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Healy J, Searle E, Panta RK, Chernoglazov A, Roake J, Butler P, Butler A, Gieseg SP. Ex-vivo atherosclerotic plaque characterization using spectral photon-counting CT: Comparing material quantification to histology. Atherosclerosis 2023; 378:117160. [PMID: 37495488 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2023.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Atherosclerotic plaques are characterized as being vulnerable to rupture based on a series of histologically defined features, including a lipid-rich necrotic core, spotty calcification and ulceration. Existing imaging modalities have limitations in their ability to distinguish between different materials and structural features. We examined whether X-ray spectral photon-counting computer tomography (SPCCT) images were able to distinguish key plaque features in a surgically excised specimen from the carotid artery with comparison to histological images. METHODS An excised carotid plaque was imaged in the diagnostic X-ray energy range of 30-120 keV using a small-bore SPCCT scanner equipped with a Medipix3RX photon-counting spectral X-ray detector with a cadmium telluride (CdTe) sensor. Material identification and quantification (MIQ) images of the carotid plaque were generated using proprietary MIQ software at 0.09 mm volumetric pixels (voxels). The plaque was sectioned, stained and photographed at high resolution for comparison. RESULTS A lipid-rich core with spotty calcification was identified in the MIQ images and confirmed by histology. MIQ showed a core region containing lipid, with a mean concentration of 260 mg lipid/ml corresponding to a mean value of -22HU. MIQ showed calcified regions with mean concentration of 41 mg Ca/ml corresponded to a mean value of 123HU. An ulceration of the carotid wall at the bifurcation was identified to be lipid-lined, with a small calcification identified near the breach of the artery wall. CONCLUSIONS SPCCT derived material identification and quantification images showed hallmarks of vulnerable plaque including a lipid-rich necrotic core, spotty calcifications and ulcerations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Healy
- Free Radical Biochemistry Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand; MARS Bioimaging Ltd., Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Emily Searle
- Free Radical Biochemistry Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand; MARS Bioimaging Ltd., Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Raj Kumar Panta
- Department of Radiology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand; MARS Bioimaging Ltd., Christchurch, New Zealand; European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | - Justin Roake
- Department of Surgery, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Phil Butler
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, New Zealand; MARS Bioimaging Ltd., Christchurch, New Zealand; European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Anthony Butler
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, New Zealand; Department of Radiology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand; MARS Bioimaging Ltd., Christchurch, New Zealand; European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Steven P Gieseg
- Free Radical Biochemistry Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand; Department of Radiology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand; European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland.
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Moghiseh M, Searle E, Dixit D, Kim J, Dong YC, Cormode DP, Butler A, Gieseg SP. Spectral Photon-Counting CT Imaging of Gold Nanoparticle Labelled Monocytes for Detection of Atherosclerosis: A Preclinical Study. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13030499. [PMID: 36766602 PMCID: PMC9914700 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13030499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
A key process in the development of atherosclerotic plaques is the recruitment of monocytes into the artery wall. Using spectral photon-counting computed tomography we examine whether monocyte deposition within the artery wall of ApoE-/- mouse can be detected. Primary mouse monocytes were labelled by incubating them with 15 nm gold nanoparticles coated with 11-mercaptoundecanoic acid The monocyte uptake of the particle was confirmed by electron microscopy of the cells before injection into 6-week-old apolipoprotein E deficient (ApoE-/-) mouse that had been fed with the Western diet for 10 weeks. Four days following injection, the mouse was sacrificed and imaged using a MARS spectral photon counting computed tomography scanner with a spectral range of 7 to 120 KeV with five energy bins. Imaging analysis showed the presence of X-ray dense material within the mouse aortic arch which was consistent with the spectral characteristic of gold rather than calcium. The imaging is interpreted as showing the deposition of gold nanoparticles containing monocytes within the mouse aorta. The results of our study determined that spectral photon-counting computed tomography could provide quantitative information about gold nanoparticles labelled monocytes in voxels of 90 × 90 × 90 µm3. The imaging was consistent with previous micro-CT and electron microscopy of mice using the same nanoparticles. This study demonstrates that spectral photon-counting computed tomography, using a MARS small bore scanner, can detect a fundamental atherogenic process within mouse models of atherogenesis. The present study demonstrates the feasibility of spectral photon-counting computed tomography as an emerging molecular imaging modality to detect atherosclerotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdieh Moghiseh
- Department of Radiology, University of Otago, Christchurch 9016, New Zealand
- MARS Bioimaging Ltd., Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (S.P.G.)
| | - Emily Searle
- MARS Bioimaging Ltd., Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
- Free Radical Biochemistry Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | - Devyani Dixit
- MARS Bioimaging Ltd., Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
- Free Radical Biochemistry Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
| | - Johoon Kim
- Departments of Radiology, Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yuxi C. Dong
- Departments of Radiology, Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - David P. Cormode
- Departments of Radiology, Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Anthony Butler
- Department of Radiology, University of Otago, Christchurch 9016, New Zealand
- MARS Bioimaging Ltd., Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), 1211 Meyrin, Switzerland
| | - Steven P. Gieseg
- Department of Radiology, University of Otago, Christchurch 9016, New Zealand
- MARS Bioimaging Ltd., Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
- Free Radical Biochemistry Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8041, New Zealand
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), 1211 Meyrin, Switzerland
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (S.P.G.)
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Ghodsian N, Yeandle A, Hock BD, Gieseg SP. CD36 down regulation by the macrophage antioxidant 7,8-dihydroneopterin through modulation of PPAR-γ activity. Free Radic Res 2022; 56:366-377. [PMID: 36017639 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2022.2114904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
CD36 is the key scavenger receptor driving the formation of cholesterol loaded foam cells, the principal cellular component of atherosclerotic plaques. CD36 is down regulated by 7,8-dihydroneopterin, a potent superoxide and hypochlorite scavenging antioxidant generated by interferon-γ stimulated macrophages. 7,8-dihydroneopterin down regulates CD36 mRNA and protein levels so inhibiting macrophage foam cell formation in vitro.We examined the mechanism of 7,8-dihydroneopterin down regulation of CD36 by measuring CD36 and PPAR-γ levels by western blot analysis, in the monocyte-like U937 cells with a range of PPAR-γ stimulants and inhibitors. Lipoxygenase activity was measured by monitoring linoleic acid oxidation at 234 nm for diene formation.Between 100 and 200 μM, 7,8-dihydroneopterin decreased CD36 levels by 50% within 12 hours with levels dropping below 25% by 24 hours. CD36 levels returned to basal levels after 24 hours. Inhibition of protein synthesis by cycloheximide show 7,8-dihydroneopterin had no effect on CD36 degradation rates. PPAR-γ levels were not altered by the addition of 7,8-dihydroneopterin. MAP Kinase, P38 and NF-κB pathways inhibitors SP600125, PD98059, SB202190 and BAY 11-7082 respectively, did not restore the CD36 levels in the presence of 7,8-dihydroneopterin. The addition the lipophilic PPAR-γ activators rosiglitazone and azelaoyl-PAF prevented the CD36 down regulation by 7,8-dihydroneopterin. 7,8-dihydroneopterin inhibited soybean lipoxygenase and reduced U937 cell basal levels of cellular lipid oxides as measured by HPLC-TBARS analysis.The data shows 7,8-dihydroneopterin down regulates CD36 expression by decreasing the level of lipid oxide stimulation of PPAR-γ promotor activity, potentially through lipoxygenase inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nooshin Ghodsian
- Free Radical Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Anthony Yeandle
- Free Radical Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Barry D Hock
- Haematology Research Group, Christchurch Hospital, New Zealand
| | - Steven P Gieseg
- Free Radical Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.,Department of Radiology, University of Otago Christchurch, New Zealand.,MARS Bioimaging Ltd., 29a Clyde Rd, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
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Kanithi P, de Ruiter NJA, Amma MR, Lindeman RW, Butler APH, Butler PH, Chernoglazov AI, Mandalika VBH, Adebileje SA, Alexander SD, Anjomrouz M, Asghariomabad F, Atharifard A, Atlas J, Bamford B, Bell ST, Bheesette S, Carbonez P, Chambers C, Clark JA, Colgan F, Crighton JS, Dahal S, Damet J, Doesburg RMN, Duncan N, Ghodsian N, Gieseg SP, Goulter BP, Gurney S, Healy JL, Kirkbride T, Lansley SP, Lowe C, Marfo E, Matanaghi A, Moghiseh M, Palmer D, Panta RK, Prebble HM, Raja AY, Renaud P, Sayous Y, Schleich N, Searle E, Sheeja JS, Uddin R, Broeke LV, Vivek VS, Walker EP, Walsh MF, Wijesooriya M, Younger WR. Interactive Image Segmentation of MARS Datasets Using Bag of Features. IEEE Trans Radiat Plasma Med Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1109/trpms.2020.3030045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Ghodsian N, Yeandle A, Gieseg SP. Foam cell formation but not oxLDL cytotoxicity is inhibited by CD36 down regulation by the macrophage antioxidant 7,8-dihydroneopterin. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2021; 133:105918. [PMID: 33421634 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2021.105918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36) is a key scavenger receptor in the control of macrophage uptake of oxidised low-density lipoproteins (oxLDL). CD36 expression levels are not down regulated by intracellular cholesterol but are upregulated by oxidised low density lipoprotein (oxLDL) leading to the formation of lipid loaded foam cells, a major constituent of atherosclerotic plaques. We have previous shown that CD36 is down regulated by 7,8-dihydroneopterin, an antioxidant generated by γ-interferon activated macrophages. How CD36 down regulation affects oxLDL induced cytotoxicity, CD36 oxLDL upregulation and foam cell formation is examined using human monocyte like U937 cell line as a model system of human macrophages. METHODS Low density lipoprotein (LDL) was prepared by ultracentrifugation from human plasma and oxidised in copper chloride. CD36 levels in U937 cells were measured by western blot analysis. and lipid accumulation was measured by oil red-O staining and 7-ketocholesterol accumulation by high performance liquid chromatography. Cell viability was measured by flow cytometry analysis after propidium iodide staining. RESULTS 7,8-dihydroneopterin concentrations above 100 μM caused a concentration and time dependent decrease in cellular CD36 levels to 20 % of the untreated cells after 24 h. Upregulation of CD36 by oxLDL was inhibited by 7,8-dihydroneopterin treatment. The CD36 down regulation was associated with decrease in foam cell formation but not a reduction on oxLDL cytotoxicity. CONCLUSIONS 7,8-dihydroneopterin down regulated CD36 in U937 cells, inhibiting foam cell formation but not oxLDL mediated cell death. 7,8-dihydroneopterin may modulate foam cell formation in atherosclerotic plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nooshin Ghodsian
