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Meyer M, Niemöller U, Stein T, Schmetsdorf S, Arnold A, El-Sheik M, Schuster A, Adarkwah CC, Schramm P, Tanislav C. Positive Effect of Steroids in Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome. Case Rep Neurol 2019; 11:173-177. [PMID: 31543799 PMCID: PMC6738275 DOI: 10.1159/000500410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
We present a case of posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome with severe clinical manifestation. Apart from initial aphasia, hemiparesis, and a generalized seizure, the patient had a prolonged loss of consciousness. Although blood pressure was normalized, the clinical status deteriorated continuously. After adding steroids to the therapy, the patient recovered rapidly, suggesting that this could have been a useful therapeutic approach. Even the vasogenic edema in the cerebral magnetic resonance imaging disappeared shortly within 6 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Meyer
- Department of Geriatrics, Jung-Stilling Hospital Siegen, Siegen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Niemöller
- Department of Geriatrics, Jung-Stilling Hospital Siegen, Siegen, Germany
| | - Thomas Stein
- Department of Geriatrics, Jung-Stilling Hospital Siegen, Siegen, Germany
| | | | - Andreas Arnold
- Department of Geriatrics, Jung-Stilling Hospital Siegen, Siegen, Germany
| | - Michael El-Sheik
- Department of Radiology, Jung-Stilling Hospital Siegen, Siegen, Germany
| | | | - Charles Christian Adarkwah
- Department of Health Services Research and General Practice, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Siegen, Siegen, Germany.,Department of General Practice and Family Medicine, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany.,Department of Health Services, CAPHRI School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick Schramm
- Department of Anesthesiology, Johannes Gutenberg University, University Medical Hospital Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christian Tanislav
- Department of Geriatrics, Jung-Stilling Hospital Siegen, Siegen, Germany
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Braun T, Juenemann M, Gündüz D, Schmetsdorf S, Roessler F, Grams A, Gramsch C, Tanislav C. Diagnosing moyamoya syndrome using ultrasound - a case report. BMC Neurol 2015; 15:263. [PMID: 26696391 PMCID: PMC4688980 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-015-0518-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Moyamoya syndrome is a vasculopathy characterised by progressive occlusion of the cerebral arteries resulting in the development of abnormal collateral circulation. To diagnose this syndrome, imaging of the cerebral arteries is required including CT- or MR-angiography and conventional angiography. We present a case of moyamoya disease with typical findings detected in the sonography. The diagnosis was suspected after reviewing the initial ultrasound images of the cerebral arteries with evidence for obliterated intracranial arteries and the detection of an existing collateral circulation network. Case presentation A 62 years old male patient presented in the hospital’s emergency department with symptoms indicating a subacute cerebrovascular event. Immediate sonographic studies showed a right-sided pulsatile Doppler-signal in the common and internal carotid arteries, suggestive of distal stenoses. In addition, the transcranial examination indicated obliteration of both middle cerebral arteries. Numerous arterial vessels suggestive of leptomeningeal collateral arteries revealed a strong arterial leptomeningeal flow. At this stage of the diagnostic work-up, the collateral circulation network, characteristic of moyamoya disease, was indicated by sonography. Moyamoya syndrome was verified by conventional angiography. The aetiological work remained empty, so the diagnosis of moyamoya disease was established. Conclusion Our case report indicates that sonography can be a useful tool for detecting the vaculopathy in moyamoya syndrome. In case routine procedures, such as the CT- or MR-angiography, with evidence for obliterated intracerebral arteries, ultrasound studies might provide important information regarding an existing collateral network in the scope of a moyamoya syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Braun
- Department of Neurology, Justus Liebig University, Klinikstrasse 33, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Martin Juenemann
- Department of Neurology, Justus Liebig University, Klinikstrasse 33, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Dursun Gündüz
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Stefanie Schmetsdorf
- Department of Neurology, Justus Liebig University, Klinikstrasse 33, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Florian Roessler
- Department of Neurology, Justus Liebig University, Klinikstrasse 33, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Astrid Grams
- Department of Neuroradiology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany. .,Department of Neuroradiology, University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Germany.
| | - Carolin Gramsch
- Department of Neuroradiology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany.
| | - Christian Tanislav
- Department of Neurology, Justus Liebig University, Klinikstrasse 33, 35392, Giessen, Germany.
