1
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Vance SD, Craft KL, Shock E, Schmidt BE, Lunine J, Hand KP, McKinnon WB, Spiers EM, Chivers C, Lawrence JD, Wolfenbarger N, Leonard EJ, Robinson KJ, Styczinski MJ, Persaud DM, Steinbrügge G, Zolotov MY, Quick LC, Scully JEC, Becker TM, Howell SM, Clark RN, Dombard AJ, Glein CR, Mousis O, Sephton MA, Castillo-Rogez J, Nimmo F, McEwen AS, Gudipati MS, Jun I, Jia X, Postberg F, Soderlund KM, Elder CM. Investigating Europa's Habitability with the Europa Clipper. Space Sci Rev 2023; 219:81. [PMID: 38046182 PMCID: PMC10687213 DOI: 10.1007/s11214-023-01025-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
The habitability of Europa is a property within a system, which is driven by a multitude of physical and chemical processes and is defined by many interdependent parameters, so that its full characterization requires collaborative investigation. To explore Europa as an integrated system to yield a complete picture of its habitability, the Europa Clipper mission has three primary science objectives: (1) characterize the ice shell and ocean including their heterogeneity, properties, and the nature of surface-ice-ocean exchange; (2) characterize Europa's composition including any non-ice materials on the surface and in the atmosphere, and any carbon-containing compounds; and (3) characterize Europa's geology including surface features and localities of high science interest. The mission will also address several cross-cutting science topics including the search for any current or recent activity in the form of thermal anomalies and plumes, performing geodetic and radiation measurements, and assessing high-resolution, co-located observations at select sites to provide reconnaissance for a potential future landed mission. Synthesizing the mission's science measurements, as well as incorporating remote observations by Earth-based observatories, the James Webb Space Telescope, and other space-based resources, to constrain Europa's habitability, is a complex task and is guided by the mission's Habitability Assessment Board (HAB).
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven D. Vance
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA
| | - Kathleen L. Craft
- Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Laurel, MD USA
| | - Everett Shock
- School of Earth & Space Exploration and School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ USA
| | - Britney E. Schmidt
- Department of Astronomy and Department of Earth & Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY USA
| | - Jonathan Lunine
- Department of Astronomy and Department of Earth & Atmospheric Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY USA
| | - Kevin P. Hand
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA
| | - William B. McKinnon
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and McDonnell Center for the Space Sciences, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO USA
| | - Elizabeth M. Spiers
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Chase Chivers
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA USA
- Applied Ocean Physics and Engineering, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA USA
| | - Justin D. Lawrence
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA USA
- Honeybee Robotics, Altadena, CA USA
| | - Natalie Wolfenbarger
- Institute for Geophysics, John A. and Katherine G. Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX USA
| | - Erin J. Leonard
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA
| | | | | | - Divya M. Persaud
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA
| | - Gregor Steinbrügge
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA
| | - Mikhail Y. Zolotov
- School of Earth & Space Exploration and School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ USA
| | | | | | | | - Samuel M. Howell
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA
| | | | - Andrew J. Dombard
- Dept. of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | | | - Olivier Mousis
- Aix Marseille Université, CNRS, LAM (Laboratoire d’Astrophysique de Marseille), Marseille, France
| | - Mark A. Sephton
- Impacts and Astromaterials Research Centre, Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Francis Nimmo
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA USA
| | - Alfred S. McEwen
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ USA
| | - Murthy S. Gudipati
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA
| | - Insoo Jun
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA
| | - Xianzhe Jia
- Department of Climate and Space Sciences and Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI USA
| | - Frank Postberg
- Institut für Geologische Wissenschaften, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Krista M. Soderlund
- Institute for Geophysics, John A. and Katherine G. Jackson School of Geosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX USA
| | - Catherine M. Elder
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA USA
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2