- Free Radical Biochemistry Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Anthony Yeandle
- Free Radical Biochemistry Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Steven P Gieseg
- Free Radical Biochemistry Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand; Department of Radiology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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Baxter-Parker G, Prebble HM, Cross S, Steyn N, Shchepetkina A, Hock BD, Cousins A, Gieseg SP. Neopterin formation through radical scavenging of superoxide by the macrophage synthesised antioxidant 7,8-dihydroneopterin. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 152:142-151. [PMID: 32145301 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Clinical measurement of neopterin has been extensively used as a marker of inflammation but the in vivo mechanism generating neopterin is poorly understood. Neopterin is described as the oxidation product of 7,8-dihydroneopterin, a potent antioxidant generated by monocyte/macrophages in response to interferon-γ. While peroxyl and hydroxyl scavenging generates dihydroxanthopterin, hypochlorite efficiently oxidises 7,8-dihydroneopterin into neopterin, but this reaction alone does not explain the high levels of neopterin seen in clinical data. Here, we examine whether superoxide scavenging by 7,8-dihydroneopterin generates neopterin. U937 cells incubated with oxLDL showed a time dependent increase superoxide and 7,8-dihydroneopterin oxidation to neopterin. Neopterin generation in oxLDL or phorbol ester treated U937 cells or human monocytes was inhibited by apocynin and PEG-SOD. Addition of the myeloperoxidase inhibitor 4-aminobenzoic acid hydrazide (ABAH) had no effect of the superoxide generation or neopterin formation. 7,8-Dihydroneopterin reacted with superoxide/hydroxy radical mixtures generated by X-ray radiolysis to give neopterin. Formation of neopterin by superoxide derived from the xanthine/xanthine oxidase system was inhibited by superoxide dismutase. Neopterin formation was inhibited by apocynin in phorbol ester treated human carotid plaque rings in tissue culture. These results indicate that 7,8-dihydroneopterin scavenges superoxide and is subsequently oxidised into neopterin in cellular and cell-free experimental systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Baxter-Parker
- Free Radical Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Hannah M Prebble
- Free Radical Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Sean Cross
- Free Radical Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Nina Steyn
- Free Radical Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Anastasia Shchepetkina
- Free Radical Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Barry D Hock
- Haematology Research, Department of Pathology and Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Andrew Cousins
- Department of Medical Physics and Bioengineering, Christchurch Hospital, Canterbury District Health Board, New Zealand
| | - Steven P Gieseg
- Free Radical Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand; Department of Radiology, University of Otago Christchurch, New Zealand; European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland.
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Janmale TV, Lindsay A, Gieseg SP. Nucleoside transporters are critical to the uptake and antioxidant activity of 7,8-dihydroneopterin in monocytic cells. Free Radic Res 2020; 54:341-350. [DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2020.1764948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tejraj V. Janmale
- Free Radical Biochemistry Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Angus Lindsay
- Free Radical Biochemistry Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Steven P. Gieseg
- Free Radical Biochemistry Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Lindsay A, Gieseg SP. Pterins as diagnostic markers of exercise-induced stress: a systematic review. J Sci Med Sport 2019; 23:53-62. [PMID: 31501021 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2019.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate pterins as diagnostic biomarkers of exercise-induced stress. DESIGN Systematic review of the literature. METHODS MEDLINE, Scopus and Web of Science were searched in March 2019 for relevant literature. We only considered in vivo studies of healthy humans that reported measurement of a pterin(s) in response to exercise or sport with no underlying prior disease or complication. Relevant articles were independently reviewed and resolved by consensus. RESULTS We included 29 studies with 644 participants. We classified articles by running/hiking, cycling, rugby, mixed martial arts (MMA) or other. Eighty-six percent of studies measured a significant increase in a pterin in response to exercise. Changes in pterin concentrations were within 24h of the exercise-stimulus in 79% of studies and 17% measured a change from baseline greater than 48h post-exercise (49% did not measure or report beyond 48h). Neopterin or total neopterin (neopterin+7,8-dihydroneopterin) were the primary pterin measured (28 studies) and they were equally sensitive to exercise regardless of whether the stimulus was running, cycling, rugby, MMA or other. CONCLUSIONS Neopterin and total neopterin increase in response to exercise-induced stress. Pterins may have limited capacity for monitoring long-term stress beyond 48h but further research is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus Lindsay
- Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.
| | - Steven P Gieseg
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand; Department of Radiology, University of Otago Christchurch, PO Box 4345, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand
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Baxter-Parker G, Chu A, Petocz P, Samman S, Gieseg SP. Simultaneous analysis of neopterin, kynurenine and tryptophan by amine-HPLC shows minor oxidative stress from short-term exhaustion exercise. Pteridines 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/pteridines-2019-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction: Neopterin, kynurenine and tryptophan can be used to measure activation of monocytes and macrophages during immunological events such as exercise inducing inflammation. Endurance exercise and high-impact sports have shown significant increases in these biomarkers. Measurement is typically conducted by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using C18 or SCX columns. However, kynurenine and tryptophan are not measured simultaneously to neopterin using these separation systems. Here we have used an amine column for separation and simultaneous determination of neopterin, kynurenine and tryptophan.
Methods: Optimization and validation for the amine-HPLC method was conducted using plasma from 43 participants subjected to a short maximal exercise bicycling regime or rest period. The order of exercise and rest was randomized and separated by a 3-5 week washout period.
Results: Using an amine column developed with ammonium acetate formic acid (33%) and acetonitrile (72%) provided optimal separation and run time for analysis. Neopterin increased significantly post-exercise and subsided to baseline by 30 minutes. Total neopterin remained elevated until 60 minutes following exercise.
Conclusion: Amine-HPLC can be used for simultaneous determination of kynurenine, tryptophan and neopterin in plasma. Short intense exercise causes a significant increase in plasma neopterin suggesting a prolonged activation of monocytes and macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Baxter-Parker
- School of Biological Sciences , University of Canterbury , Christchurch , 8140 , New Zealand
| | - Anna Chu
- Department of Human Nutrition , University of Otago , Dunedin , 9016 , New Zealand
| | - Peter Petocz
- Department of Statistics , Macquaire University , Sydney , 2006 , NSW, Australia
| | - Samir Samman
- Department of Human Nutrition , University of Otago , Dunedin , 9016 , New Zealand
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences , University of Sydney , Sydney , 2109 , NSW, Australia
| | - Steven P. Gieseg
- School of Biological Sciences , University of Canterbury , Christchurch , 8140 , New Zealand
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Baxter-Parker G, Roffe L, Cross S, Frampton C, Hooper GJ, Gieseg SP. Knee replacement surgery significantly elevates the urinary inflammatory biomarkers neopterin and 7,8-dihydroneopterin. Clin Biochem 2018; 63:39-45. [PMID: 30399370 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Knee arthroplasty surgery is significant trauma, leading to an activated immune system causing inflammation and oxidative stress. Many current biomarkers are invasive, costly, and often slow to analyse, limiting their use for rapid inflammatory measurements. OBJECTIVES We have examined the use of urinary neopterin and total neopterin in knee arthroplasty patients to non-invasively measure oxidative stress and inflammation from immune system activation. We aim to validate the use of these biomarkers for quick, cost effective and predictive measurements of post-surgical inflammation assessment. METHODOLOGY 19 Knee arthroplasty patients were analysed pre-operatively and for a defined post-operative period to determine the urinary levels of neopterin and total neopterin (neopterin +7,8-dihydroneopterin) using high performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. These results were then compared to a control group of 20 participants with normal knee function. RESULTS 7,8-Dihydroneopterin was stable in urine over 12 h when refrigerated. Knee arthritis was associated with an increase in pre-operative neopterin (oxidative stress) and total neopterin (inflammation). The subsequent arthroplasty surgery generated a significant increase neopterin and total neopterin. Both biomarkers were reduced immediately post-operatively, before becoming elevated on the following days. There was no clear evidence of an association between initial neopterin and total neopterin levels and a patient's level of inflammation during in-hospital recovery. CONCLUSIONS The stability of 7,8-dihydroneopterin in urine allows for its use as an inflammatory marker. Urinary neopterin and total neopterin provided a fast, non-invasive, and simple measure of oxidative stress and inflammation after knee arthroplasty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Baxter-Parker
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand.
| | - Lloyd Roffe
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery & Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Otago Christchurch, PO Box 4345, Christchurch, New Zealand.
| | - Sean Cross
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Chris Frampton
- Department of Medicine, University of Otago Christchurch, PO Box 4345, Christchurch, New Zealand.
| | - Gary J Hooper
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery & Musculoskeletal Medicine, University of Otago Christchurch, PO Box 4345, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Steven P Gieseg
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand; Department of Radiology, University of Otago Christchurch, PO Box 4345, Christchurch 8011, New Zealand.