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Schmetsdorf S, Arnold E, Holzer M, Arendt T, Gärtner U. A putative role for cell cycle-related proteins in microtubule-based neuroplasticity. Eur J Neurosci 2009; 29:1096-107. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06661.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Schmetsdorf S, Gärtner U, Arendt T. Constitutive expression of functionally active cyclin-dependent kinases and their binding partners suggests noncanonical functions of cell cycle regulators in differentiated neurons. Cereb Cortex 2006; 17:1821-9. [PMID: 17050646 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhl091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease and various experimental lesion paradigms are associated with an unscheduled upregulation of cell cycle-related proteins, indicating a link between cell cycle reactivation and neuronal death. Recent evidence, however, suggests that at least some of the canonical cell cycle regulators are constitutively expressed in differentiated neurons of the adult brain. Systematic investigations on the constitutive expression of cell cycle regulators in differentiated neurons in vivo, providing the basis for further insights into their potential role under pathological conditions, however, have not been carried out. Here, we demonstrate a constitutive neuronal expression of Cdks 1, 2, and 4; their activators cyclins D, A, B, and E; and their inhibitors p15(Ink4b), p16(Ink4a), p18(Ink4c), p19(Ink4d), p21(Waf1/Cip1), p27(Kip1), and p57(Kip2) within the neocortex of adult mice by western blot and immunocytochemistry. Expression was verified by single-cell reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction applied to individual microscopically identified neurons captured with laser dissection. Immunoprecipitation and in vitro kinase assays revealed that Cdks 1, 2, and 4 are properly complexed to cyclins and exhibit kinase activity. This physiological expression of positive cell cycle regulators in adult neurons is clearly not related to neuronal proliferation. Taken together, our findings demonstrate a constitutive expression of functionally active cyclin-dependent kinases and their regulators in differentiated neurons suggesting a noncanonical role of cell cycle regulators potentially linked to neuronal plasticity and/or stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Schmetsdorf
- Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, Department of Neuroanatomy, University of Leipzig, 04109 Leipzig, Germany
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Schmetsdorf S, Gärtner U, Arendt T. Expression of cell cycle-related proteins in developing and adult mouse hippocampus. Int J Dev Neurosci 2005; 23:101-12. [PMID: 15730892 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2004.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2004] [Revised: 07/26/2004] [Accepted: 07/26/2004] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Developmental structuring of brain is the result of a strictly coordinated process that involves controlled cell division, neuronal migration and terminal differentiation. Neurogenesis occurs generally during embryonic and early postnatal stages and will be finished in the mature brain. Once differentiated, neurons are incapable of further division but retain the capability of structural and functional plasticity. However, there are distinct regions in the adult brain of mammals that generate neurons continuously throughout life. Among them, the hippocampus, which is known as a region with a high degree of neuroplasticity, is of particular interest in the context of adult neurogenesis. In general, progression through cell cycle phases is regulated by the sequential expression and activation of regulatory proteins like cyclin dependent kinases (cdk), cyclins, or cdk inhibitors (cdki). In postmitotic and terminally differentiated neurons, cell cycle activity is arrested by enrichment of cdkis. The timing of cell cycle exit and neuronal differentiation is likely to be regulated in part by cell cycle regulatory proteins. However, the expression of cell cycle markers in the postnatal or adult brain is still a matter of controversial debate. In the present study, we examined the expression of cdks, cyclins and cdkis within the mouse hippocampus at different developmental stages (embryonic days 17, 19; postnatal day 11 and adult) using immunohistochemical methods. During the prenatal development, cell cycle proteins were localized predominantly in nuclei of all presumptive neuronal populations but expression was not restricted to proliferative cells. With developmental progression, the subcellular localization of most markers was increasingly shifted from nuclear to the cytoplasmic compartment. However, even in the adult, cell cycle-related proteins were found in terminally differentiated pyramidal and granule neurons. Here, they were mainly localized in the perikaryal cytoplasm but only sporadically in neuronal nuclei. Occasionally, immunoreactivity was also found in dendrites and mossy fibers. The present results suggest that cell cycle arrest and terminal differentiation is not necessarily incompatible with the expression of cell cycle-related markers. Thus, they may have supplementary functions in differentiated neurons that might be associated with neuronal plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Schmetsdorf
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Paul Flechsig Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Jahnallee 59, 04109 Leipzig, Germany
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Gärtner U, Brückner MK, Krug S, Schmetsdorf S, Staufenbiel M, Arendt T. Amyloid deposition in APP23 mice is associated with the expression of cyclins in astrocytes but not in neurons. Acta Neuropathol 2003; 106:535-44. [PMID: 12923647 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-003-0760-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2003] [Revised: 06/11/2003] [Accepted: 06/11/2003] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the intracellular accumulation of highly phosphorylated tau protein, the extracellular formation of amyloid plaques and a significant loss of neurons. Recent evidence suggests that neuronal death in AD involves an aborted attempt of cells to re-enter the cell cycle. To study the effect of amyloid deposits on cell cycle related events in vivo, the expression of cell cycle markers was examined by immunohistochemistry in amyloid precursor protein (APP) transgenic mice (APP23 mice, Swedish double mutation). Abeta deposition in APP23 mice is associated with prominent gliosis that is characterized by an astrocytic expression of cyclins D1, E and B1 as well as the nuclear translocation of cyclin-dependent protein kinase 4. However, amyloid plaque formation is not accompanied by significant changes in the neuronal expression of cyclins or cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors. It is concluded, therefore, that in contrast to AD, amyloid pathology in APP23 mice is not associated with changes in the expression of cell cycle markers in neurons. The results support the assumption that the neuronal re-expression of cell cycle components in AD is not a consequence of Abeta formation and deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Gärtner
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Jahnallee 59, 04109, Leipzig, Germany.
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