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Chua BH, Gloesener E, Choukroun M, Vu TH, Melwani Daswani M, Journaux B, Styczinski MJ, Vance SD. Low-Temperature Specific Heat Capacity of Water-Ammonia Mixtures Down to the Eutectic. ACS Earth Space Chem 2023; 7:1971-1979. [PMID: 37876662 PMCID: PMC10591500 DOI: 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.3c00091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Robust thermodynamic data are essential for the development of geodynamic and geochemical models of ocean worlds. The water-ammonia system is of interest in the study of ocean worlds due to its purported abundance in the outer solar system, geological implications, and potential importance for origins of life. In support of developing new equations of state, we conducted 1 bar specific heat capacity measurements (Cp) using a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) at low temperatures (184-314 K) and low mass fractions of ammonia (5.2-26.9 wt %) to provide novel data in the parameter space most relevant for planetary studies. This is the first known set of data with sufficient fidelity to investigate the trend of specific heat capacity with respect to temperature. The obtained Cp in the liquid phase domain above the liquidus generally increases with temperature. Deviations of our data from the currently adopted equation of state by Tillner-Roth and Friend[Tillner-Roth R.; Friend D. G.J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data1998, 27, 63-96]. are generally negative (ranging from +1 to -10%) and larger at lower temperatures. This result suggests that suppression of the critical behavior of supercooled water (rapid increase in specific heat with decreasing temperature) by ammonia starts at a smaller concentration than that set by Tillner-Roth and Friend.[Tillner-Roth R.; Friend D. G.J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data1998, 27, 63-96]. Cp measurements of the liquid were also obtained in the partial melting domain between the eutectic and liquidus. This novel data set will be useful in future investigations of conditions where such partial melt may exist, such as the ice shell-ocean boundary or the interiors of ocean worlds that may contain relatively large proportions of dissolved ammonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Hong Chua
- Jet
Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute
of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California 91109, United States
- Asian
School of the Environment, Nanyang Technological
University, 50 Nanyang
Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Elodie Gloesener
- Jet
Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute
of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California 91109, United States
| | - Mathieu Choukroun
- Jet
Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute
of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California 91109, United States
| | - Tuan H. Vu
- Jet
Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute
of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California 91109, United States
| | - Mohit Melwani Daswani
- Jet
Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute
of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California 91109, United States
| | - Baptiste Journaux
- Department
of Earth and Space Sciences, University
of Washington, 4000 15th Ave NE, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Marshall J. Styczinski
- Jet
Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute
of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California 91109, United States
| | - Steven D. Vance
- Jet
Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute
of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Drive, Pasadena, California 91109, United States
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3
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Roberts JH, McKinnon WB, Elder CM, Tobie G, Biersteker JB, Young D, Park RS, Steinbrügge G, Nimmo F, Howell SM, Castillo-Rogez JC, Cable ML, Abrahams JN, Bland MT, Chivers C, Cochrane CJ, Dombard AJ, Ernst C, Genova A, Gerekos C, Glein C, Harris CD, Hay HCFC, Hayne PO, Hedman M, Hussmann H, Jia X, Khurana K, Kiefer WS, Kirk R, Kivelson M, Lawrence J, Leonard EJ, Lunine JI, Mazarico E, McCord TB, McEwen A, Paty C, Quick LC, Raymond CA, Retherford KD, Roth L, Rymer A, Saur J, Scanlan K, Schroeder DM, Senske DA, Shao W, Soderlund K, Spiers E, Styczinski MJ, Tortora P, Vance SD, Villarreal MN, Weiss BP, Westlake JH, Withers P, Wolfenbarger N, Buratti B, Korth H, Pappalardo RT. Exploring the Interior of Europa with the Europa Clipper. Space Sci Rev 2023; 219:46. [PMID: 37636325 PMCID: PMC10457249 DOI: 10.1007/s11214-023-00990-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
The Galileo mission to Jupiter revealed that Europa is an ocean world. The Galileo magnetometer experiment in particular provided strong evidence for a salty subsurface ocean beneath the ice shell, likely in contact with the rocky core. Within the ice shell and ocean, a number of tectonic and geodynamic processes may operate today or have operated at some point in the past, including solid ice convection, diapirism, subsumption, and interstitial lake formation. The science objectives of the Europa Clipper mission include the characterization of Europa's interior; confirmation of the presence of a subsurface ocean; identification of constraints on the depth to this ocean, and on its salinity and thickness; and determination of processes of material exchange between the surface, ice shell, and ocean. Three broad categories of investigation are planned to interrogate different aspects of the subsurface structure and properties of the ice shell and ocean: magnetic induction, subsurface radar sounding, and tidal deformation. These investigations are supplemented by several auxiliary measurements. Alone, each of these investigations will reveal unique information. Together, the synergy between these investigations will expose the secrets of the Europan interior in unprecedented detail, an essential step in evaluating the habitability of this ocean world.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Catherine M Elder
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Ryan S Park
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Gregor Steinbrügge
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Francis Nimmo
- University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Samuel M Howell
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | | | - Morgan L Cable
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Corey J Cochrane
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | | | - Carolyn Ernst
- Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Hamish C F C Hay
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Paul O Hayne