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Marks ECA, Wilkinson TM, Frampton CM, Skelton L, Pilbrow AP, Yandle TG, Pemberton CJ, Doughty RN, Whalley GA, Ellis CJ, Troughton RW, Owen MC, Pattinson NR, Cameron VA, Richards AM, Gieseg SP, Palmer BR. Plasma levels of soluble VEGF receptor isoforms, circulating pterins and VEGF system SNPs as prognostic biomarkers in patients with acute coronary syndromes. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2018; 18:169. [PMID: 30111293 PMCID: PMC6094571 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-018-0894-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Development of collateral circulation in coronary artery disease is cardio-protective. A key process in forming new blood vessels is attraction to occluded arteries of monocytes with their subsequent activation as macrophages. In patients from a prospectively recruited post-acute coronary syndromes cohort we investigated the prognostic performance of three products of activated macrophages, soluble vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptors (sFlt-1 and sKDR) and pterins, alongside genetic variants in VEGF receptor genes, VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2. Methods Baseline levels of sFlt-1 (VEGFR1), sKDR (VEGFR2) and pterins were measured in plasma samples from subgroups (n = 513; 211; 144, respectively) of the Coronary Disease Cohort Study (CDCS, n = 2067). DNA samples from the cohort were genotyped for polymorphisms from the VEGFR-1 gene SNPs (rs748252 n = 2027, rs9513070 n = 2048) and VEGFR-2 gene SNPs (rs2071559 n = 2050, rs2305948 n = 2066, rs1870377 n = 2042). Results At baseline, levels of sFlt-1 were significantly correlated with age, alcohol consumption, NTproBNP, BNP and other covariates relevant to cardiovascular pathophysiology. Total neopterin levels were associated with alcohol consumption at baseline. 7,8 dihydroneopterin was associated with BMI. The A allele of VEGFR-2 variant rs1870377 was associated with higher plasma sFlt-1 and lower levels of sKDR at baseline. Baseline plasma sFlt-1 was univariately associated with all cause mortality with (p < 0.001) and in a Cox’s proportional hazards regression model sFlt-1 and pterins were both associated with mortality independent of established predictors (p < 0.027). Conclusions sFlt-1 and pterins may have potential as prognostic biomarkers in acute coronary syndromes patients. Genetic markers from VEGF system genes warrant further investigation as markers of levels of VEGF system components in these patients. Trial registration Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry. ACTRN12605000431628. 16 September 2005, Retrospectively registered. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12872-018-0894-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward C A Marks
- Christchurch Heart institute, Department of Medicine, University of Otago, PO Box 4345, Christchurch, New Zealand.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Tom M Wilkinson
- Christchurch Heart institute, Department of Medicine, University of Otago, PO Box 4345, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Chris M Frampton
- Christchurch Heart institute, Department of Medicine, University of Otago, PO Box 4345, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Lorraine Skelton
- Christchurch Heart institute, Department of Medicine, University of Otago, PO Box 4345, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Anna P Pilbrow
- Christchurch Heart institute, Department of Medicine, University of Otago, PO Box 4345, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Tim G Yandle
- Christchurch Heart institute, Department of Medicine, University of Otago, PO Box 4345, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Chris J Pemberton
- Christchurch Heart institute, Department of Medicine, University of Otago, PO Box 4345, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Robert N Doughty
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Gillian A Whalley
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Department of Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Chris J Ellis
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Richard W Troughton
- Christchurch Heart institute, Department of Medicine, University of Otago, PO Box 4345, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Maurice C Owen
- Canterbury Scientific Ltd, 71 Whiteleigh Ave, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Neil R Pattinson
- Canterbury Scientific Ltd, 71 Whiteleigh Ave, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Vicky A Cameron
- Christchurch Heart institute, Department of Medicine, University of Otago, PO Box 4345, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - A Mark Richards
- Christchurch Heart institute, Department of Medicine, University of Otago, PO Box 4345, Christchurch, New Zealand.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Steven P Gieseg
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Barry R Palmer
- Christchurch Heart institute, Department of Medicine, University of Otago, PO Box 4345, Christchurch, New Zealand. .,School of Health Sciences, College of Health, Massey University Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand.
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12
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Prebble H, Cross S, Marks E, Healy J, Searle E, Aamir R, Butler A, Roake J, Hock B, Anderson N, Gieseg SP. Induced macrophage activation in live excised atherosclerotic plaque. Immunobiology 2018; 223:526-535. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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13
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Shchepetkina AA, Hock BD, Miller A, Kennedy MA, Gieseg SP. Effect of 7,8-dihydroneopterin mediated CD36 down regulation and oxidant scavenging on oxidised low-density lipoprotein induced cell death in human macrophages. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2017; 87:27-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2017.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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14
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Roche J, Turnbull MH, Guo Q, Novák O, Späth J, Gieseg SP, Jameson PE, Love J. Coordinated nitrogen and carbon remobilization for nitrate assimilation in leaf, sheath and root and associated cytokinin signals during early regrowth of Lolium perenne. Ann Bot 2017; 119:1353-1364. [PMID: 28334245 PMCID: PMC5604574 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcx014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims The efficiency of N assimilation in response to defoliation is a critical component of plant regrowth and forage production. The aim of this research was to test the effect of the internal C/N balance on NO3- assimilation and to estimate the associated cytokinin signals following defoliation of perennial ryegrass ( Lolium perenne L. 'Grasslands Nui') plants. Methods Plants, manipulated to have contrasting internal N content and contrasting availability of water soluble carbohydrates (WSCs), were obtained by exposure to either continuous light or short days (8:16 h light-dark), and watered with modified N-free Hoagland medium containing either high (5 m m ) or low (50 μ m ) NO3- as sole N source. Half of the plants were defoliated and the root, sheath and leaf tissue were harvested at 8, 24 and 168 h after cutting. The spatiotemporal changes in WSCs, synthesis of amino acids and associated cytokinin content were recorded after cutting. Key Results Leaf regrowth following defoliation involved changes in the low- and high-molecular weight WSCs. The extent of the changes and the partitioning of the WSC following defoliation were dependant on the initial WSC levels and the C and N availability. Cytokinin levels varied in the sheath and root as early as 8 h following defoliation and preceded an overall increase in amino acids at 24 h. Subsequently, negative feedback brought the amino acid response back towards pre-defoliation levels within 168 h after cutting, a response that was under control of the C/N ratio. Conclusions WSC remobilization in the leaf is coordinated with N availability to the root, potentially via a systemic cytokinin signal, leading to efficient N assimilation in the leaf and the sheath tissues and to early leaf regrowth following defoliation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Roche
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Matthew H. Turnbull
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Qianqian Guo
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany CAS & Faculty of Science of Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Späth
- Swedish Metabolomics Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences KBC, Umeå University, Linnéus väg, SE-90182 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Steven P. Gieseg
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Paula E. Jameson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Jonathan Love
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
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15
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Lindsay A, Petersen C, Blackwell G, Ferguson H, Parker G, Steyn N, Gieseg SP. The effect of 1 week of repeated ischaemic leg preconditioning on simulated Keirin cycling performance: a randomised trial. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2017; 3:e000229. [PMID: 28761713 PMCID: PMC5530127 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2017-000229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coaches continually seek new ways of doing things and also refine existing techniques to improve sporting performance. Coaches are currently experimenting using ischaemic preconditioning (IPC) over consecutive days in the hope of improving competitive performances. AIMS First, to quantify the physiological impact of 1 week of IPC on simulated Keirin cycling performance. Second, to investigate if biochemical stress markers are affected over the treatment period. METHODS Using a randomised, sham-controlled design, 18 active adults undertook seven consecutive days of IPC treatment (4×5 min occlusion/reperfusion) applied to each leg at either 220 mm Hg (treatment, n=9) or 20 mm Hg (sham, n=9). Urinary measures of inflammation, oxidative stress and indirect nitric oxide synthesis were undertaken daily. A simulated Keirin cycling competition (4×30 s Wingate tests) was performed on day 10, with baseline and postintervention cycling VO2max (days 1, 11 and 18) and 30 s Wingate tests (day 2) undertaken for comparison. RESULTS The treatment group had enhanced mean cycling power (3.4%), while neopterin and biopterin in conjunction with total neopterin were significantly lower (p<0.05) and total biopterin significantly greater (p<0.05) during the simulated Keirin. Aerobic fitness measures significantly improved from baseline to postintervention (VO2peak: 12.8% ↑, maximal aerobic power: 18.5% ↑). CONCLUSIONS Seven consecutive days of IPC improved aerobic and anaerobic capacity measures, with modulations in oxidative stress, immune system activation and nitric oxide/catecholamine synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus Lindsay
- School of Health Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.,Program in Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Carl Petersen
- School of Health Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Gavin Blackwell
- School of Health Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Hamish Ferguson
- Sport Performance Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Greg Parker
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury College of Science, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Nina Steyn
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury College of Science, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Steven P Gieseg
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury College of Science, Christchurch, New Zealand.,Department of Radiology, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
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16
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Lindsay A, Lewis JG, Gill N, Draper N, Gieseg SP. No relationship exists between urinary NT-proBNP and GPS technology in professional rugby union. J Sci Med Sport 2017; 20:790-794. [PMID: 28169150 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2016.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We investigated the level of cardiovascular stress associated with professional rugby union and whether these changes could be explained through external workload systems like GPS and video analysis. DESIGN Urine samples (14 in game one and 13 in game two) were collected from professional rugby players before, immediately post- and 36h post-play in two consecutive games. METHODS Urine was analysed for NT-proBNP by ELISA. Comparison with GPS (player-load and distance covered at specific speed bands) and video analysis (total impacts) were conducted. RESULTS There was a significant increase in urinary NT-proBNP during game one (31.6±5.4 to 53.5±10.8pg/mL) and game two (35.4±3.9 to 49.8±11.7pg/mL) that did not correlate with the number of impacts, total distance covered, distance covered at pre-determined speed bands or player-load. Concentrations returned to pre-game concentrations 36h post-game whilst a large inter-individual variation in NT-proBNP was observed among players (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Professional rugby union causes a transient increase in cardiovascular stress that seems to be independent of the external workload characteristics of a player.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus Lindsay
- Free Radical Biochemistry Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, New Zealand; Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Minnesota, USA.
