1
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Cellier-Rastit M, Chalansonnet V, James AL, Johnston A, Orenga S, Perry JD, Roger-Dalbert C, Salwatura VL, Stanforth SP, Sykes HE, Truong VT, Turnbull G. Chromogenic enzyme substrates based on [2-(nitroaryl)ethenyl]pyridinium and quinolinium derivatives for the detection of nitroreductase activity in clinically important microorganisms. J Mater Chem B 2023. [PMID: 37306765 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb00715d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A series of [2-(nitroaryl)ethenyl]pyridinium and quinolinium derivatives have been synthesised as potential indicators of microbial nitroreductase activity. When assessed against a selection of 20 clinically important pathogenic microorganisms, microbial colonies of various colours (yellow, green, red, brown, black) were produced and attributed to nitroreductase activity. Most substrates elicited colour responses with Gram-negative microorganisms. In contrast, the growth of several species of Gram-positive microorganisms and yeasts was often inhibited by the substrates and hence coloured responses were not seen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Cellier-Rastit
- Research & Development Microbiology, bioMérieux SA, 3 route de Port Michaud, La-Balme-les-Grottes 38 390, France
| | - Valérie Chalansonnet
- Research & Development Microbiology, bioMérieux SA, 3 route de Port Michaud, La-Balme-les-Grottes 38 390, France
| | - Arthur L James
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK.
| | - Annette Johnston
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK.
| | - Sylvain Orenga
- Research & Development Microbiology, bioMérieux SA, 3 route de Port Michaud, La-Balme-les-Grottes 38 390, France
| | - John D Perry
- Department of Microbiology, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne NE7 7DN, UK
| | - Celine Roger-Dalbert
- Research & Development Microbiology, bioMérieux SA, 3 route de Port Michaud, La-Balme-les-Grottes 38 390, France
| | - Vindhya L Salwatura
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK.
| | - Stephen P Stanforth
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK.
| | - Hannah E Sykes
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK.
| | - Viet T Truong
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK.
| | - Graeme Turnbull
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK.
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2
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Chappel L, Wong LC, Leong CO, Mai CW, Meikle IT, Stanforth SP, Truong TV. The synthesis of trifluoromethylated N-nitroaryl-2-amino-1,3-dichloropropane derivatives and their evaluation as potential anti-cancer agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2020; 30:126910. [PMID: 31882300 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.126910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Six N-nitroaryl-2-amino-1,3-dichloropropane derivatives have been prepared and evaluated against 18 cancer cell lines and two non-cancerous cell lines. Analysis of cell viability data and IC50 values indicated that the presence of a trifluoromethyl group in the nitroaryl moiety is an important structural feature associated with the compounds' cytotoxicities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Chappel
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Lai Chun Wong
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University Malaysia, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chee-Onn Leong
- Centre for Cancer and Stem Cells Research, Institute for Research, Development and Innovation, International Medical University Malaysia, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University Malaysia, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Chun-Wai Mai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University Malaysia, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Centre for Cancer and Stem Cells Research, Institute for Research, Development and Innovation, International Medical University Malaysia, 57000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ian T Meikle
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Stephen P Stanforth
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK.