- University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Hauke Hussmann
- German Aerospace Center Institute of Planetary Research, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Walter S Kiefer
- Lunar and Planetary Institute, University Space Research Association, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | - Erin J Leonard
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Carol A Raymond
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Kurt D Retherford
- Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Lorenz Roth
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Abigail Rymer
- Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | - David A Senske
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Wencheng Shao
- University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Marshall J Styczinski
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Paolo Tortora
- Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Steven D Vance
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Bonnie Buratti
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Haje Korth
- Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, USA
| | - Robert T Pappalardo
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
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4
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Journaux B, Pakhomova A, Collings IE, Petitgirard S, Boffa Ballaran T, Brown JM, Vance SD, Chariton S, Prakapenka VB, Huang D, Ott J, Glazyrin K, Garbarino G, Comboni D, Hanfland M. On the identification of hyperhydrated sodium chloride hydrates, stable at icy moon conditions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2217125120. [PMID: 36802438 PMCID: PMC9992769 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2217125120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Sodium chloride is expected to be found on many of the surfaces of icy moons like Europa and Ganymede. However, spectral identification remains elusive as the known NaCl-bearing phases cannot match current observations, which require higher number of water of hydration. Working at relevant conditions for icy worlds, we report the characterization of three "hyperhydrated" sodium chloride (SC) hydrates, and refined two crystal structures [2NaCl·17H2O (SC8.5); NaCl·13H2O (SC13)]. We found that the dissociation of Na+ and Cl- ions within these crystal lattices allows for the high incorporation of water molecules and thus explain their hyperhydration. This finding suggests that a great diversity of hyperhydrated crystalline phases of common salts might be found at similar conditions. Thermodynamic constraints indicate that SC8.5 is stable at room pressure below 235 K, and it could be the most abundant NaCl hydrate on icy moon surfaces like Europa, Titan, Ganymede, Callisto, Enceladus, or Ceres. The finding of these hyperhydrated structures represents a major update to the H2O-NaCl phase diagram. These hyperhydrated structures provide an explanation for the mismatch between the remote observations of the surface of Europa and Ganymede and previously available data on NaCl solids. It also underlines the urgent need for mineralogical exploration and spectral data on hyperhydrates at relevant conditions to help future icy world exploration by space missions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Journaux
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
| | - Anna Pakhomova
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, D-22607Hamburg, Germany
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 38000Grenoble, France
| | - Ines E. Collings
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 38000Grenoble, France
- Center for X-ray Analytics, Empa – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Petitgirard
- Institute of Geochemistry and Petrology, ETH Zürich, 8092Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | - J. Michael Brown
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
| | - Steven D. Vance
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA91109
| | - Stella Chariton
- Center for Advanced Radiations Sources, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL60637
| | | | - Dongyang Huang
- Institute of Geochemistry and Petrology, ETH Zürich, 8092Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jason Ott
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
| | | | | | - Davide Comboni
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, 38000Grenoble, France
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5
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MacKenzie SM, Neveu M, Davila AF, Lunine JI, Cable ML, Phillips-Lander CM, Eigenbrode JL, Waite JH, Craft KL, Hofgartner JD, McKay CP, Glein CR, Burton D, Kounaves SP, Mathies RA, Vance SD, Malaska MJ, Gold R, German CR, Soderlund KM, Willis P, Freissinet C, McEwen AS, Brucato JR, de Vera JPP, Hoehler TM, Heldmann J. Science Objectives for Flagship-Class Mission Concepts for the Search for Evidence of Life at Enceladus. Astrobiology 2022; 22:685-712. [PMID: 35290745 PMCID: PMC9233532 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2020.2425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Cassini revealed that Saturn's Moon Enceladus hosts a subsurface ocean that meets the accepted criteria for habitability with bio-essential elements and compounds, liquid water, and energy sources available in the environment. Whether these conditions are sufficiently abundant and collocated to support life remains unknown and cannot be determined from Cassini data. However, thanks to the plume of oceanic material emanating from Enceladus' south pole, a new mission to Enceladus could search for evidence of life without having to descend through kilometers of ice. In this article, we outline the science motivations for such a successor to Cassini, choosing the primary science goal to be determining whether Enceladus is inhabited and assuming a resource level equivalent to NASA's Flagship-class missions. We selected a set of potential biosignature measurements that are complementary and orthogonal to build a robust case for any life detection result. This result would be further informed by quantifications of the habitability of the environment through geochemical and geophysical investigations into the ocean and ice shell crust. This study demonstrates that Enceladus' plume offers an unparalleled opportunity for in situ exploration of an Ocean World and that the planetary science and astrobiology community is well equipped to take full advantage of it in the coming decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon M. MacKenzie