| | - John G Lewis
- Steroid and Immunobiochemistry Laboratory, Canterbury Health Laboratories, New Zealand
| | - Nicholas Gill
- New Zealand Rugby Union, New Zealand; Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, School of Sport and Recreation, Auckland University of Technology, New Zealand
| | - Nick Draper
- College of Life and Natural Sciences, University of Derby, United Kingdom
| | - Steven P Gieseg
- Free Radical Biochemistry Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, New Zealand; Department of Radiology, University of Otago, New Zealand
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17
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Lindsay A, Carr S, Cross S, Petersen C, Lewis JG, Gieseg SP. The physiological response to cold-water immersion following a mixed martial arts training session. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2017; 42:529-536. [PMID: 28177718 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2016-0582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Combative sport is one of the most physically intense forms of exercise, yet the effect of recovery interventions has been largely unexplored. We investigated the effect of cold-water immersion on structural, inflammatory, and physiological stress biomarkers following a mixed martial arts (MMA) contest preparation training session in comparison with passive recovery. Semiprofessional MMA competitors (n = 15) were randomly assigned to a cold-water immersion (15 min at 10 °C) or passive recovery protocol (ambient air) completed immediately following a contest preparation training session. Markers of muscle damage (urinary myoglobin), inflammation/oxidative stress (urinary neopterin + total neopterin (neopterin + 7,8-dihydroneopterin)), and hypothalamic-pituitary axis (HPA) activation (saliva cortisol) were determined before, immediately after, and 1, 2, and 24 h postsession. Ratings of perceived soreness and fatigue, counter movement jump, and gastrointestinal temperature were also measured. Concentrations of all biomarkers increased significantly (p < 0.05) postsession. Cold water immersion attenuated increases in urinary neopterin (p < 0.05, d = 0.58), total neopterin (p < 0.05, d = 0.89), and saliva cortisol after 2 h (p < 0.05, d = 0.68) and urinary neopterin again at 24 h (p < 0.01, d = 0.57) in comparison with passive recovery. Perceived soreness, fatigue, and gastrointestinal temperatures were also lower for the cold-water immersion group at several time points postsession whilst counter movement jump did not differ. Combative sport athletes who are subjected to impact-induced stress may benefit from immediate cold-water immersion as a simple recovery intervention that reduces delayed onset muscle soreness as well as macrophage and HPA activation whilst not impairing functional performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus Lindsay
- a Program in Physical Therapy, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Sam Carr
- b Free Radical Biochemistry Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Sean Cross
- b Free Radical Biochemistry Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Carl Petersen
- c School of Health Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - John G Lewis
- d Steroid and Immunobiochemistry Laboratory, Canterbury Health Laboratories, P.O. Box 151, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Steven P Gieseg
- b Free Radical Biochemistry Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand.,e Department of Radiology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
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18
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Lindsay A, Othman MI, Prebble H, Davies S, Gieseg SP. Repetitive cryotherapy attenuates the in vitro and in vivo mononuclear cell activation response. Exp Physiol 2016; 101:851-65. [PMID: 27094349 DOI: 10.1113/ep085795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
What is the central question of this study? Acute and repetitive cryotherapy are routinely used to accelerate postexercise recovery, although the effect on resident immune cells and repetitive exposure has largely been unexplored and neglected. What is the main finding and its importance? Using blood-derived mononuclear cells and semi-professional mixed martial artists, we show that acute and repetitive cryotherapy reduces the in vitro and in vivo T-cell and monocyte activation response whilst remaining independent of the physical performance of elite athletes. We investigated the effect of repetitive cryotherapy on the in vitro (cold exposure) and in vivo (cold water immersion) activation of blood-derived mononuclear cells following high-intensity exercise. Single and repeated cold exposure (5°C) of a mixed cell culture (T cells and monocytes) was investigated using in vitro tissue culture experimentation for total neopterin production (neopterin plus 7,8-dihydroneopterin). Fourteen elite mixed martial art fighters were also randomly assigned to either a cold water immersion (15 min at 10°C) or passive recovery protocol, which they completed three times per week during a 6 week training camp. Urine was collected and analysed for neopterin and total neopterin three times per week, and perceived soreness, fatigue, physical performance (broad jump, push-ups and pull-ups) and training performance were also assessed. Single and repetitive cold exposure significantly (P < 0.001) reduced total neopterin production from the mixed cell culture, whereas cold water immersion significantly (P < 0.05) attenuated urinary neopterin and total neopterin during the training camp without having any effect on physical performance parameters. Soreness and fatigue showed little variation between the groups, whereas training session performance was significantly (P < 0.05) elevated in the cold water immersion group. The data suggest that acute and repetitive cryotherapy attenuates in vitro T-cell and monocyte activation. This may explain the disparity in in vivo neopterin and total neopterin between cold water immersion and passive recovery following repetitive exposure during a high-intensity physical impact sport that remains independent of physical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus Lindsay
- Program in Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Free Radical Biochemistry Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Mohd Izani Othman
- Free Radical Biochemistry Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Kampus Bertam, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Hannah Prebble
- Free Radical Biochemistry Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Sian Davies
- Free Radical Biochemistry Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Steven P Gieseg
- Free Radical Biochemistry Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand.,Department of Radiology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
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19
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Lindsay A, Bernard A, Davidson SM, Redmond DP, Chiew YS, Pretty C, Chase JG, Shaw GM, Gieseg SP, Draper N. Lung injury and respiratory mechanics in rugby union. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 2016; 56:450-457. [PMID: 25503707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rugby is a highly popular team contact sport associated with high injury rates. Specifically, there is a chance of inducing internal lung injuries as a result of the physical nature of the game. Such injuries are only identified with the use of specific invasive protocols or equipment. This study presents a model-based method to assess respiratory mechanics of N=11 rugby players that underwent a low intensity experimental Mechanical Ventilation (MV) Test before and after a rugby game. METHODS Participants were connected to a ventilator via a facemask and their respiratory mechanics estimated using a time-varying elastance model. RESULTS All participants had a respiratory elastance <10 cmH2O/L with no significant difference observed between pre and postgame respiratory mechanics (P>0.05). Model-based respiratory mechanics estimation has been used widely in the treatment of the critically ill in intensive care. However, the application of a ventilator to assess the respiratory mechanics of healthy human beings is limited. CONCLUSIONS This method adapted from ICU mechanical ventilation can be used to provide insight to respiratory mechanics of healthy participants that can be used as a more precise measure of lung inflammation/injury that avoids invasive procedures. This is the first study to conceptualize the assessment of respiratory mechanics in healthy athletes as a means to monitor postexercise stress and therefore manage recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus Lindsay
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand -
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20
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Lindsay A, Healy J, Mills W, Lewis J, Gill N, Draper N, Gieseg SP. Impact-induced muscle damage and urinary pterins in professional rugby: 7,8-dihydroneopterin oxidation by myoglobin. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2016; 26:329-37. [PMID: 25772829 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Muscle damage caused through impacts in rugby union is known to increase oxidative stress and inflammation. Pterins have been used clinically as markers of oxidative stress, inflammation, and neurotransmitter synthesis. This study investigates the release of myoglobin from muscle tissue due to force-related impacts and how it is related to the subsequent oxidation of 7,8-dihydroneopterin to specific pterins. Effects of iron and myoglobin on 7,8-dihydroneopterin oxidation were examined in vitro via strong cation-exchange high-performance liquid chromatography (SCX-HPLC) analysis of neopterin, xanthopterin, and 7,8-dihydroxanthopterin. Urine samples were collected from 25 professional rugby players pre and post four games and analyzed for myoglobin by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and 7,8-dihydroneopterin oxidation products by HPLC. Iron and myoglobin oxidized 7,8-dihydroneopterin to neopterin, xanthopterin, and 7,8-dihydroxanthopterin at concentrations at or above 10 μM and 50 μg/mL, respectively. All four games showed significant increases in myoglobin, neopterin, total neopterin, biopterin, and total biopterin, which correlated between each variable (P < 0.05). Myoglobin and iron facilitate 7,8-dihydroneopterin oxidation to neopterin and xanthopterin. In vivo delocalization of myoglobin due to muscle damage may contribute to oxidative stress and inflammation after rugby. Increased concentrations of biopterin and total biopterin may indicate production of nitric oxide and monoamine neurotransmitters in response to the physical stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lindsay
- Free Radical Biochemistry Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - J Healy
- Free Radical Biochemistry Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - W Mills
- Free Radical Biochemistry Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - J Lewis
- Steroid and Immunobiochemistry Laboratory, Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - N Gill
- New Zealand Rugby Union, Wellington, New Zealand
- Sports Performance Research Institute New Zealand, School of Sport and Recreation, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - N Draper