| | - Thang V Truong
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
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3
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Thompson R, Stephenson D, Sykes HE, Perry JD, Stanforth SP, Dean JR. Detection of β-alanyl aminopeptidase as a biomarker for Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the sputum of patients with cystic fibrosis using exogenous volatile organic compound evolution. RSC Adv 2020; 10:10634-10645. [PMID: 35492910 PMCID: PMC9051645 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra08386c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel, rapid and sensitive analytical method has been developed and applied to 105 sputum samples from patients with cystic fibrosis, including 5 samples from post-lung transplant patients. This new method is specifically targeted to measure β-alanyl aminopeptidase activity which is characteristic of some important Gram-negative pathogens. Of relevance to this study are Pseudomonas aeruginosa and pathogens of the Burkholderia cepacia complex both of which are commonly associated with respiratory infections as well as increased morbidity and mortality in adult cystic fibrosis patients. The analytical method involves the addition of a novel enzyme substrate (i.e. 3-amino-N-(3-fluorophenyl)propanamide) that interacts with β-alanyl aminopeptidase to generate an exogenous volatile organic compound 3-fluoroaniline (LOD 0.02 μg mL−1; LOQ 0.06 μg mL−1). 3-Fluoroaniline was determined at 20 times above its calculated limit of quantification in the sputum samples by HS-SPME-GC-MS and then the results compared with standard culture methods and bacterial identification using MALDI-TOF-MS. Detection of 3-fluoroaniline was possible after only 8 h incubation of the sputum samples with a 95% success rate; this increased to 100% at 24 h which was well within the typical routine timeframe of 48 h. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of detection of P. aeruginosa by use of a custom-designed substrate to liberate a detectable and unique VOC. The very high negative predictive value (100% in this study) means such an assay could be appropriate as a screening technique for patients who are not yet colonized by this pathogen. A novel, rapid and sensitive analytical method has been developed and applied to 105 sputum samples from patients with cystic fibrosis, including 5 samples from post-lung transplant patients.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Thompson
- Department of Applied Sciences
- Northumbria University
- Newcastle upon Tyne
- UK
| | - Dominic Stephenson
- Department of Applied Sciences
- Northumbria University
- Newcastle upon Tyne
- UK
- Department of Microbiology
| | - Hannah E. Sykes
- Department of Applied Sciences
- Northumbria University
- Newcastle upon Tyne
- UK
| | - John D. Perry
- Department of Microbiology
- Freeman Hospital
- Newcastle upon Tyne
- UK
| | | | - John R. Dean
- Department of Applied Sciences
- Northumbria University
- Newcastle upon Tyne
- UK
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4
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Chalansonnet V, Lowe J, Orenga S, Perry JD, Robinson SN, Stanforth SP, Sykes HE, Truong TV. Fluorogenic 7-azidocoumarin and 3/4-azidophthalimide derivatives as indicators of reductase activity in microorganisms. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:2354-2357. [PMID: 31196712 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A series of fluorogenic heterocyclic azides were prepared and assessed as reductase substrates across a selection of Gram-negative and Gram-positive microorganisms. The majority of these azides showed similar activity profiles to nitroreductase substrates. Microorganisms that do not produce hydrogen sulfide reduced the azides, indicating reductase activity was not linked to hydrogen sulfide production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Chalansonnet
- Research & Development Microbiology, bioMérieux SA, 3 route de Port Michaud, 38 390 La-Balme-les-Grottes, France
| | - John Lowe
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Sylvain Orenga
- Research & Development Microbiology, bioMérieux SA, 3 route de Port Michaud, 38 390 La-Balme-les-Grottes, France
| | - John D Perry
- Department of Microbiology, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE7 7DN, UK
| | - Shaun N Robinson
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Stephen P Stanforth
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK.
| | - Hannah E Sykes
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Thang V Truong
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
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5
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Cellier-Rastit M, James AL, Orenga S, Perry JD, Robinson SN, Turnbull G, Stanforth SP. Fluorogenic l-alanylaminopeptidase substrates derived from 6-amino-2-hetarylquinolines and 7-amino-3-hetarylcoumarins and their potential applications in diagnostic microbiology. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2019; 29:1227-1231. [PMID: 30885679 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2019.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Six novel fluorogenic enzyme substrates for detecting l-alanylaminopeptidase activity in microorganisms have been prepared and evaluated in Columbia agar media. The substrates are l-alanyl derivatives of 6-amino-2-hetarylquinolines and 7-amino-3-hetarylcoumarins. Both the quinoline and coumarin series of substrates produced fluorescence in the presence of Gram-negative microorganisms. In contrast, fluorescence generation in the presence of the Gram-positive microorganisms and yeasts was limited or absent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Cellier-Rastit
- Research & Development Microbiology, BioMérieux SA, 3 route de Port Michaud, 38 390 La-Balme-les-Grottes, France
| | - Arthur L James
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Sylvain Orenga
- Research & Development Microbiology, BioMérieux SA, 3 route de Port Michaud, 38 390 La-Balme-les-Grottes, France
| | - John D Perry
- Department of Microbiology, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE7 7DN, UK
| | - Shaun N Robinson
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Graeme Turnbull
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Stephen P Stanforth
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK.