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, Maryland, USA
- Address correspondence to: Shannon M. MacKenzie, Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, 11100 Johns Hopkins Road, Laurel, MD 20723, USA
| | - Marc Neveu
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - Alfonso F. Davila
- Division of Space Science and Astrobiology, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, USA
| | - Jonathan I. Lunine
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
- Carl Sagan Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Morgan L. Cable
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | | | - Jennifer L. Eigenbrode
- Solar System Exploration Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - J. Hunter Waite
- Space Science and Engineering Division, Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Kate L. Craft
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, Maryland, USA
| | - Jason D. Hofgartner
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Chris P. McKay
- Division of Space Science and Astrobiology, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, USA
| | - Christopher R. Glein
- Space Science and Engineering Division, Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Dana Burton
- Department of Anthropology, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | | | - Richard A. Mathies
- Chemistry Department and Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Steven D. Vance
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Michael J. Malaska
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Robert Gold
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, Maryland, USA
| | - Christopher R. German
- Department of Geology & Geophysics, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Krista M. Soderlund
- Institute for Geophysics, Jackson School of Geosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Peter Willis
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | | | - Alfred S. McEwen
- Lunar and Planetary Lab, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | | | - Jean-Pierre P. de Vera
- Space Operations and Astronaut Training, MUSC, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany
| | - Tori M. Hoehler
- Division of Space Science and Astrobiology, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, USA
| | - Jennifer Heldmann
- Division of Space Science and Astrobiology, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, California, USA
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6
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Styczinski MJ, Vance SD, Harnett EM, Cochrane CJ. A perturbation method for evaluating the magnetic field induced from an arbitrary, asymmetric ocean world analytically. Icarus 2022; 376:114840. [PMID: 35140451 PMCID: PMC8819682 DOI: 10.1016/j.icarus.2021.114840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic investigations of icy moons have provided some of the most compelling evidence available confirming the presence of subsurface, liquid water oceans. In the exploration of ocean moons, especially Europa, there is a need for mathematical models capable of predicting the magnetic fields induced under a variety of conditions, including in the case of asymmetric oceans. Existing models are limited to either spherical symmetry or assume an ocean with infinite conductivity. In this work, we use a perturbation method to derive a semi-analytic result capable of determining the induced magnetic moments for an arbitrary layered body, provided each layer is nearly spherical. Crucially, we find that degree-2 tidal deformation results in changes to the induced dipole moments. We demonstrate application of our results to models of plausible asymmetry from the literature within the oceans of Europa and Miranda and the ionospheres of Callisto and Triton. For the models we consider, we find that in the asymmetric case, the induced magnetic field differs by more than 2 nT near the surface of Europa, 0.25-0.5 nT at 1 R above Miranda and Triton, and is essentially unchanged for Callisto. For Miranda and Triton, this difference is as much as 20%-30% of the induced field magnitude. If measurements near the moons can be made precisely to better than a few tenths of a nT, these values may be used by future spacecraft investigations to characterize asymmetry within the interior of icy moons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marshall J. Styczinski
- Department of Physics, University of Washington, Box 351560, 3910 15th Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98195-1560, USA
- UW Astrobiology Program, University of Washington, Box 351580, 3910 15th Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98195-1580, USA
- Corresponding author. (M.J. Styczinski)
| | - Steven D. Vance
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109-8001, USA
| | - Erika M. Harnett
- UW Astrobiology Program, University of Washington, Box 351580, 3910 15th Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98195-1580, USA
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington, Box 351310, 4000 15th Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98195-1310, USA
| | - Corey J. Cochrane
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, 4800 Oak Grove Dr, Pasadena, CA 91109-8001, USA
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7