- College of Life and Natural Sciences, University of Derby, Derby, UK
| | - S P Gieseg
- Free Radical Biochemistry Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
- Department of Radiology, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
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21
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Lindsay A, Carr S, Draper N, Gieseg SP. Urinary myoglobin quantification by high-performance liquid chromatography: An alternative measurement for exercise-induced muscle damage. Anal Biochem 2015; 491:37-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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22
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Lindsay A, Lewis J, Gill N, Gieseg SP, Draper N. Immunity, inflammatory and psychophysiological stress response during a competition of professional rugby union. Pteridines 2015. [DOI: 10.1515/pterid-2015-0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Neopterin, cortisol and immunoglobulin A were measured to determine what effect a professional rugby competition has on the immunity, inflammatory and psychophysiological stress response. Urine and saliva were collected from 37 professional players at regular intervals throughout a 20 week professional competition. Total neopterin, cortisol and secretory immunoglobulin A were analysed using enzyme linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). All markers did not change significantly when analysed as a group during the course of the season compared to baseline (p>0.05), although long-distance travel had a minor effect on cortisol and secretory immunoglobulin A concentrations (p<0.05). More importantly, a large inter-individual variation for all markers was observed (p<0.001). These results indicate this competition of professional rugby does not cause significant changes in psychophysiological stress. Some players however, may become more susceptible to fatigue and infection during the course of a season as a result of suppressed immunity and sustained activation of the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus Lindsay
- Free Radical Biochemistry Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - John Lewis
- Steroid and Immunobiochemistry Laboratory, Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | | | - Steven P. Gieseg
- Free Radical Biochemistry Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Nick Draper
- College of Life and Natural Sciences, University of Derby, Kedleston Road, Derby, UK
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23
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Lindsay A, Carr S, Othman MI, Marks E, Davies S, Petersen C, Draper N, Gieseg SP. The physiological and mononuclear cell activation response to cryotherapy following a mixed martial arts contest: a pilot study. Pteridines 2015. [DOI: 10.1515/pterid-2015-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Cold water immersion is thought to reduce the inflammatory response to injury. Using cultured mononuclear cells and human subjects in a mixed martial arts (MMA) contest, we examined the effect of cryotherapy on 7,8-dihydroneopterin and neopterin generation. Urine was collected from 10 elite male mixed martial artists before, immediately post and 1, 2, 24 and 48 h following a contest. Myoglobin was analysed by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography, and urinary neopterin and total neopterin (neopterin+7,8-dihydroneopterin) were measured by strong cation exchange high-performance liquid chromatography. Cold water immersion and passive recovery were compared using changes in these markers, while cryotherapy tested total neopterin production in γ-interferon and phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-stimulated blood-derived mononuclear cells (monocytes/T cells). Myoglobin significantly increased (p<0.05) at 1 h post-contest, neopterin significantly increased at 1 and 24 h (p<0.05), total neopterin significantly increased (p<0.05) at 1 h post for the passive group only, and significant individual variation was observed for all markers (p<0.01). Cold water immersion attenuated total neopterin production (p<0.05), while cryotherapy significantly reduced total neopterin production in PMA-stimulated mononuclear cells (p<0.01). Cryotherapy attenuates the post-exercise inflammatory response following an MMA contest. The evidence also suggests that the mechanisms responsible for this may be related to direct immune cell suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus Lindsay
- Free Radical Biochemistry Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Sam Carr
- Free Radical Biochemistry Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | | | - Edward Marks
- Free Radical Biochemistry Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Sian Davies
- Free Radical Biochemistry Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Carl Petersen
- School of Sport and Physical Education, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Nick Draper
- College of Life and Natural Sciences, University of Derby, Kedleston Road, Derby, UK
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24
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Katouah H, Chen A, Othman I, Gieseg SP. Oxidised low density lipoprotein causes human macrophage cell death through oxidant generation and inhibition of key catabolic enzymes. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 67:34-42. [PMID: 26255116 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Oxidised low density lipoprotein (oxLDL) is thought to be a significant contributor to the death of macrophage cells observed in advanced atherosclerotic plaques. Using human-derived U937 cells we have examined the effect of cytotoxic oxLDL on oxidative stress and cellular catabolism. Within 3h of the addition of oxLDL, there was a rapid, concentration dependent rise in cellular reactive oxygen species followed by the loss of cellular GSH, and the enzyme activity of both glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and aconitase. The loss of these catabolic enzymes was accompanied by the loss of cellular ATP and lower lactate generation. Addition of the macrophage antioxidant 7,8-dihydroneopterin inhibited the ROS generation, glutathione loss and catabolic inactivation. NOX was shown to be activated by oxLDL addition while apocynin inhibited the loss of GSH and cell viability. The data suggests that oxLDL triggers an excess of ROS production through NOX activation, and catabolic failure through thiol oxidation resulting in cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanadi Katouah
- Free Radical Biochemistry Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand; Chemistry Department, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al Qura University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alpha Chen
- Free Radical Biochemistry Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Izani Othman
- Free Radical Biochemistry Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand; Faculty of Pharmacy, University Teknologi, MARA, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Steven P Gieseg
- Free Radical Biochemistry Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand; Department of Radiology, University of Otago Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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Janmale T, Genet R, Crone E, Flavall E, Firth C, Pirker J, Roake JA, Gieseg SP. Neopterin and 7,8-dihydroneopterin are generated within atherosclerotic plaques. Pteridines 2015. [DOI: 10.1515/pterid-2015-0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Plasma neopterin correlates with the level of cardiovascular disease. Neopterin is the oxidation product of 7,8-dihydroneopterin, which is released by γ-interferon-stimulated macrophages. 7,8-Dihydroneopterin is a potent antioxidant, which inhibits lipid oxidation, macrophage cell death and scavenger receptor CD36 expression. The concentration of neopterin within atherosclerotic plaques was measured in tissue removed from carotid and femoral arteries. The excised plaques were cut into 3-mm-thick sections, and each section was analysed for neopterin, total neopterin, cholesterol, lipid peroxides, α-tocopherol and protein-bound 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine. Selected plaques were placed in tissue culture, and the media was analysed for 7,8-dihydroneopterin and neopterin release. Total neopterin levels ranged from 14 to 18.8 nmol/g of tissue. Large ranges of values were seen both within the same plaque and between plaques. No correlation between neopterin and any of the other analytes was observed, nor was there any significant trend in levels along the length of the plaques. γ-Interferon stimulation of cultured plaque generated total neopterin concentrations from 1 to 4 nmol/(g 24 h). The level of 7,8-dihydroneopterin generated within the plaque was within the range that inhibits lipid oxidation. The data show that atherosclerotic plaques are extremely dynamic in biochemistry and are the likely source of the plasma 7,8-dihydroneopterin and neopterin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejraj Janmale
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Rebecca Genet
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Elizabeth Crone
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Elizabeth Flavall
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Carol Firth
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - John Pirker
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Justin A. Roake
- Department Vascular, Endovascular and Transplant Surgery, Christchurch Hospital, New Zealand
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Lindsay A, Lewis J, Gill N, Gieseg SP, Draper N. Effect of varied recovery interventions on markers of psychophysiological stress in professional rugby union. Eur J Sport Sci 2015; 15:543-9. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2015.1029982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Chandrasekaran N, Dimartino S, Janmale T, Gieseg SP, Fee CJ. Adsorption of chemically synthesized mussel adhesive peptide sequences containing DOPA on stainless steel. J Pept Sci 2015; 21:630-5. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.2776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Neha Chandrasekaran
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering; University of Canterbury; Christchurch New Zealand
| | - Simone Dimartino
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering; University of Canterbury; Christchurch New Zealand
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre; University of Canterbury; Christchurch New Zealand
| | - Tejraj Janmale
- Free Radical Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences; University of Canterbury; Christchurch New Zealand
| | - Steven P. Gieseg
- Free Radical Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences; University of Canterbury; Christchurch New Zealand
- Department of Radiology; University of Otago Christchurch; New Zealand
| | - Conan J. Fee
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering; University of Canterbury; Christchurch New Zealand
- Biomolecular Interaction Centre; University of Canterbury; Christchurch New Zealand