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6
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Burton M, Perry JD, Stanforth SP, Turner HJ. The synthesis of novel chromogenic enzyme substrates for detection of bacterial glycosidases and their applications in diagnostic microbiology. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:4841-4849. [PMID: 30170924 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The preparation and evaluation of chromogenic substrates for detecting bacterial glycosidase enzymes is reported. These substrates are monoglycoside derivatives of the metal chelators catechol, 2,3-dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) and 6,7-dibromo-2,3-dihydroxynaphthalene (6,7-dibromo-DHN). When hydrolysed by appropriate bacterial enzymes these substrates produced coloured chelates in the presence of ammonium iron(III) citrate, thus enabling bacterial detection. A β-d-riboside of DHN and a β-d-glucuronide derivative of 6,7-dibromo-DHN were particularly effective for the detection of S. aureus and E. coli respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Burton
- Glycosynth Ltd, 14 Craven Court, Winwick Quay, Warrington, Cheshire WA2 8QU, UK
| | - John D Perry
- Department of Microbiology, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne NE7 7DN, UK
| | - Stephen P Stanforth
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Hayley J Turner
- Glycosynth Ltd, 14 Craven Court, Winwick Quay, Warrington, Cheshire WA2 8QU, UK.
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7
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Thompson R, Perry JD, Stanforth SP, Dean JR. Rapid detection of hydrogen sulfide produced by pathogenic bacteria in focused growth media using SHS-MCC-GC-IMS. Microchem J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2018.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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8
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Cellier M, James AL, Orenga S, Perry JD, Rasul AK, Stanforth SP. Detection of l-alanylaminopeptidase activity in microorganisms using chromogenic self-immolative enzyme substrates. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:2102-2106. [PMID: 28389152 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.03.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Three potential chromogenic enzymatic probes, each possessing a self-immolative spacer unit, were synthesised for the purpose of detecting l-alanylaminopeptidase activity in microorganisms. An Alizarin-based probe was the most effective, allowing several species to generate strongly coloured colonies in the presence of metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Cellier
- Research & Development Microbiology, bioMérieux SA, 3 route de Port Michaud, 38 390 La-Balme-les-Grottes, France
| | - Arthur L James
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Sylvain Orenga
- Research & Development Microbiology, bioMérieux SA, 3 route de Port Michaud, 38 390 La-Balme-les-Grottes, France
| | - John D Perry
- Department of Microbiology, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne NE7 7DN, UK
| | - Ari K Rasul
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Stephen P Stanforth
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK.
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9
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Taylor C, Lough F, Stanforth SP, Schwalbe EC, Fowlis IA, Dean JR. Analysis of Listeria using exogenous volatile organic compound metabolites and their detection by static headspace-multi-capillary column-gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (SHS-MCC-GC-IMS). Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:4247-4256. [PMID: 28484808 PMCID: PMC5486928 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0375-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram-positive bacterium and an opportunistic food-borne pathogen which poses significant risk to the immune-compromised and pregnant due to the increased likelihood of acquiring infection and potential transmission of infection to the unborn child. Conventional methods of analysis suffer from either long turn-around times or lack the ability to discriminate between Listeria spp. reliably. This paper investigates an alternative method of detecting Listeria spp. using two novel enzyme substrates that liberate exogenous volatile organic compounds in the presence of α-mannosidase and d-alanyl aminopeptidase. The discriminating capabilities of this approach for identifying L. monocytogenes from other species of Listeria are investigated. The liberated volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are detected using an automated analytical technique based on static headspace–multi-capillary column–gas chromatography–ion mobility spectrometry (SHS–MCC–GC–IMS). The results obtained by SHS–MCC–GC–IMS are compared with those obtained by the more conventional analytical technique of headspace–solid phase microextraction–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (HS–SPME–GC–MS). The results found that it was possible to differentiate between L. monocytogenes and L. ivanovii, based on their VOC response from α-mannosidase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Taylor
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Fraser Lough
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Stephen P Stanforth
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Edward C Schwalbe
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Ian A Fowlis
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - John R Dean
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK.
