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Singh RK, Upadhyay PK, Dhar S, G. A. R, Singh VK, Kumar R, Singh RK, Shekhawat K, Rathore SS, Dass A, Kumar A, Gupta G, Rajpoot S, Prakash V, Sarkar S, Sharma NK, Rawat S, Singh S. System of wheat intensification (SWI): Effects on lodging resistance, photosynthetic efficiency, soil biomes, and water productivity. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0299785. [PMID: 38598442 PMCID: PMC11006180 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Intense cultivation with narrow row spacing in wheat, a common practice in the Indo-Gangetic plains of South Asia, renders the crop more susceptible to lodging during physiological maturity. This susceptibility, compounded by the use of traditional crop cultivars, has led to a substantial decline in overall crop productivity. In response to these challenges, a two-year field study on the system of wheat intensification (SWI) was conducted. The study involved three different cultivation methods in horizontal plots and four wheat genotypes in vertical plots, organized in a strip plot design. Our results exhibited that adoption of SWI at 20 cm × 20 cm resulted in significantly higher intercellular CO2 concentration (5.9-6.3%), transpiration rate (13.2-15.8%), stomatal conductance (55-59%), net photosynthetic rate (126-160%), and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) interception (1.6-25.2%) over the existing conventional method (plant geometry 22.5 cm × continuous plant to plant spacing) of wheat cultivation. The lodging resistance capacity of both the lower and upper 3rd nodes was significantly higher in the SWI compared to other cultivation methods. Among different genotypes, HD 2967 demonstrated the highest recorded value for lodging resistance capacity, followed by HD 2851, HD 3086, and HD 2894. In addition, adoption of the SWI at 20 cm × 20 cm enhanced crop grain yield by 36.9-41.6%, and biological yield by 27.5-29.8%. Significantly higher soil dehydrogenase activity (12.06 μg TPF g-1 soil hr-1), arylsulfatase activity (82.8 μg p-nitro phenol g-1 soil hr-1), alkaline phosphatase activity (3.11 n moles ethylene g-1 soil hr-1), total polysaccharides, soil microbial biomass carbon, and soil chlorophyll content were also noted under SWI over conventional method of the production. Further, increased root volumes, surface root density and higher NPK uptake were recorded under SWI at 20×20 cm in comparison to rest of the treatments. Among the tested wheat genotypes, HD-2967 and HD-3086 had demonstrated notable increases in grain and biological yields, as well as improvements in the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and chlorophyll content. Therefore, adoption of SWI at 20 cm ×20 cm (square planting) with cultivars HD 2967 might be the best strategy for enhancing crop productivity and resource-use efficiency under the similar wheat growing conditions of India and similar agro-ecotypes of the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Kumar Singh
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
- Department of Animal Husbandry, Lucknow, India
| | | | - Shiva Dhar
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajanna G. A.
- ICAR- Directorate of Groundnut Research, Regional Station, Ananthapur, India
| | - Vinod Kumar Singh
- ICAR-Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- ICAR-Research Complex for Eastern Region, Patna, India
| | | | | | | | - Anchal Dass
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- ICAR-Research Complex for NEH Region, Sikkim, India
| | - Gaurendra Gupta
- ICAR- Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi, India
| | | | | | | | | | - Satyam Rawat
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | - Satendra Singh
- ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
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Rajpoot S, Srivastava G, Siddiqi MI, Saqib U, Parihar SP, Hirani N, Baig MS. Identification of novel inhibitors targeting TIRAP interactions with BTK and PKCδ in inflammation through an in silico approach. SAR QSAR Environ Res 2022; 33:141-166. [PMID: 35174746 DOI: 10.1080/1062936x.2022.2035817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Advanced computational tools focusing on protein-protein interaction (PPI) based drug development is a powerful platform to accelerate the therapeutic development of small lead molecules and repurposed drugs. Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domain-containing adapter protein (TIRAP) and its interactions with other proteins in macrophages signalling are crucial components of severe or persistent inflammation. TIRAP activation through Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) and Protein Kinase C delta (PKCδ) is essential for downstream inflammatory signalling. We created homology-based structural models of BTK and PKCδ in MODELLER 9.24. TIRAP interactions with BTK and PKCδ in its non-phosphorylated and phosphorylated states were determined by multiple docking tools including HADDOCK 2.4, pyDockWEB and ClusPro 2.0. Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs were virtually screened through Discovery Studio LibDock and Autodock Vina tools to target the common TIR domain residues of TIRAP, which interact with both BTK and PKC at the identified interfacial sites of the complexes. Four FDA-approved drugs were identified and found to have stable interactions over a range of 100 ns MD simulation timescales. These drugs block the interactions of both kinases with TIRAP in silico. Hence, these drugs have the potential to dampen downstream inflammatory signalling and inflammation-mediated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rajpoot
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering (BSBE), Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IITI), Simrol, Indore, India
| | - G Srivastava
- Division of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, India
| | - M I Siddiqi
- Division of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute (CSIR-CDRI), Jankipuram Extension, Sitapur Road, Lucknow, India
| | - U Saqib
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IITI), Simrol, Indore, India
| | - S P Parihar
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa (CIDRI-Africa) and Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine (IDM), Division of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - N Hirani
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - M S Baig
- Department of Biosciences and Biomedical Engineering (BSBE), Indian Institute of Technology Indore (IITI), Simrol, Indore, India
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McKeon G, Phillips S, Rajpoot S. Chiral superfield four-point function in the N=4 super Yang-Mills theory. Phys Rev D Part Fields 1986; 33:3714-3717. [PMID: 9956604 DOI: 10.1103/physrevd.33.3714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
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