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Lindsay A, Lewis JG, Scarrott C, Gill N, Gieseg SP, Draper N. Assessing the Effectiveness of Selected Biomarkers in the Acute and Cumulative Physiological Stress Response in Professional Rugby Union through Non-invasive Assessment. Int J Sports Med 2015; 36:446-54. [PMID: 25760150 DOI: 10.1055/s-0034-1398528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Rugby union is a sport involving high force and frequency impacts making the likelihood of injury a significant risk. The aim of this study was to measure and report the individual and group acute and cumulative physiological stress response during 3 professional rugby games through non-invasive sampling. 24 professional rugby players volunteered for the study. Urine and saliva samples were collected pre and post 3 matches. Myoglobin, salivary immunoglobulin A, cortisol, neopterin and total neopterin (neopterin+7,8-dihydroneopterin) were analysed by high performance liquid chromatography or enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Significant increases in cortisol, myoglobin, neopterin and total neopterin when urine volume was corrected with specific gravity were observed (p<0.05). Significant decreases in salivary immunoglobulin A concentration were observed for games 1 and 2 while secretion rate decreased after games 2 and 3. Significant decreases were seen with the percent of 7,8-dihydroneopterin being converted to neopterin following games 2 and 3. The intensity of 3 professional rugby games was sufficient to elicit significant changes in the physiological markers selected for our study. Furthermore, results suggest the selected markers not only provide a means for analysing the stress encountered during a single game of rugby but also highlight the unique pattern of response for each individual player.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lindsay
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - J G Lewis
- Steroid and Immunobiochemistry Laboratory, Canterbury Health Laboratories, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - C Scarrott
- Department of Maths and Statistics, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - N Gill
- Institute of Sport and Recreation Research New Zealand, AUT University, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - S P Gieseg
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - N Draper
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Derby, Derby, UK
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Kader T, Porteous CM, Williams MJA, Gieseg SP, McCormick SPA. Ribose-cysteine increases glutathione-based antioxidant status and reduces LDL in human lipoprotein(a) mice. Atherosclerosis 2014; 237:725-33. [PMID: 25463112 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.10.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE D-ribose-L-cysteine (ribose-cysteine) is a cysteine analogue designed to increase the synthesis of glutathione (GSH). GSH is a cofactor for glutathione peroxidase (GPx), the redox enzyme that catalyses the reduction of lipid peroxides. A low GPx activity and increased oxidised lipids are associated with the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Here we aimed to investigate the effect of ribose-cysteine supplementation on GSH, GPx, lipid oxidation products and plasma lipids in vivo. METHODS Human lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] transgenic mice were treated with 4 mg/day ribose-cysteine (0.16 g/kg body weight) for 8 weeks. Livers and blood were harvested from treated and untreated controls (n = 9 per group) and GSH concentrations, GPx activity, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), 8-isoprostanes and plasma lipid concentrations were measured. RESULTS Ribose-cysteine increased GSH concentrations in the liver and plasma (P < 0.05). GPx activity was increased in both liver (1.7 fold, P < 0.01) and erythrocytes (3.5 fold, P < 0.05). TBARS concentrations in the liver, plasma and aortae were significantly reduced with ribose-cysteine (P < 0.01, P < 0.0005 and P < 0.01, respectively) as were the concentrations of 8-isoprostanes in the liver and aortae (P < 0.0005, P < 0.01, respectively). Ribose-cysteine treated mice showed significant decreases in LDL, Lp(a) and apoB concentrations (P < 0.05, P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively), an effect which was associated with upregulation of the LDL receptor (LDLR). CONCLUSIONS As ribose-cysteine lowers LDL, Lp(a) and oxidised lipid concentrations, it might be an ideal intervention to increase protection against the development of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanjina Kader
- Department of Biochemistry, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Carolyn M Porteous
- Department of Biochemistry, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Michael J A Williams
- Department of Medicine, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Steven P Gieseg
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Sally P A McCormick
- Department of Biochemistry, Otago School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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Abstract
Rugby union is a sport governed by the impacts of high force and high frequency. Analysis of physiological markers following a game can provide an understanding of the physiological response of an individual and the time course changes in response to recovery. Urine and saliva were collected from 11 elite amateur rugby players 24 h before, immediately after, and at 17, 25, 38, 62 and 86 h post-game. Myoglobin, salivary immunoglobulin A and cortisol were analysed by ELISA, whereas neopterin and total neopterin were analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography. There was a significant post-game increase of all four markers. The increases were cortisol 4-fold, myoglobin 2.85-fold, neopterin 1.75-fold and total neopterin 2.3-fold when corrected with specific gravity. All significant changes occurred post-game only, with markers returning to and remaining at baseline within 17 h. The intensity of the game caused significant changes in key physiological markers of stress. They provide an understanding of the stress experienced during a single game of rugby and the time course changes associated with player recovery. Neopterin provides a new marker of detecting an acute inflammatory response in physical exercise, while specific gravity should be considered for urine volume correction post-exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus Lindsay
- a School of Biological Sciences , University of Canterbury , Christchurch , New Zealand
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Abstract
Abstract
Body building is a sport where ultrastructual damage to muscle fibres aids the development of dense muscle layers. Using a new strong cation exchange (SCX) based chromatography technique to measure neopterin and 7,8-dihydroneopterin, we investigated whether this muscle damage caused increased levels of inflammation. Urine samples were collected over eight consecutive mornings from 10 natural competitive body builders. Samples were analysed using SCX high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with urine volume corrected for creatinine and specific gravity (SG). The majority of subjects showed large changes in both neopterin and total neopterin (7,8-dihydroneopterin+neopterin) levels, though the mean data for the group showed no significant change over the week. There was no evidence of the high intensity resistance training causing an accumulation of inflammation as the values for all the body builders returned to close to the starting values after 2 days rest. The SCX analysis had an intra-specific viability of 3.04% and the inter-specific viability was 5.42%. Urine volume correction with SG was found to give the same values as using creatinine. Creatinine and specific gravity are both reliable methods for correcting for urine volume while SCX HPLC provides a new means of measuring urinary neopterin and total neopterin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus Lindsay
- Free Radical Biochemistry Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Tejraj Janmale
- Free Radical Biochemistry Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Nick Draper
- School of Sport and Physical Education, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchruch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Steven P. Gieseg
- Free Radical Biochemistry Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
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Izani Othman M, Gieseg SP. GW24-e3979 The role of calcium in oxLDL mediated cell death in human monocytes: Possible mechanism of atherosclerotic plaque progression. Heart 2013. [DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2013-304613.242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Zainon R, Ronaldson JP, Janmale T, Scott NJ, Buckenham TM, Butler APH, Butler PH, Doesburg RM, Gieseg SP, Roake JA, Anderson NG. Spectral CT of carotid atherosclerotic plaque: comparison with histology. Eur Radiol 2012; 22:2581-8. [PMID: 22760344 DOI: 10.1007/s00330-012-2538-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Revised: 04/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To distinguish components of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque by imaging their energy response using spectral CT and comparing images with histology. METHODS After spectroscopic calibration using phantoms of plaque surrogates, excised human carotid atherosclerotic plaques were imaged using MARS CT using a photon-processing detector with a silicon sensor layer and microfocus X-ray tube (50 kVp, 0.5 mA) at 38-μm voxel size. The plaques were imaged, sectioned and re-imaged using four threshold energies: 10, 16, 22 and 28 keV; then sequentially stained with modified Von Kossa, Perl's Prussian blue and Oil-Red O, and photographed. Relative Hounsfield units across the energies were entered into a linear algebraic material decomposition model to identify the unknown plaque components. RESULTS Lipid, calcium, iron and water-like components of plaque have distinguishable energy responses to X-ray, visible on spectral CT images. CT images of the plaque surface correlated very well with histological photographs. Calcium deposits (>1,000 μm) in plaque are larger than iron deposits (<100 μm), but could not be distinguished from each other within the same voxel using the energy range available. CONCLUSIONS Spectral CT displays energy information in image form at high spatial resolution, enhancing the intrinsic contrast of lipid, calcium and iron within atheroma. KEY POINTS Spectral computed tomography offers new insights into tissue characterisation. Components of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque are spectrally distinct with intrinsic contrast. Spectral CT of excised atherosclerotic plaques can display iron, calcium and lipid. Calcium deposits are larger than iron deposits in atheroma. Spectral CT may help in the non-invasive detection of vulnerable plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Zainon