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10
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11
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Lough F, Perry JD, Stanforth SP, Dean JR. Detection of exogenous VOCs as a novel in vitro diagnostic technique for the detection of pathogenic bacteria. Trends Analyt Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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12
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Burke PJ, Wong LC, Jenkins TC, Knox RJ, Meikle IT, Stanforth SP. Studies relating to the synthesis, enzymatic reduction and cytotoxicity of a series of nitroaromatic prodrugs. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:5851-5854. [PMID: 27876476 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A series of N-nitroarylated-3-chloromethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline derivatives, several of which also possessed a trifluoromethyl substituent, were prepared and assessed as potential nitroaromatic prodrugs. The enzymatic reduction of these compounds and their cytotoxicities were studied. The compounds were cytotoxic, but this is probably not related to their enzymatic reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J Burke
- Morvus Technology Ltd, Llanvetherine Court, Llanvetherine, Abergavenny NP7 8NL, UK
| | - Lai Chun Wong
- Department of Applied Sciences, University of Northumbria, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Terence C Jenkins
- Morvus Technology Ltd, Llanvetherine Court, Llanvetherine, Abergavenny NP7 8NL, UK
| | - Richard J Knox
- Morvus Technology Ltd, Llanvetherine Court, Llanvetherine, Abergavenny NP7 8NL, UK
| | - Ian T Meikle
- Department of Applied Sciences, University of Northumbria, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Stephen P Stanforth
- Department of Applied Sciences, University of Northumbria, Newcastle-upon-Tyne NE1 8ST, UK.
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13
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Cellier M, James AL, Orenga S, Perry JD, Turnbull G, Stanforth SP. The Synthesis of L-Alanyl and β-Alanyl Derivatives of 2-Aminoacridone and Their Application in the Detection of Clinically-Important Microorganisms. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158378. [PMID: 27391894 PMCID: PMC4938530 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In clinical microbiology the speed with which pathogenic microorganisms may be detected has a direct impact on patient health. One important strategy used in the laboratory is the growth of cultures in the presence of an enzymatic substrate which, once transformed by the appropriate microbial enzyme, generates a detectable colour or fluorescence output. Such substrates have previously been prepared by our group and others and are available as commercial diagnostic kits, however they all suffer from some degree of diffusion when used in a solid growth medium. This diffusion complicates the detection and differentiation of species in polymicrobial cultures and so we sought to improve on our previous work. In this work we have prepared and evaluated a series of novel fluorogenic enzyme substrates based on N-substituted-2-aminoacridones. All of the prepared substrates were found to be suitable for the detection and differentiation of certain microorganisms, however those based on the 2-amino-10-benzylacridone core in particular showed no apparent diffusion when incorporated into solid growth media. On transformation these substrates generated brightly fluorescent colonies that are clearly contrasted with the background medium due to the difference in emission wavelength (λem 445–450 nm for the substrate, λem 550 nm for the product). Here we have shown that our L-alanyl aminopeptidase substrate, 2-(N-L-alanylamino)-10-benzylacridone, is particularly suited to the detection of Gram-negative bacteria, and our β-alanyl aminopeptidase substrate, 2-(N- β-alanylamino)-10-benzylacridone, to the detection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Serratia marcescens when grown on solid media incorporating these substrates. The resulting fluorophore shows no apparent diffusion from the colonies of interest, and the enhanced sensitivity offered by fluorescent emission may allow for the detection of these organisms as microcolonies using automated fluorescence microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Cellier
- Research & Development Microbiology, bioMérieux SA, La-Balme-les-Grottes, France
| | - Arthur L. James
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Sylvain Orenga
- Research & Development Microbiology, bioMérieux SA, La-Balme-les-Grottes, France
| | - John D. Perry
- Department of Microbiology, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Graeme Turnbull
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Stephen P. Stanforth
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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14
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Lough F, Perry JD, Stanforth SP, Dean JR. Determination of Carboxypeptidase Activity in Clinical Pathogens by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. ANAL LETT 2016; 49:1272-1277. [PMID: 27226648 PMCID: PMC4867780 DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2015.1092153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
