Evaluation of the effect of precursor ratios on the electrochemical performances of binder-free NiMn-phosphate electrodes for supercapattery

Binary metal phosphate electrodes have been widely studied for energy storage applications due to the synergistic effects of two different transition elements that able to provide better conductivity and stability. Herein, the battery-type binder-free nickel-manganese phosphate (NiMn-phosphate) electrodes were fabricated with different Ni:Mn precursor ratios via microwave-assisted hydrothermal technique for 5 min at 90 °C. Overall, NiMn3P electrode (Ni:Mn = 1:3) showed an outstanding electrochemical performance, displaying the highest specific (areal) capacity at 3 A/g of 1262.4 C/g (0.44 C/cm2), and the smallest charge transfer resistance of 108.8 Ω. The enhanced performance of NiMn3P electrode can be ascribed to the fully grown amorphous nature and small-sized flake and flower structures of NiMn3P electrode material on the nickel foam (NF) surface. This configuration offered a higher number of active sites and a larger exposed area, facilitating efficient electrochemical reactions with the electrolyte. Consequently, the NiMn3P//AC electrode combination was chosen to further investigate its performance in supercapattery. The NiMn3P//AC supercapattery exhibited remarkable energy density of 105.4 Wh/kg and excellent cyclic stability with 84.7% retention after 3000 cycles. These findings underscored the superior electrochemical performance of the battery-type binder-free NiMn3P electrode, and highlight its potential for enhancing the overall performance of supercapattery.

Perspectives on cultivation and harvesting technologies of microalgae, towards environmental sustainability and life cycle analysis

The development of algae is seen as a potential and ecologically sound approach to address the increasing demands in multiple sectors. However, successful implementation of processes is highly dependent on effective growing and harvesting methods. The present study provides a complete examination of contemporary techniques employed in the production and harvesting of algae, with a particular emphasis on their sustainability. The review begins by examining several culture strategies, encompassing open ponds, closed photobioreactors, and raceway ponds. The analysis of each method is conducted in a systematic manner, with a particular focus on highlighting their advantages, limitations, and potential for expansion. This approach ensures that the conversation is in line with the objectives of sustainability. Moreover, this study explores essential elements of algae harvesting, including the processes of cell separation, dewatering, and biomass extraction. Traditional methods such as centrifugation, filtration, and sedimentation are examined in conjunction with novel, environmentally concerned strategies including flocculation, electro-coagulation, and membrane filtration. It evaluates the impacts on the environment that are caused by the cultivation process, including the usage of water and land, the use of energy, the production of carbon dioxide, and the runoff of nutrients. Furthermore, this study presents a thorough examination of the current body of research pertaining to Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) studies, presenting a perspective that emphasizes sustainability in the context of algae harvesting systems. In conclusion, the analysis ends up with an examination ahead at potential areas for future study in the cultivation and harvesting of algae. This review is an essential guide for scientists, policymakers, and industry experts associated with the advancement and implementation of algae-based technologies.

Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome in neonate: Another face of CA-MRSA

ABSTRACT

Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS), also known as Ritter's disease, in its severe form occurs predominantly in infants and children. It is caused by infection with group II (often phage group 71) Staphylococcus aureus. The foci of infection include nasopharynx, less commonly umbilicus, urinary tract, superficial abrasion, conjunctivae, and blood. Staphylococci are non-motile, non-spore-forming, catalase-positive, gram-positive cocci that appear predominantly as grape-like clusters. Although this organism is frequently a part of normal human microbial flora, it can cause significant opportunistic infections under certain conditions such as when extremes of age groups are involved, the presence of indwelling medical devices, and intravenous (iv) drug abuse. Staphylococcus aureus may cause a variety of infectious manifestations ranging from relatively benign skin infections to life-threatening systemic illnesses. SSSS caused by S. aureus strains produces exfoliative toxins which result in the development of blisters, erythema, and desquamation. Here, we present a case of an 11-day-old neonate who was diagnosed with SSSS. The causative agent responsible for this syndrome was identified as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The molecular characterization of the gene Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL) was done by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and was detected positive for PVL which is a distinctive virulence factor seen almost in all of the community-acquired MRSA strains. The patient was discharged after parenteral clindamycin therapy with almost complete resolution of symptoms.