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Yang YTT, Whiteman M, Gieseg SP. Intracellular glutathione protects human monocyte-derived macrophages from hypochlorite damage. Life Sci 2012; 90:682-8. [PMID: 22472425 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Revised: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Macrophages must function in an inflammatory environment of high oxidative stress due to the production of various oxidants. Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is a potent cytotoxic agent generated by neutrophils and macrophages within inflammatory sites. This study determines whether glutathione is the key factors governing macrophage resistance to HOCl. MAIN METHODS Human monocyte derived macrophages (HMDM) were differentiated from human monocytes prepared from human blood. The HMDM cells were exposed to micromolar concentrations of HOCl and the timing of the cell viability loss was measured. Cellular oxidative damage was measured by loss of glutathione, cellular ATP, tyrosine oxidation, and inactivation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH). KEY FINDINGS HOCl causes a rapid loss in HMDM cell viability above threshold concentrations. The cell death occurred within 10 min of treatment with the morphological characteristics of necrosis. The HOCl caused the extensive cellular protein oxidation with the loss of tyrosine residue and inactivation of GAPDH, which was accompanied with the loss of cellular ATP. This cellular damage was only observed after the loss of intracellular GSH from the cell. Removal of intracellular GSH with diethyl maleate (DEM) increased the cells' sensitivity to HOCl damage while protecting the intracellular GSH pool with the antioxidant 7,8-dihydroneopterin prevented the HOCl mediated viability loss. Variations in the HOCl LD(50) for inducing cell death were strongly correlated with initial intracellular GSH levels. SIGNIFICANCE In HMDM cells scavenging of HOCl by intracellular glutathione is sufficient to protect against oxidative loss of key metabolic functions within the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-ting Tina Yang
- Free Radical Biochemistry Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
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36
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Tuckey NPL, Janssen GJA, Forster ME, Gieseg SP. In VitroPerfused Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) Tails: A Potential Model for Studying Post-Harvest Tissue Chemistry and Metabolism in Valuable Fish Tissues. Journal of Aquatic Food Product Technology 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10498850.2011.589023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Hoover SER, Ladley JJ, Shchepetkina AA, Tisch M, Gieseg SP, Tylianakis JM. Warming, CO2, and nitrogen deposition interactively affect a plant-pollinator mutualism. Ecol Lett 2012; 15:227-34. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2011.01729.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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38
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Yang YTT, Whiteman M, Gieseg SP. HOCl causes necrotic cell death in human monocyte derived macrophages through calcium dependent calpain activation. Biochim Biophys Acta 2011; 1823:420-9. [PMID: 22008466 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2011.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Revised: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The abundance of dead macrophages in close proximity to HOCl-modified proteins in advanced atherosclerotic plaques implicates HOCl in the killing of macrophages and the formation of the necrotic core region. The mechanism of HOCl mediated death of macrophages was unknown, so using human monocyte derived macrophages (HMDM) we here have shown that HOCl causes a rapid necrotic cell death characterized by loss of MTT reduction, cellular ATP and cell lysis without caspase-3 activation in HMDM cells. The HOCl causes a rise in cytosolic calcium level via the plasma membrane L- and T-type calcium channels and endoplasmic reticulum RyR channel. Blocking of the calcium channels or the addition of calpain inhibitors prevents the HOCl mediated loss of mitochondrial potential, lysosome failure and HMDM cell death. Blocking MPT-pore formation with cyclosporin A also prevents the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, lysosomal destabilization and HMDM cell death. Blocking the calcium mitochondrial uniporter with ruthenium red also blocks the loss of mitochondrial potential but only at high concentrations. HOCl appears to cause HMDM cell death through destabilization of cytosolic calcium control resulting in the failure of both the mitochondria and lysosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-ting Tina Yang
- Free Radical Biochemistry Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
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39
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Gieseg SP, Amit Z, Yang YT, Shchepetkina A, Katouah H. Oxidant production, oxLDL uptake, and CD36 levels in human monocyte–derived macrophages are downregulated by the macrophage-generated antioxidant 7,8-dihydroneopterin. Antioxid Redox Signal 2010; 13:1525-34. [PMID: 20408759 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2009.3065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The severity of atheroma burden in patients strongly correlates to increasing levels of plasma neopterin, the oxidation product of 7,8-dihydroneopterin. Interferon-γ stimulation of macrophages causes the synthesis of 7,8-dihydroneopterin, a potent antioxidant that inhibits oxidative damage to cells, and the cytotoxicity of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) to monocyte-like U937 cells but not THP-1 cells. With human monocyte-derived macrophages (HMDMs), oxLDL triggered a large oxidative stress, causing the rapid loss of cellular glutathione, glyceradehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) inhibition, and eventual loss of viability without caspase-3 activation. Inhibition of oxLDL cytotoxicity to HMDMs occurred at 7,8-dihydroneopterin concentrations >100 μM. The oxLDL-mediated glutathione loss and GAPDH inactivation was inhibited by 7,8-dihydroneopterin. 7,8-Dihydroneopterin rapidly entered the HMDMs, suggesting that much of the protective effect was scavenging of intracellular oxidants generated in response to oxLDL. OxLDL uptake by HMDMs was reduced by 30% by 7,8-dihydroneopterin. Immunoblot analysis suggests that this decrease in oxLDL uptake was due to a significant downregulation in the levels of CD36. These results imply that 7,8-dihydroneopterin protects human macrophages both by scavenging oxidants generated in response to oxLDL and by decreasing CD36-mediated uptake of oxLDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven P Gieseg
- Free Radical Biochemistry Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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40
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Tuckey NPL, Forster ME, Gieseg SP. Effects of rested harvesting on muscle metabolite concentrations and K-values in Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) fillets during storage at 15 degrees C. J Food Sci 2010; 75:C459-64. [PMID: 20629868 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2010.01648.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Improvement of harvesting procedures in aquaculture may also improve the quality and storage properties of the fish. The use of an anesthetic allows fish to be harvested with reduced stress and exhaustion, which affect fillet properties. We report here on the effects of rested harvesting on the postharvest metabolic profiles and K-values in Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) fillets stored near to the fish's acclimation temperature at 15 degrees C for 36 h. Fresh rested fillets were obtained by anesthesia with AQUI-S. They had high cut surface pHs (7.63) and high concentrations of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and creatine phosphate (3.75 and 8.73 micromol g(-1) respectively), which depleted over 12 h. In contrast, fresh exhausted fillets had low cut surface pHs (6.66) and ATP and creatine phosphate were depleted. Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)) concentrations also remained significantly higher during the first 12 h of storage in rested fillets. In fresh rested fillets inosine monophosphate (IMP) concentrations reached maximum after 12 h storage (4.78 micromol g(-1)), whereas maximum IMP concentrations occurred immediately postharvest in the exhausted fillets (6.42 micromol g(-1)). After 36 h storage, K-values in exhausted fillets reached 52.11% compared to 19.27% in rested fillets. Rested harvesting of Chinook salmon improved the fillets' metabolic potential postharvest, extending metabolite depletion times, changing IMP concentrations and reducing K-values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P L Tuckey
- The New Zealand Inst. for Plant and Food Research Limited, P.O. Box 5114, Port Nelson, Nelson 7043, New Zealand.
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Sutherland WHF, Gieseg SP, Walker RJ, de Jong SA, Firth CA, Scott N. Serum Protein-Bound 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine and Related Products of Protein Oxidation and Chronic Hemodialysis. Ren Fail 2009; 25:997-1009. [PMID: 14669859 DOI: 10.1081/jdi-120026035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Protein-bound dihydroxyphenylalanine (PB-DOPA) and its oxidation products are formed by free radical and oxidative attack on proteins. Hemodialysis and uremic toxins can activate leukocytes leading to overproduction of reactive oxygen species such as hydrogen peroxide and hypochlorous acid (HOCl) that increases protein oxidation. METHODS We have used a sensitive fluorometric method to measure PB-DOPA and its oxidation products in proteins after gamma-irradiation and incubation with HOCl and in serum from hemodialysis patients and healthy controls. These PB-DOPA concentrations were compared with those measured by HPLC (PB-DOPAHPLC). RESULTS Fluorescent PB-DOPA increased linearly with increasing amounts of human serum and with increasing amounts of gamma-irradiated bovine serum albumin. Concentrations of fluorescent PB-DOPA paralleled PB-DOPAHPLC levels but were approximately 60-70 times higher. Incubation of BSA and human serum albumin (HSA) with HOCl (39.4 mM) significantly (P < 0.0001) increased fluorescent PB-DOPA by 5 fold and 10 fold respectively and PB-DOPAHPLC by 6-fold for both proteins Fluorescent PB-DOPA concentration increased significantly (P < 0.0001) by 16-fold in human serum incubated with HOCl (39.4 mM). Mean serum fluorescent PB-DOPA was significantly (P < 0.0001) higher in 19 hemodialysis patients (57.7 +/- 16.1 microM) compared with 21 healthy controls (33.5 +/- 3.7 microM). Mean PB-DOPAHPLC was 4.45 +/- 1.63 microM in the healthy controls and 12 hemodialysis patients had values within the range of values in these controls while five patients had values that were outside eight SDs of the mean for healthy subjects. Serum fluorescent PB-DOPA was not correlated significantly with PB-DOPAHPLC in these subjects. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study suggest that fluorophores of the type, which are derived from DOPA can be reproducibly measured in delipidated serum protein and that HOCl can increase levels of these fluorophores-generating proteins and may potentially contribute to the high levels in serum from hemodialysis patients. This high level of fluorescent PB-DOPA compounds is only partially due to authentic PB-DOPA and might also be derived from other related protein oxidation products including those from DOPA oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wayne H F Sutherland
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.