A novel method for the determination of benzoic acid has been employed to identify carboxypeptidase activities in clinically relevant pathogens. Benzoic acid was determined after chemical derivatization by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). N-Benzoyl amino acid substrates were evaluated for the detection of carboxypeptidase activities in a number of clinical pathogens. Upon enzymatic hydrolysis of these substrates, benzoic acid was produced which was detected by extraction from the liquid culture supernatant, derivatization as the trimethylsilyl ester, with subsequent analysis by GC–MS. Enzymatic hydrolysis of N-benzoyl glycine was observed for S. agalactiae, M. morganii, and A. baumannii. In addition, P. fluorescens was found to hydrolyze N-benzoyl-L-glutamic acid. Although the method provides an alternative approach for determining carboxypeptidase activity, ultimately it would not be a suitable method in a clinical setting. However, the method is well-suited for identifying carboxypeptidase activities that have not been previously described or to corroborate a carboxypeptidase assay with the ninhydrin reagent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fraser Lough
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
| | - John D Perry
- Department of Microbiology, Freeman Hospital , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
| | - Stephen P Stanforth
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
| | - John R Dean
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
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15
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Tait E, Stanforth SP, Reed S, Perry JD, Dean JR. Analysis of pathogenic bacteria using exogenous volatile organic compound metabolites and optical sensor detection. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra13914c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel, low-cost and simple method for the detection of pathogenic bacteria is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Tait
- Department of Applied Sciences
- Northumbria University
- Newcastle upon Tyne
- UK
| | | | - Stephen Reed
- Department of Applied Sciences
- Northumbria University
- Newcastle upon Tyne
- UK
| | - John D. Perry
- Department of Microbiology
- Freeman Hospital
- Newcastle upon Tyne
- UK
| | - John R. Dean
- Department of Applied Sciences
- Northumbria University
- Newcastle upon Tyne
- UK
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16
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Cellier M, James AL, Orenga S, Perry JD, Rasul AK, Robinson SN, Stanforth SP. Novel chromogenic aminopeptidase substrates for the detection and identification of clinically important microorganisms. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:5249-69. [PMID: 25172150 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A series of amino acid derivatives 8-10, 42 and 43 have been prepared as chromogenic enzyme substrates in order to detect aminopeptidase activity in clinically important Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Enzymatic hydrolysis liberates the amino acid moiety and either a 4-aminophenol or a 4-dialkylaminoaniline derivative which undergoes oxidative coupling with 1-naphthol or a substituted 1-naphthol giving an indophenol dye. Substrates and 1-naphthols were incorporated into an agar-based culture medium and this allowed growth of intensely coloured bacterial colonies based on hydrolysis by specific enzymes. Red/pink coloured colonies were produced by the substrates 8-10 and blue coloured colonies were formed by the substrates 42 and 43. The L-alanyl aminopeptidase substrates 8 targeted L-alanyl aminopeptidase activity and gave coloured colonies with a range of Gram-negative bacteria. Substrates 9 targeted β-alanyl aminopeptidase activity and generated coloured colonies with selected Gram-negative species including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Three substrates for L-pyroglutamyl acid aminopeptidase (10a, 10c and 43) were hydrolysed by enterococci and Streptococcus pyogenes to generate coloured colonies. Two yeasts were also included in the study, but they did not produce coloured colonies with any of the substrates examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Cellier
- Research & Development Microbiology, bioMérieux SA, 3 route de Port Michaud, 38 390 La-Balme-les-Grottes, France
| | - Arthur L James
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE7 7DN, UK
| | - Sylvain Orenga
- Research & Development Microbiology, bioMérieux SA, 3 route de Port Michaud, 38 390 La-Balme-les-Grottes, France
| | - John D Perry
- Department of Microbiology, Freeman Hospital, Newcastle upon Tyne NE7 7DN, UK
| | - Ari K Rasul
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE7 7DN, UK
| | - Shaun N Robinson
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE7 7DN, UK
| | - Stephen P Stanforth
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE7 7DN, UK.
