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Culleton LP, di Meane EA, Ward MKM, Ferracci V, Persijn S, Holmqvist A, Arrhenius K, Murugan A, Brewer PJ. Characterization of Fourier Transform Infrared, Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy, and Optical Feedback Cavity-Enhanced Absorption Spectroscopy Instruments for the Analysis of Ammonia in Biogas and Biomethane. Anal Chem 2022; 94:15207-15214. [PMID: 36300991 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c01951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Novel traceable analytical methods and reference gas standards were developed for the detection of trace-level ammonia in biogas and biomethane. This work focused on an ammonia amount fraction at an upper limit level of 10 mg m-3 (corresponding to approximately 14 μmol mol-1) specified in EN 16723-1:2016. The application of spectroscopic analytical methods, such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, cavity ring-down spectroscopy, and optical feedback cavity-enhanced absorption spectroscopy, was investigated. These techniques all exhibited the necessary ammonia sensitivity at the required 14 μmol mol-1 amount fraction. A 29-month stability study of reference gas mixtures of 10 μmol mol-1 ammonia in methane and synthetic biogas is also reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy P Culleton
- National Physical Laboratory (NPL), Hampton Road, Teddington, MiddlesexTW11 0LW, U.K
| | - Elena Amico di Meane
- National Physical Laboratory (NPL), Hampton Road, Teddington, MiddlesexTW11 0LW, U.K
| | - Michael K M Ward
- National Physical Laboratory (NPL), Hampton Road, Teddington, MiddlesexTW11 0LW, U.K
| | - Valerio Ferracci
- National Physical Laboratory (NPL), Hampton Road, Teddington, MiddlesexTW11 0LW, U.K
| | | | - Albin Holmqvist
- Research Institutes of Sweden AB (RISE), Brinellgatan 4, 504 62Borås, Sweden
| | - Karine Arrhenius
- Research Institutes of Sweden AB (RISE), Brinellgatan 4, 504 62Borås, Sweden
| | - Arul Murugan
- National Physical Laboratory (NPL), Hampton Road, Teddington, MiddlesexTW11 0LW, U.K
| | - Paul J Brewer
- National Physical Laboratory (NPL), Hampton Road, Teddington, MiddlesexTW11 0LW, U.K
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Nwaboh JA, Meuzelaar H, Liu J, Persijn S, Li J, van der Veen AMH, Chatellier N, Papin A, Qu Z, Werhahn O, Ebert V. Accurate analysis of HCl in biomethane using laser absorption spectroscopy and ion-exchange chromatography. Analyst 2021; 146:1402-1413. [PMID: 33404022 DOI: 10.1039/d0an01955k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Biomethane is a renewable energy gas with great potential to contribute to the diversification and greening of the natural gas supply. Ideally, biomethane can directly be injected into the natural gas grid system. For grid injection, specifications such as those in EN 16723-1 shall be met. One of the impurities to be monitored is hydrogen chloride (HCl). To assess conformity with the specification for HCl, accurate and reliable test methods are required. Here, we report the development of three novel test methods, based on a variety of laser absorption spectroscopy techniques (Direct absorption spectroscopy-DAS and wavelength modulation spectroscopy-WMS) and ion-exchange chromatography, for the measurement of HCl in biomethane. Gas mixtures of HCl in biomethane were used to demonstrate the performance of the spectroscopic systems in the nmol mol-1 to low μmol mol-1 ranges, achieving uncertainties in the 4% range, k = 2. For ion-exchange chromatography analysis, HCl was first collected on an alkali-impregnated quartz fiber filter. The analysis was performed according to ISO 21438-2 and validated using synthetic biomethane spiked with HCl. The relative expanded uncertainties for the ion exchange chromatography HCl measurements are in the 10-37% range, k = 2. The results presented for the 3 test methods demonstrate that the respective methods can be used for HCl conformity assessment in biomethane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javis A Nwaboh
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), 38116 Braunschweig, Germany.