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42
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Firth CA, Yang YT, Gieseg SP. Lipid oxidation predominates over protein hydroperoxide formation in human monocyte-derived macrophages exposed to aqueous peroxyl radicals. Free Radic Res 2009; 41:839-48. [PMID: 17577745 DOI: 10.1080/10715760701416442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In U937 and mouse myeloma cells, protein hydroperoxides are the predominant hydroperoxide formed during exposure to AAPH or gamma irradiation. In lipid-rich human monocyte-derived macrophages (HMDMs), we have found the opposite situation. Hydroperoxide measurements by the FOX assay showed the majority of hydroperoxides formed during AAPH incubation were lipid hydroperoxides. Lipid hydroperoxide formation began after a four hour lag period and was closely correlated with loss of cell viability. The macrophage pterin 7,8-dihydroneopterin has previously been shown to be a potent scavenger of peroxyl radicals, preventing oxidative damage in U937 cells, protein and lipoprotein. However, when given to HMDM cells, 7,8-dihydroneopterin failed to inhibit the AAPH-mediated cellular damage. The lack of interaction between 7,8-dihydroneopterin and AAPH peroxyl radicals suggests that they localize to separate cellular sites in HMDM cells. Our data shows that lipid peroxidation is the predominant reaction occurring in HMDMs, possibly due to the high lipid content of the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole A Firth
- Free Radical Biochemistry Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Tuckey NP, Forster ME, Gieseg SP. Lipid Oxidation Is Inhibited by Isoeugenol Exposure in Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus Tshawytscha) Fillets during Storage at 15 °C. J Food Sci 2009; 74:C333-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3841.2009.01135.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Gieseg SP, Leake DS, Flavall EM, Amit Z, Reid L, Yang YT. Macrophage antioxidant protection within atherosclerotic plaques. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 2009; 14:1230-46. [PMID: 19273127 DOI: 10.2741/3305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage cells within inflammatory lesions are exposed to a wide range of degrading and cytotoxic molecules including reactive oxygen species. Unlike neutrophils, macrophages do not normally die in this environment but continue to generate oxidants, phagocytose cellular remains, and release a range of cyto-active agents which modulate the immune response. It is this potential of the macrophage cell to survive in an oxidative environment that allows the growth and complexity of advanced atherosclerotic plaques. This review will examine the oxidants encountered by macrophages within an atherosclerotic plaque and describe some of the potential antioxidant mechanisms which enable macrophages to function within inflammatory lesions. Ascorbate, a-tocopherol, and glutathione appear to be central to the protection of macrophages yet additional antioxidant mechanisms appear to be involved. Gamma-Interferon causes macrophages to generate 7,8-dihydroneopterin, neopterin and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid both of which have antioxidant properties. Manganese superoxide dismutase is also upregulated in macrophages. The evidence that these antioxidants provide further protection, so allowing the macrophage cells to survive within sites of chronic inflammation such as atherosclerotic plaques, will be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven P Gieseg
- Free Radical Biochemistry Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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Firth CA, Crone EM, Flavall EA, Roake JA, Gieseg SP. Macrophage mediated protein hydroperoxide formation and lipid oxidation in low density lipoprotein are inhibited by the inflammation marker 7,8-dihydroneopterin. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research 2008; 1783:1095-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2008.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2007] [Revised: 02/13/2008] [Accepted: 02/14/2008] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Firth CA, Gieseg SP. Redistribution of metal ions to control low density lipoprotein oxidation in Ham's F10 medium. Free Radic Res 2007; 41:1109-15. [PMID: 17886032 DOI: 10.1080/10715760701570099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The study of cell-mediated low density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation has traditionally been undertaken using Ham's F10 media due to its high metal content and low levels of antioxidants. Although there has been no acknowledged change to this media in recent years by the suppliers, Ham's F10 medium has been found to be extremely inconsistent in its promotion of LDL oxidation in the absence of cells. This variability contrasts with the relatively consistent rates of THP-1 cell-mediated LDL oxidation. This study has now shown that the variability in cell-free LDL oxidation is medium-dependent and not an artefact of experimental protocol. It presents evidence that suggests the variable rates of cell-free LDL oxidation are caused by iron auto-oxidation during storage of the Ham's F10 medium. The medium can be standardized by removal of all transition metals, by treatment with Chelex, before the addition of known amounts of iron or copper. This treatment generates a cell culture medium that only allows very slow LDL oxidation in the absence of cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole A Firth
- Free Radical Biochemistry Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury,Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Gieseg SP, Crone EM, Flavall EA, Amit Z. Potential to inhibit growth of atherosclerotic plaque development through modulation of macrophage neopterin/7,8-dihydroneopterin synthesis. Br J Pharmacol 2007; 153:627-35. [PMID: 17700723 PMCID: PMC2259216 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The rise in plasma neopterin observed with increasing severity of vascular disease is a strong indicator of the inflammatory nature of atherosclerosis. Plasma neopterin originates as the oxidation product of 7,8-dihydroneopterin secreted by gamma-interferon stimulated macrophages within atherosclerotic plaques. Neopterin is increasingly being used as a marker of inflammation during clinical management of patients with a range of disorders including atherosclerosis. Yet the role of 7,8-dihydroneopterin/neopterin synthesis during the inflammatory process and plaque formation remains poorly understood and controversial. This is partially due to the unresolved role oxidants play in atherosclerosis and the opposing roles of 7,8-dihydroneopterin/neopterin. Neopterin can act as pro-oxidant, enhancing oxidant damage and triggering apoptosis in a number of different cell types. Neopterin appears to have some cellular signalling properties as well as being able to chelate and enhance the reactivity of transition metal ions during Fenton reactions. In contrast, 7,8-dihydroneopterin is also a radical scavenger, reacting with and neutralizing a range of reactive oxygen species including hypochlorite, nitric oxide and peroxyl radicals, thus protecting lipoproteins and various cell types including macrophages. This has led to the suggestion that 7,8-dihydroneopterin is synthesized to protect macrophages from the oxidants released during inflammation. The oxidant/antioxidant activity observed in vitro appears to be determined both by the relative concentration of these compounds and the specific chemistry of the in vitro system under study. How these activities might influence or modulate the development of atherosclerotic plaque in vivo will be explored in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Gieseg
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.
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Kappler M, Gerry AB, Brown E, Reid L, Leake DS, Gieseg SP. Aqueous peroxyl radical exposure to THP-1 cells causes glutathione loss followed by protein oxidation and cell death without increased caspase-3 activity. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research 2007; 1773:945-53. [PMID: 17509699 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2007.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2007] [Revised: 04/03/2007] [Accepted: 04/04/2007] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Protein oxidation within cells exposed to oxidative free radicals has been reported to occur in an uninhibited manner with both hydroxyl and peroxyl radicals. In contrast, THP-1 cells exposed to peroxyl radicals (ROO(*)) generated by thermo decomposition of the azo compound AAPH showed a distinct lag phase of at least 6 h, during which time no protein oxidation or cell death was observed. Glutathione appears to be the source of the lag phase as cellular levels were observed to rapidly decrease during this period. Removal of glutathione with buthionine sulfoxamine eliminated the lag phase. At the end of the lag phase there was a rapid loss of cellular MTT reducing activity and the appearance of large numbers of propidium iodide/annexin-V staining necrotic cells with only 10% of the cells appearing apoptotic (annexin-V staining only). Cytochrome c was released into the cytoplasm after 12 h of incubation but no increase in caspase-3 activity was found at any time points. We propose that the rapid loss of glutathione caused by the AAPH peroxyl radicals resulted in the loss of caspase activity and the initiation of protein oxidation. The lack of caspase-3 activity appears to have caused the cells to undergo necrosis in response to protein oxidation and other cellular damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Kappler
- Free Radical Biochemistry Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Baird SK, Reid L, Hampton MB, Gieseg SP. OxLDL induced cell death is inhibited by the macrophage synthesised pterin, 7,8-dihydroneopterin, in U937 cells but not THP-1 cells. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Cell Research 2005; 1745:361-9. [PMID: 16084608 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2005.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2005] [Revised: 07/04/2005] [Accepted: 07/06/2005] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The atherosclerotic plaque is an inflammatory site where macrophage cells are exposed to cytotoxic oxidised low density lipoprotein (oxLDL). Interferon-gamma released from T-cells results in macrophage synthesis of 7,8-dihydroneopterin which has antioxidant and cytoprotective activity. Using the human derived monocyte-like U937 and THP-1 cell lines, we examined whether 7,8-dihydroneopterin could inhibit the cytotoxic effect of oxLDL. In U937 cells, oxLDL caused a dramatic loss of cellular glutathione and caspase independent cell death associated with phosphatidylserine exposure on the plasma membrane. 7,8-Dihydroneopterin completely blocked the cytotoxic effect of oxLDL. In contrast, oxLDL initiated THP-1 cell apoptosis with reduction in cellular thiols, caspase-3 activation and plasma membrane phosphatidylserine exposure. 7,8-Dihydroneopterin was unable to alter these processes or restore the THP-1 cellular thiol content. 7,8-Dihydroneopterin did provide some protection to both THP-1 cells and U937 cells from AAPH derived peroxyl radicals. The preincubation of oxLDL with 7,8-dihydroneopterin did not reduce cytotoxicity, suggesting that 7,8-dihydroneopterin may be acting in U937 cells by scavenging intracellular oxidants generated by the oxLDL. The data show that muM levels of 7,8-dihydroneopterin may prevent oxLDL mediated cellular death within atherosclerotic plaques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Baird
- Free Radical Biochemistry Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Baird SK, Hampton MB, Gieseg SP. Oxidized LDL triggers phosphatidylserine exposure in human monocyte cell lines by both caspase-dependent and -independent mechanisms. FEBS Lett 2004; 578:169-74. [PMID: 15581636 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2004.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2004] [Revised: 08/30/2004] [Accepted: 11/06/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Monocytic cell lines have been extensively used to characterize and model various features of the atherogenic process. We found striking differences in the apoptotic pathways of U937 cells and THP-1 cells exposed to copper-oxidized LDL. While phosphatidylserine exposure occurred in both lines, caspase activation was only apparent in the THP-1 cells. OxLDL caused caspase activity to decrease below that seen in untreated U937 cells, and this corresponded with a loss in intracellular thiols. In conclusion, exposure of U937 cells to oxLDL did not trigger a conventional apoptosis response, but still resulted in phosphatidylserine externalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah K Baird
- Free Radical Biochemistry Laboratory, School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
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