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Cochrane CJ, Vance SD, Nordheim TA, Styczinski MJ, Masters A, Regoli LH. In Search of Subsurface Oceans Within the Uranian Moons. J Geophys Res Planets 2021. [PMID: 35859709 DOI: 10.1029/2020je006418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The Galileo mission to Jupiter discovered magnetic signatures associated with hidden subsurface oceans at the moons Europa and Callisto using the phenomenon of magnetic induction. These induced magnetic fields originate from electrically conductive layers within the moons and are driven by Jupiter's strong time-varying magnetic field. The ice giants and their moons are also ideal laboratories for magnetic induction studies. Both Uranus and Neptune have a strongly tilted magnetic axis with respect to their spin axis, creating a dynamic and strongly variable magnetic field environment at the orbits of their major moons. Although Voyager 2 visited the ice giants in the 1980s, it did not pass close enough to any of the moons to detect magnetic induction signatures. However, Voyager 2 revealed that some of these moons exhibit surface features that hint at recent geologically activity, possibly associated with subsurface oceans. Future missions to the ice giants may therefore be capable of discovering subsurface oceans, thereby adding to the family of known "ocean worlds" in our Solar System. Here, we assess magnetic induction as a technique for investigating subsurface oceans within the major moons of Uranus. Furthermore, we establish the ability to distinguish induction responses created by different interior characteristics that tie into the induction response: ocean thickness, conductivity and depth, and ionospheric conductance. The results reported here demonstrate the possibility of single-pass ocean detection and constrained characterization within the moons of Miranda, Ariel, and Umbriel, and provide guidance for magnetometer selection and trajectory design for future missions to Uranus.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Cochrane
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology Pasadena CA USA
| | - S D Vance
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology Pasadena CA USA
| | - T A Nordheim
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory California Institute of Technology Pasadena CA USA
| | | | | | - L H Regoli
- Applied Physics Laboratory John Hopkins University Baltimore MD USA
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8
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Melwani Daswani M, Vance SD, Mayne MJ, Glein CR. A Metamorphic Origin for Europa's Ocean. Geophys Res Lett 2021; 48:e2021GL094143. [PMID: 35865189 PMCID: PMC9286408 DOI: 10.1029/2021gl094143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Europa likely contains an iron-rich metal core. For it to have formed, temperatures within Europa reached ≳ 1250 K. Going up to that temperature, accreted chondritic minerals - for example, carbonates and phyllosilicates - would partially devolatilize. Here, we compute the amounts and compositions of exsolved volatiles. We find that volatiles released from the interior would have carried solutes, redox-sensitive species, and could have generated a carbonic ocean in excess of Europa's present-day hydrosphere, and potentially an early CO 2 atmosphere. No late delivery of cometary water was necessary. Contrasting with prior work, CO 2 could be the most abundant solute in the ocean, followed by Ca 2 + , SO 4 2 - , and HCO 3 - . However, gypsum precipitation going from the seafloor to the ice shell decreases the dissolved S/Cl ratio, such that Cl > S at the shallowest depths, consistent with recently inferred endogenous chlorides at Europa's surface. Gypsum would form a 3-10 km thick sedimentary layer at the seafloor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steven D. Vance
- Jet Propulsion LaboratoryCalifornia Institute of TechnologyPasadenaCAUSA
| | - Matthew J. Mayne
- Department of Earth SciencesStellenbosch UniversityStellenboschSouth Africa
| | - Christopher R. Glein
- Space Science and Engineering DivisionSouthwest Research InstituteSan AntonioTXUSA
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9
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Wang S, Panning MP, Vance SD, Song W. Underground Microseismic Event Monitoring and Localization within Sensor Networks. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:s21082830. [PMID: 33920498 PMCID: PMC8073147 DOI: 10.3390/s21082830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Locating underground microseismic events is important for monitoring subsurface activity and understanding the planetary subsurface evolution. Due to bandwidth limitations, especially in applications involving planetarily-distributed sensor networks, networks should be designed to perform the localization algorithm in-situ, so that only the source location information needs to be sent out, not the raw data. In this paper, we propose a decentralized Gaussian beam time-reverse imaging (GB-TRI) algorithm that can be incorporated to the distributed sensors to detect and locate underground microseismic events with reduced usage of computational resources and communication bandwidth of the network. After the in-situ distributed computation, the final real-time location result is generated and delivered. We used a real-time simulation platform to test the performance of the system. We also evaluated the stability and accuracy of our proposed GB-TRI localization algorithm using extensive experiments and tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sili Wang
- College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Boyd Graduate Building 128, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
| | - Mark P. Panning
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA; (M.P.P.); (S.D.V.)
| | - Steven D. Vance
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109, USA; (M.P.P.); (S.D.V.)