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Cellier M, Fazackerley E, James AL, Orenga S, Perry JD, Turnbull G, Stanforth SP. Synthesis of 2-arylbenzothiazole derivatives and their application in bacterial detection. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:1250-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Tait E, Hill KA, Perry JD, Stanforth SP, Dean JR. Development of a novel method for detection of Clostridium difficile using HS-SPME-GC-MS. J Appl Microbiol 2014; 116:1010-9. [PMID: 24320174 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
AIMS A novel method has been developed that allows successful differentiation between Clostridium difficile culture-positive and culture-negative stool samples based on volatile organic compound (VOC) evolution and detection by headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS). METHODS AND RESULTS The method is based on the activation of p-hydroxyphenylacetate decarboxylase produced by Cl. difficile and the detection of a specific VOC, that is 2-fluoro-4-methylphenol from an enzyme substrate. In addition, other VOCs were good indicators for Cl. difficile, that is isocaproic acid and p-cresol, although they could not be used alone for identification purposes. One hundred stool samples were tested, of which 77 were positive by culture. Detection using HS-SPME-GC-MS allowed confirmation of the presence of Cl. difficile within 18 h with a sensitivity and specificity of 83·1 and 100%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS It is recommended that this new approach could be used alongside conventional methods for Cl. difficile detection, including toxin detection methods, which would allow any false-negative results to be eliminated. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The ability to identify Cl. difficile-positive stool samples by the analysis of VOCs could allow the development of a VOC detection device which could allow rapid diagnosis of disease and hence prompt treatment with appropriate antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Tait
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Wong LC, Harrington RW, Stanforth SP. The Synthesis of Some Novel 1,2-Dihydroisoquinoline Derivatives. J Heterocycl Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.1083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lai Chun Wong
- Department of Applied Sciences, University of Northumbria; Newcastle-upon-Tyne; NE1 8ST; United Kingdom
| | - Ross W. Harrington
- School of Chemistry, Bedson Building; Newcastle University; Newcastle-upon-Tyne; NE1 7RU; United Kingdom
| | - Stephen P. Stanforth
- Department of Applied Sciences, University of Northumbria; Newcastle-upon-Tyne; NE1 8ST; United Kingdom
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Abstract
The analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as a tool for bacterial identification is reported. Headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was applied to the analysis of bacterial VOCs with the aim of determining the impact of experimental parameters on the generated VOC profiles. The effect of culture medium, SPME fiber type and GC column were fully evaluated with the Gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae and the Gram-positive species Staphylococcus aureus. Multivariate analysis, including cluster analysis and principal component analysis, was applied to VOC data to determine whether the parameters under investigation significantly affected bacterial VOC profiles. Culture medium, and to a lesser extent, SPME fiber type, were found to significantly alter detected bacterial VOC profiles. The detected VOCs varied little with the polarity of the GC column. The results indicate that the generated bacterial VOC profiles need careful evaluation if they are to be used for clinical diagnostics. The whole process is limited by the need to grow the bacteria in broth (18 h) before extraction and analysis (63 min).