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Lassen M, Balslev-Harder D, Brusch A, Pelevic N, Persijn S, Petersen JC. Design and experimental verification of a photoacoustic flow sensor using computational fluid dynamics. Appl Opt 2018; 57:802-806. [PMID: 29400761 DOI: 10.1364/ao.57.000802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A photoacoustic (PA) sensor for fast and real-time gas sensing is demonstrated. The PA sensor is a stand-alone system controlled by a field-programmable gate array. The PA cell has been designed for flow noise immunity using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis. The aim of the CFD analysis was to investigate and minimize the influence of the gas distribution and flow noise on the PA signal. PA measurements were conducted at different flow rates by exciting molecular C-H stretch vibrational bands of hexane (C6H14) and decane (C10H22) molecules in clean air at 2950 cm-1 (3.38 μm) with a custom-made mid-infrared interband cascade laser. We observe a (1σ, standard deviation) sensitivity of 0.4±0.1 ppb (nmol/mol) for hexane in clean air at flow rates up to 1.7 L/min, corresponding to a normalized noise equivalent absorption coefficient of 2.5×10-9 W cm-1 Hz-1/2, demonstrating high sensitivity and fast real-time gas analysis. An Allan deviation analysis for decane shows that the detection limit at optimum integration time is 0.25 ppbV (nmol/mol).
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Spinelle L, Gerboles M, Kok G, Persijn S, Sauerwald T. Review of Portable and Low-Cost Sensors for the Ambient Air Monitoring of Benzene and Other Volatile Organic Compounds. Sensors (Basel) 2017; 17:E1520. [PMID: 28657595 PMCID: PMC5539520 DOI: 10.3390/s17071520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This article presents a literature review of sensors for the monitoring of benzene in ambient air and other volatile organic compounds. Combined with information provided by stakeholders, manufacturers and literature, the review considers commercially available sensors, including PID-based sensors, semiconductor (resistive gas sensors) and portable on-line measuring devices as for example sensor arrays. The bibliographic collection includes the following topics: sensor description, field of application at fixed sites, indoor and ambient air monitoring, range of concentration levels and limit of detection in air, model descriptions of the phenomena involved in the sensor detection process, gaseous interference selectivity of sensors in complex VOC matrix, validation data in lab experiments and under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michel Gerboles
- European Commission-Joint Research Centre, 21027 Ispra, Italy.
| | - Gertjan Kok
- VSL Dutch Metrology Institute, 2629 JA Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Stefan Persijn
- VSL Dutch Metrology Institute, 2629 JA Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Tilman Sauerwald
- Laboratory for Measurement Technology, Universitaet des Saarlandes, 66123 Saarbruecken, Germany.
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Lassen M, Harder DB, Brusch A, Nielsen OS, Heikens D, Persijn S, Petersen JC. Photo-acoustic sensor for detection of oil contamination in compressed air systems. Opt Express 2017; 25:1806-1814. [PMID: 29519033 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.001806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate an online (in-situ) sensor for continuous detection of oil contamination in compressed air systems complying with the ISO-8573 standard. The sensor is based on the photo-acoustic (PA) effect. The online and real-time PA sensor system has the potential to benefit a wide range of users that require high purity compressed air. Among these are hospitals, pharmaceutical industries, electronics manufacturers, and clean room facilities. The sensor was tested for sensitivity, repeatability, robustness to molecular cross-interference, and stability of calibration. Explicit measurements of hexane (C6H14) and decane (C10H22) vapors via excitation of molecular C-H vibrations at approx. 2950 cm-1 (3.38 μm) were conducted with a custom made interband cascade laser (ICL). For the decane measurements a (1 σ) standard deviation (STD) of 0.3 ppb was demonstrated, which corresponds to a normalized noise equivalent absorption (NNEA) coefficient for the prototype PA sensor of 2.8×10-9 W cm-1 Hz1/2.
