of enteric neurospheres. Comprehensive knowledge will not only be essential for basic research but also for prospective cell replacement therapies to restore or to improve enteric neuronal dysfunction. METHODS Human enteric neurospheres were generated from three individuals with varying age. For detailed molecular characterization, nCounter target gene expression analyses focusing on stem, progenitor, neuronal, glial, muscular, and epithelial cell markers were performed. Corresponding archived paraffin-embedded individuals' specimens were analyzed accordingly. KEY RESULTS Our data revealed a remarkable molecular complexity of enteric neurospheres and archived specimens. Amongst the expression of multipotent stem cell, progenitor cell, neuronal, glial, muscle and epithelial cell markers, moderate levels for the pluripotency marker POU5F1 were observed. Furthermore, besides the interindividual variability, we identified highly distinct intraindividual expression profiles. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Our results emphasize the assessment of molecular signatures to be essential for standardized use, optimization of experimental approaches, and elimination of potential risk factors, as the formation of tumors. Our study pipeline may serve as a blueprint implemented into the characterization procedure of enteric neurospheres for various future applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Schmitteckert
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Tanja Mederer
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ralph Röth
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,nCounter Core Facility, Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Patrick Günther
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Holland-Cunz
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Pediatric Surgery, University Children's Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marco Metzger
- Fraunhofer Institute for Silicate Research (ISC), Translational Centre Regenerative Therapies (TLC-RT) Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Yvonne Samstag
- Institute of Immunology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Guido Wabnitz
- Institute of Immunology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Kurzhals
- Institute of Immunology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jutta Scheuerer
- Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Carlo A Beretta
- CellNetworks Math-Clinic Core Facility, Bioquant, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Felix Lasitschka
- Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Gudrun A Rappold
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences (IZN), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Philipp Romero
- Division of Pediatric Surgery, Department of Surgery, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Beate Niesler
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,nCounter Core Facility, Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences (IZN), Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pervolaraki K, Stanifer ML, Münchau S, Renn LA, Albrecht D, Kurzhals S, Senís E, Grimm D, Schröder-Braunstein J, Rabin RL, Boulant S. Type I and Type III Interferons Display Different Dependency on Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases to Mount an Antiviral State in the Human Gut. Front Immunol 2017; 8:459. [PMID: 28484457 PMCID: PMC5399069 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) are constantly exposed to commensal flora and pathogen challenges. How IECs regulate their innate immune response to maintain gut homeostasis remains unclear. Interferons (IFNs) are cytokines produced during infections. While type I IFN receptors are ubiquitously expressed, type III IFN receptors are expressed only on epithelial cells. This epithelium specificity strongly suggests exclusive functions at epithelial surfaces, but the relative roles of type I and III IFNs in the establishment of an antiviral innate immune response in human IECs are not clearly defined. Here, we used mini-gut organoids to define the functions of types I and III IFNs to protect the human gut against viral infection. We show that primary non-transformed human IECs, upon viral challenge, upregulate the expression of both type I and type III IFNs at the transcriptional level but only secrete type III IFN in the supernatant. However, human IECs respond to both type I and type III IFNs by producing IFN-stimulated genes that in turn induce an antiviral state. Using genetic ablation of either type I or type III IFN receptors, we show that either IFN can independently restrict virus infection in human IECs. Importantly, we report, for the first time, differences in the mechanisms by which each IFN establishes the antiviral state. Contrary to type I IFN, the antiviral activity induced by type III IFN is strongly dependent on the mitogen-activated protein kinases signaling pathway, suggesting a pathway used by type III IFNs that non-redundantly contributes to the antiviral state. In conclusion, we demonstrate that human intestinal epithelial cells specifically regulate their innate immune response favoring type III IFN-mediated signaling, which allows for efficient protection against pathogens without producing excessive inflammation. Our results strongly suggest that type III IFN constitutes the frontline of antiviral response in the human gut. We propose that mucosal surfaces, particularly the gastrointestinal tract, have evolved to favor type III IFN-mediated response to pathogen infections as it allows for spatial segregation of signaling and moderate production of inflammatory signals which we propose are key to maintain gut homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kalliopi Pervolaraki
- Schaller Research Group at CellNetworks, Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Research Group "Cellular Polarity and Viral Infection" (F140), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Megan L Stanifer
- Schaller Research Group at CellNetworks, Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Münchau
- Schaller Research Group at CellNetworks, Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lynnsey A Renn
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Dorothee Albrecht
- Schaller Research Group at CellNetworks, Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Kurzhals
- Institute of Immunology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Elena Senís
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, BioQuant, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dirk Grimm
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, BioQuant, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Ronald L Rabin
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Steeve Boulant
- Schaller Research Group at CellNetworks, Department of Infectious Diseases, Virology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Research Group "Cellular Polarity and Viral Infection" (F140), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|