| | - Wenzhan Song
- College of Engineering, University of Georgia, Boyd Graduate Building 128, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
- Correspondence:
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10
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White LM, Shibuya T, Vance SD, Christensen LE, Bhartia R, Kidd R, Hoffmann A, Stucky GD, Kanik I, Russell MJ. Simulating Serpentinization as It Could Apply to the Emergence of Life Using the JPL Hydrothermal Reactor. Astrobiology 2020; 20:307-326. [PMID: 32125196 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2018.1949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The molecules feeding life's emergence are thought to have been provided through the hydrothermal interactions of convecting carbonic ocean waters with minerals comprising the early Hadean oceanic crust. Few laboratory experiments have simulated ancient hydrothermal conditions to test this conjecture. We used the JPL hydrothermal flow reactor to investigate CO2 reduction in simulated ancient alkaline convective systems over 3 days (T = 120°C, P = 100 bar, pH = 11). H2-rich hydrothermal simulant and CO2-rich ocean simulant solutions were periodically driven in 4-h cycles through synthetic mafic and ultramafic substrates and Fe>Ni sulfides. The resulting reductants included micromoles of HS- and formate accompanied possibly by micromoles of acetate and intermittent minor bursts of methane as ascertained by isotopic labeling. The formate concentrations directly correlated with the CO2 input as well as with millimoles of Mg2+ ions, whereas the acetate did not. Also, tens of micromoles of methane were drawn continuously from the reactor materials during what appeared to be the onset of serpentinization. These results support the hypothesis that formate may have been delivered directly to a branch of an emerging acetyl coenzyme-A pathway, thus obviating the need for the very first hydrogenation of CO2 to be made in a hydrothermal mound. Another feed to early metabolism could have been methane, likely mostly leached from primary CH4 present in the original Hadean crust or emanating from the mantle. That a small volume of methane was produced sporadically from the 13CO2-feed, perhaps from transient occlusions, echoes the mixed results and interpretations from other laboratories. As serpentinization and hydrothermal leaching can occur wherever an ocean convects within anhydrous olivine- and sulfide-rich crust, these results may be generalized to other wet rocky planets and moons in our solar system and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M White
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California
- Project Systems Engineering, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
| | - Takazo Shibuya
- Department of Subsurface Geobiological Analysis and Research (D-SUGAR), Project Team for Development of New-generation Research Protocol for Submarine Resources, and Research and Development (RandD), Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Japan
- Research and Development (RandD) Center for Submarine Resources, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Japan
| | - Steven D Vance
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
| | - Lance E Christensen
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
| | - Rohit Bhartia
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
| | - Richard Kidd
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
| | - Adam Hoffmann
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
| | - Galen D Stucky
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California
- Materials Department, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California
| | - Isik Kanik
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
| | - Michael J Russell
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
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11
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Vance SD, Melwani Daswani M. Serpentinite and the search for life beyond Earth. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 2020; 378:20180421. [PMID: 31902342 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2018.0421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen from serpentinization is a source of chemical energy for some life forms on Earth. It is a potential fuel for life in the subsurface of Mars and in the icy ocean worlds in the outer solar system. Serpentinization is also implicated in life's origin. Planetary exploration offers a way to investigate such theories by characterizing and ultimately searching for life in geochemical settings that no longer exist on Earth. At present, much of the current context of serpentinization on other worlds relies on inference from modelling and studies on Earth. While there is evidence from orbital spectral imaging and martian meteorites that serpentinization has occurred on Mars, the extent and duration of that activity has not been constrained. Similarly, ongoing serpentinization might explain hydrogen found in the ocean of Saturn's tiny moon Enceladus, but this raises questions about how long such activity has persisted. Titan's hydrocarbon-rich atmosphere may derive from ancient or present-day serpentinization at the bottom of its ocean. In Europa, volcanism or serpentinization may provide hydrogen as a redox couple to oxygen generated at the moon's surface. We assess the potential extent of serpentinization in the solar system's wet and rocky worlds, assuming that microfracturing from thermal expansion anisotropy sets an upper limit on the percolation depth of surface water into the rocky interiors. In this bulk geophysical model, planetary cooling from radiogenic decay implies the infiltration of water to greater depths through time, continuing to the present. The serpentinization of this newly exposed rock is assessed as a significant source of global hydrogen. Comparing the computed hydrogen and surface-generated oxygen delivered to Europa's ocean reveals redox fluxes similar to Earth's. Planned robotic exploration missions to other worlds can aid in understanding the planetary context of serpentinization, testing the predictions herein. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Serpentinite in the Earth System'.