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Tait
- 1Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Ellison Building, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai Chun Wong
- a School of Life Sciences, Northumbria University , Newcastle upon Tyne , United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Gehre
- a School of Life Sciences, Northumbria University , Newcastle upon Tyne , United Kingdom
| | - Stephen P. Stanforth
- a School of Life Sciences, Northumbria University , Newcastle upon Tyne , United Kingdom
| | - Brian Tarbit
- b Vertellus Specialty Materials , Seal Sands , Middlesbrough , United Kingdom
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Harrington RW, Stanforth SP. The unexpected conversion of a thiophene ring into a pyrrole ring via a putative nitrene intermediate. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Nicholson A, Perry JD, James AL, Stanforth SP, Carnell S, Wilkinson K, Anjam Khan C, De Soyza A, Gould FK. In vitro activity of S-(3,4-dichlorobenzyl)isothiourea hydrochloride and novel structurally related compounds against multidrug-resistant bacteria, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Burkholderia cepacia complex. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2012; 39:27-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2011.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2011] [Revised: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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24
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Burke PJ, Chun Wong L, Jenkins TC, Knox RJ, Stanforth SP. The synthesis of 2-nitroaryl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines, nitro-substituted 5,6-dihydrobenzimidazo[2,1-a]isoquinoline N-oxides and related heterocycles as potential bioreducible substrates for the enzymes NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1 and E. coli nitroreductase. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:7447-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Revised: 09/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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25
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Cellier M, Fabrega OJ, Fazackerley E, James AL, Orenga S, Perry JD, Salwatura VL, Stanforth SP. 2-Arylbenzothiazole, benzoxazole and benzimidazole derivatives as fluorogenic substrates for the detection of nitroreductase and aminopeptidase activity in clinically important bacteria. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:2903-10. [PMID: 21481591 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.03.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Revised: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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James AL, Perry JD, Stanforth SP. The synthesis and evaluation of some coumarin derivatives as fluorescent indicators of nitroreductase activity. J Heterocycl Chem 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570430241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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James AL, Perry JD, Rigby A, Stanforth SP. Synthesis and evaluation of novel chromogenic aminopeptidase substrates for microorganism detection and identification. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2007; 17:1418-21. [PMID: 17189689 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.11.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2006] [Revised: 11/23/2006] [Accepted: 11/30/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The amides 8a-e and 10a-c were prepared as chromogenic aminopeptidase substrates. A range of microorganisms were grown in the presence of these compounds and coloured colonies were produced in several cases after addition of acetic acid-thus giving potential methods for the detection of aminopeptidase activity and for microorganism identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur L James
- School of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
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31
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Donaghy MJ, Stanforth SP. Possible neighbouring group participation of a nitro-group in the conversion of 3-hydroxymethyl-2-(2-nitrophenyl)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline into its 3-chloromethyl derivative. J Heterocycl Chem 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570420629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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32
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Altuna-Urquijo M, Stanforth SP, Tarbit B. The preparation of 1,2,4-triazines from α,β-diketo-ester equivalents and their application in pyridine synthesis. Tetrahedron Lett 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2005.06.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Chapman GM, Stanforth SP, Berridge R, Pozo-Gonzalo C, Skabara PJ. Synthesis of novel poly(dithienylpyridines)Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: further experimental details. See http://www.rsc.org/suppdata/jm/b2/b201229d/. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1039/b201229d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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35
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Chapman GM, Stanforth SP, Tarbit B, Watson MD. Arylated pyridines: Suzuki reactions of O-substituted 2,6-dihalogenated-3-hydroxypyridines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1039/b111620g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Stanforth SP. Ring-Opening Reactions of N-Aryl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines: Synthesis of Novel Isoquino[2,1-a][3,1]benzoxazine Derivatives. Tetrahedron 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(99)01015-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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39
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41
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Boulard S, Gordon P, Stanforth SP. The Wittig Reaction of Fluorinated Amides: an Unusual Fragmentation of Oxaphosphetane Intermediates. J Chem Res 1998. [DOI: 10.1039/a805806g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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42
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43
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Latham EJ, Stanforth SP. Fluorescence studies of some 1,2,3-triazolo[1,5-a]pyridine and imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine esters and their vinylogues. J Heterocycl Chem 1996. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570330373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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45
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46
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Stanley AL, Stanforth SP. Ring-opening reactions of halogenatedN-aryl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline and 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-2-benzazepine derivatives. J Heterocycl Chem 1995. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.5570320233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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