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Mur LAJ, Mandon J, Persijn S, Cristescu SM, Moshkov IE, Novikova GV, Hall MA, Harren FJM, Hebelstrup KH, Gupta KJ. Nitric oxide in plants: an assessment of the current state of knowledge. AoB Plants 2013; 5:pls052. [PMID: 23372921 PMCID: PMC3560241 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/pls052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS After a series of seminal works during the last decade of the 20th century, nitric oxide (NO) is now firmly placed in the pantheon of plant signals. Nitric oxide acts in plant-microbe interactions, responses to abiotic stress, stomatal regulation and a range of developmental processes. By considering the recent advances in plant NO biology, this review will highlight certain key aspects that require further attention. SCOPE AND CONCLUSIONS The following questions will be considered. While cytosolic nitrate reductase is an important source of NO, the contributions of other mechanisms, including a poorly defined arginine oxidizing activity, need to be characterized at the molecular level. Other oxidative pathways utilizing polyamine and hydroxylamine also need further attention. Nitric oxide action is dependent on its concentration and spatial generation patterns. However, no single technology currently available is able to provide accurate in planta measurements of spatio-temporal patterns of NO production. It is also the case that pharmaceutical NO donors are used in studies, sometimes with little consideration of the kinetics of NO production. We here include in planta assessments of NO production from diethylamine nitric oxide, S-nitrosoglutathione and sodium nitroprusside following infiltration of tobacco leaves, which could aid workers in their experiments. Further, based on current data it is difficult to define a bespoke plant NO signalling pathway, but rather NO appears to act as a modifier of other signalling pathways. Thus, early reports that NO signalling involves cGMP-as in animal systems-require revisiting. Finally, as plants are exposed to NO from a number of external sources, investigations into the control of NO scavenging by such as non-symbiotic haemoglobins and other sinks for NO should feature more highly. By crystallizing these questions the authors encourage their resolution through the concerted efforts of the plant NO community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A. J. Mur
- Institute of Environmental and Rural Science, Aberystwyth University, Edward Llwyd Building, Aberystwyth SY23 3DA, UK
- Corresponding author's e-mail address:
| | - Julien Mandon
- Life Science Trace Gas Facility, Molecular and Laser Physics, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Stefan Persijn
- Life Science Trace Gas Facility, Molecular and Laser Physics, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Simona M. Cristescu
- Life Science Trace Gas Facility, Molecular and Laser Physics, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Igor E. Moshkov
- Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Botanicheskaya 35, Moscow 127276, Russia
| | - Galina V. Novikova
- Timiryazev Institute of Plant Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Botanicheskaya 35, Moscow 127276, Russia
| | - Michael A. Hall
- Institute of Environmental and Rural Science, Aberystwyth University, Edward Llwyd Building, Aberystwyth SY23 3DA, UK
| | - Frans J. M. Harren
- Life Science Trace Gas Facility, Molecular and Laser Physics, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Kim H. Hebelstrup
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Section of Crop Genetics and Biotechnology, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, DK-4200 Slagelse, Denmark
| | - Kapuganti J. Gupta
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3RB, UK
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Vainio M, Peltola J, Persijn S, Harren FJM, Halonen L. Singly resonant cw OPO with simple wavelength tuning. Opt Express 2008; 16:11141-11146. [PMID: 18648428 DOI: 10.1364/oe.16.011141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2008] [Accepted: 07/09/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A singly resonant continuous-wave optical parametric oscillator (cw OPO) is described. The OPO contains no intracavity etalon, which makes its wavelength tuning simple and straightforward, including only temperature tuning of the nonlinear crystal and wavelength tuning of the pump laser. The OPO provides watt-level output in the mid-infrared region and operates reliably without mode hops for several hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markku Vainio
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, University of Helsinki, Finland
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Dueck TA, De Visser R, Poorter H, Persijn S, Gorissen A, De Visser W, Schapendonk A, Verhagen J, Snel J, Harren FJM, Ngai AKY, Verstappen F, Bouwmeester H, Voesenek LACJ, Van Der Werf A. No evidence for substantial aerobic methane emission by terrestrial plants: a 13C-labelling approach. New Phytol 2007; 175:29-35. [PMID: 17547664 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02103.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
* The results of a single publication stating that terrestrial plants emit methane has sparked a discussion in several scientific journals, but an independent test has not yet been performed. * Here it is shown, with the use of the stable isotope (13)C and a laser-based measuring technique, that there is no evidence for substantial aerobic methane emission by terrestrial plants, maximally 0.3% (0.4 ng g(-1) h(-1)) of the previously published values. * Data presented here indicate that the contribution of terrestrial plants to global methane emission is very small at best. * Therefore, a revision of carbon sequestration accounting practices based on the earlier reported contribution of methane from terrestrial vegetation is redundant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom A Dueck
- Plant Research International, PO Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ries De Visser
- IsoLife, PO Box 349, 6700 AH, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Hendrik Poorter
- Plant Ecophysiology, Utrecht University, PO Box 800.84, 3508 TB, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Stefan Persijn
- Molecular & Laser Physics, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Willem De Visser
- Plant Research International, PO Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Ad Schapendonk
- Plant Dynamics, Englaan 8, 6703 EW, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Verhagen
- Plant Research International, PO Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jan Snel
- Plant Research International, PO Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Frans J M Harren
- Molecular & Laser Physics, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Anthony K Y Ngai
- Molecular & Laser Physics, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 1, 6525 ED Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Francel Verstappen
- Plant Research International, PO Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Harro Bouwmeester
- Plant Research International, PO Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Adrie Van Der Werf
- Plant Research International, PO Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
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