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Affiliation(s)
- S D Vance
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109-8001, USA
| | - M Melwani Daswani
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109-8001, USA
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12
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Taubner RS, Olsson-Francis K, Vance SD, Ramkissoon NK, Postberg F, de Vera JP, Antunes A, Camprubi Casas E, Sekine Y, Noack L, Barge L, Goodman J, Jebbar M, Journaux B, Karatekin Ö, Klenner F, Rabbow E, Rettberg P, Rückriemen-Bez T, Saur J, Shibuya T, Soderlund KM. Experimental and Simulation Efforts in the Astrobiological Exploration of Exooceans. Space Sci Rev 2020; 216:9. [PMID: 32025060 PMCID: PMC6977147 DOI: 10.1007/s11214-020-0635-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The icy satellites of Jupiter and Saturn are perhaps the most promising places in the Solar System regarding habitability. However, the potential habitable environments are hidden underneath km-thick ice shells. The discovery of Enceladus' plume by the Cassini mission has provided vital clues in our understanding of the processes occurring within the interior of exooceans. To interpret these data and to help configure instruments for future missions, controlled laboratory experiments and simulations are needed. This review aims to bring together studies and experimental designs from various scientific fields currently investigating the icy moons, including planetary sciences, chemistry, (micro-)biology, geology, glaciology, etc. This chapter provides an overview of successful in situ, in silico, and in vitro experiments, which explore different regions of interest on icy moons, i.e. a potential plume, surface, icy shell, water and brines, hydrothermal vents, and the rocky core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth-Sophie Taubner
- Archaea Biology and Ecogenomics Division, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | - André Antunes
- State Key Laboratory of Lunar and Planetary Sciences, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau SAR, China
| | | | | | - Lena Noack
- Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Elke Rabbow
- German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Takazo Shibuya
- Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Japan
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13
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Vance SD, Barge LM, Cardoso SSS, Cartwright JHE. Self-Assembling Ice Membranes on Europa: Brinicle Properties, Field Examples, and Possible Energetic Systems in Icy Ocean Worlds. Astrobiology 2019; 19:685-695. [PMID: 30964322 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2018.1826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Brinicles are self-assembling tubular ice membrane structures, centimeters to meters in length, found beneath sea ice in the polar regions of Earth. We discuss how the properties of brinicles make them of possible importance for chemistry in cold environments-including that of life's emergence-and we consider their formation in icy ocean worlds. We argue that the non-ice composition of the ice on Europa and Enceladus will vary spatially due to thermodynamic and mechanical properties that serve to separate and fractionate brines and solid materials. The specifics of the composition and dynamics of both the ice and the ocean in these worlds remain poorly constrained. We demonstrate through calculations using FREZCHEM that sulfate likely fractionates out of accreting ice in Europa and Enceladus, and thus that an exogenous origin of sulfate observed on Europa's surface need not preclude additional endogenous sulfate in Europa's ocean. We suggest that, like hydrothermal vents on Earth, brinicles in icy ocean worlds constitute ideal places where ecosystems of organisms might be found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven D Vance
- 1 NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Laura M Barge
- 1 NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Silvana S S Cardoso
- 2 Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Julyan H E Cartwright
- 3 Instituto Andaluz de Ciencias de la Tierra, CSIC-Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
- 4 Instituto Carlos I de Física Teórica y Computacional, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
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14
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Hendrix AR, Hurford TA, Barge LM, Bland MT, Bowman JS, Brinckerhoff W, Buratti BJ, Cable ML, Castillo-Rogez J, Collins GC, Diniega S, German CR, Hayes AG, Hoehler T, Hosseini S, Howett CJ, McEwen AS, Neish CD, Neveu M, Nordheim TA, Patterson GW, Patthoff DA, Phillips C, Rhoden A, Schmidt BE, Singer KN, Soderblom JM, Vance SD. The NASA Roadmap to Ocean Worlds. Astrobiology 2019; 19:1-27. [PMID: 30346215 PMCID: PMC6338575 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2018.1955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we summarize the work of the NASA Outer Planets Assessment Group (OPAG) Roadmaps to Ocean Worlds (ROW) group. The aim of this group is to assemble the scientific framework that will guide the exploration of ocean worlds, and to identify and prioritize science objectives for ocean worlds over the next several decades. The overarching goal of an Ocean Worlds exploration program as defined by ROW is to "identify ocean worlds, characterize their oceans, evaluate their habitability, search for life, and ultimately understand any life we find." The ROW team supports the creation of an exploration program that studies the full spectrum of ocean worlds, that is, not just the exploration of known ocean worlds such as Europa but candidate ocean worlds such as Triton as well. The ROW team finds that the confirmed ocean worlds Enceladus, Titan, and Europa are the highest priority bodies to target in the near term to address ROW goals. Triton is the highest priority candidate ocean world to target in the near term. A major finding of this study is that, to map out a coherent Ocean Worlds Program, significant input is required from studies here on Earth; rigorous Research and Analysis studies are called for to enable some future ocean worlds missions to be thoughtfully planned and undertaken. A second finding is that progress needs to be made in the area of collaborations between Earth ocean scientists and extraterrestrial ocean scientists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda R. Hendrix
- Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, Arizona
- Address correspondence to: Amanda R. Hendrix, Planetary Science Institute, 1700 East Fort Lowell, Suite 106, Tucson, AZ 85719
| | | | - Laura M. Barge
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
| | - Michael T. Bland
- Astrogeology Science Center, U.S. Geological Survey, Flagstaff, Arizona
| | - Jeff S. Bowman
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California
| | | | - Bonnie J. Buratti
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
| | - Morgan L. Cable
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
| | - Julie Castillo-Rogez
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
| | | | - Serina Diniega
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
| | | | - Alexander G. Hayes
- Cornell Center for Astrophysics and Planetary Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Tori Hoehler
- NASA Ames Research Center, Mountain View, California
| | - Sona Hosseini
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
| | | | - Alfred S. McEwen
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Catherine D. Neish
- Planetary Science Institute, Tucson, Arizona
- Department of Earth Sciences, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marc Neveu
- NASA HQ/Universities Space Association, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Tom A. Nordheim
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
| | | | | | - Cynthia Phillips
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
| | | | - Britney E. Schmidt
- School of Earth & Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Jason M. Soderblom
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Steven D. Vance
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
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15
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Vance SD, Kedar S, Panning MP, Stähler SC, Bills BG, Lorenz RD, Huang HH, Pike WT, Castillo JC, Lognonné P, Tsai VC, Rhoden AR. Vital Signs: Seismology of Icy Ocean Worlds. Astrobiology 2018; 18:37-53. [PMID: 29345986 DOI: 10.1089/ast.2016.1612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ice-covered ocean worlds possess diverse energy sources and associated mechanisms that are capable of driving significant seismic activity, but to date no measurements of their seismic activity have been obtained. Such investigations could reveal the transport properties and radial structures, with possibilities for locating and characterizing trapped liquids that may host life and yielding critical constraints on redox fluxes and thus on habitability. Modeling efforts have examined seismic sources from tectonic fracturing and impacts. Here, we describe other possible seismic sources, their associations with science questions constraining habitability, and the feasibility of implementing such investigations. We argue, by analogy with the Moon, that detectable seismic activity should occur frequently on tidally flexed ocean worlds. Their ices fracture more easily than rocks and dissipate more tidal energy than the <1 GW of the Moon and Mars. Icy ocean worlds also should create less thermal noise due to their greater distance and consequently smaller diurnal temperature variations. They also lack substantial atmospheres (except in the case of Titan) that would create additional noise. Thus, seismic experiments could be less complex and less susceptible to noise than prior or planned planetary seismology investigations of the Moon or Mars. Key Words: Seismology-Redox-Ocean worlds-Europa-Ice-Hydrothermal. Astrobiology 18, 37-53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven D Vance
- 1 Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Sharon Kedar
- 1 Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Mark P Panning
- 1 Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Simon C Stähler
- 2 Institute of Geophysics , ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- 3 Leibniz-Institute for Baltic Sea Research (IOW) , Rostock, Germany
| | - Bruce G Bills
- 1 Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Ralph D Lorenz
- 4 Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory , Laurel, Maryland, USA
| | - Hsin-Hua Huang
- 5 Institute of Earth Sciences , Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
- 6 Seismological Laboratory, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, California, USA
| | - W T Pike
- 7 Optical and Semiconductor Devices Group, Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College , London, UK
| | - Julie C Castillo
- 1 Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Philippe Lognonné
- 8 Univ Paris Diderot-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris , Paris, France
| | - Victor C Tsai
- 6 Seismological Laboratory, California Institute of Technology , Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Alyssa R Rhoden
- 9 School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University , Tempe, Arizona, USA
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