Magnetic and Magnetostrictive Properties of Sol-Gel-Synthesized Chromium-Substituted Cobalt Ferrite

Chromium (Cr)-doped cobalt ferrite nanoparticles were synthesized using a sol-gel autocombustion method, with the chemical formula CoCrxFe2xO4. The value of x ranged from 0.00 to 0.5 in 0.1 increments. X-ray diffraction analysis confirmed the development of highly crystalline cubic spinel structures for all samples, with an average crystallite size of approximately 40 to 45 nm determined using the Scherrer equation. Pellets were prepared using a traditional ceramic method. The magnetic and magnetostrictive properties of the samples were tested using strain gauge and VSM (vibrating sample magnetometer) techniques. The results of the magnetic and magnetostrictive tests showed that the chromium-substituted cobalt ferrites exhibited higher strain derivative magnitudes than pure cobalt ferrite. These findings indicated that the introduction of chromium into the cobalt ferrite structure led to changes in the material's magnetic properties. These changes were attributed to anisotropic contributions, resulting from an increased presence of Co2+ ions at B-sites due to the chromium substitutions. In summary, this study concluded that introducing chromium into the cobalt ferrite structure caused alterations in the material's magnetic properties, which were explained by changes in the cationic arrangement within the crystal lattice. This study successfully explained these alterations using magnetization and coercivity data and the probable cationic dispersion.

Efficacy and safety of fixed-dose combination of Bilastine-Montelukast in adult patients with allergic rhinitis: a phase III, randomized, multi-center, double-blind, active controlled clinical study

BACKGROUND

Histamine and cysteinyl leukotrienes (CysLTs) are potent inflammatory mediators in allergic rhinitis (AR). Studies involving other combinations of antihistaminics (Levocetirizine) and highly selective leukotriene receptor antagonist (LTA) (Montelukast) combination have shown additive benefits and are widely prescribed for AR.

OBJECTIVE

Evaluate the efficacy and safety of Bilastine 20 mg and Montelukast 10 mg fixed-dose combination (FDC) therapy in patients with AR.

METHODS

A randomized, double-blind, comparative, parallel, phase III study was conducted to evaluate efficacy and safety of Bilastine 20 mg and Montelukast 10 mg FDC at 16 tertiary care otolaryngology centres in India. Adult patients with AR for one year with IgE antibody positive and 12-h NSS score >36 in 3 days were randomized to receive either Bilastine 20 mg and Montelukast 10 mg or Montelukast 10 mg & Levocetirizine 5 mg tablets for 4 weeks. The change in total symptom score (nasal symptom scores (NSS) & non-nasal symptom scores (NNSS)) from baseline to week 4 was assessed as primary endpoint. Secondary endpoints included changes in TSS, NSS, NNSS, individual symptom scores (ISS), Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life (RQLQ), discomfort due to rhinitis (VAS), and clinical global impression (CGI) scores.

RESULTS

The change in mean TSS from baseline to week 4 in Test group (16.6 units) was comparable to reference group (17 units) (p= 0.8876). The difference in change in mean NSS, NNSS and ISS from baseline to day 7, 14, 28 were comparable. RQLQ improved from baseline to Day 28. Significant improvements were observed in discomfort due to AR measured by VAS and CGI scores from baseline to day 14 and 28. The safety and tolerability of patients were comparable between the groups. All adverse events (AEs) were mild to moderate in severity. No patient discontinued due to AEs.

CONCLUSIONS

The FDC of Bilastine 20 mg and Montelukast 10 mg was efficacious and well tolerated in Indian patients with AR.

Research on Cartilage 3D Printing Technology Based on SA-GA-HA

Cartilage damage is difficult to heal and poses a serious problem to human health as it can lead to osteoarthritis. In this work, we explore the application of biological 3D printing to manufacture new cartilage scaffolds to promote cartilage regeneration. The hydrogel made by mixing sodium alginate (SA) and gelatin (GA) has high biocompatibility, but its mechanical properties are poor. The addition of hydroxyapatite (HA) can enhance its mechanical properties. In this paper, the preparation scheme of the SA-GA-HA composite hydrogel cartilage scaffold was explored, the scaffolds prepared with different concentrations were compared, and better formulations were obtained for printing and testing. Mathematical modeling of the printing process of the bracket, simulation analysis of the printing process based on the mathematical model, and adjustment of actual printing parameters based on the results of the simulation were performed. The cartilage scaffold, which was printed using Bioplotter 3D printer, exhibited useful mechanical properties suitable for practical needs. In addition, ATDC-5 cells were seeded on the cartilage scaffolds and the cell survival rate was found to be higher after one week. The findings demonstrated that the fabricated chondrocyte scaffolds had better mechanical properties and biocompatibility, providing a new scaffold strategy for cartilage tissue regeneration.

A universal tool for stability predictions of biotherapeutics, vaccines and in vitro diagnostic products

It is of particular interest for biopharmaceutical companies developing and distributing fragile biomolecules to warrant the stability and activity of their products during long-term storage and shipment. In accordance with quality by design principles, advanced kinetic modeling (AKM) has been successfully used to predict long-term product shelf-life and relies on data from short-term accelerated stability studies that are used to generate Arrhenius-based kinetic models that can, in turn, be exploited for stability forecasts. The AKM methodology was evaluated through a cross-company perspective on stability modeling for key stability indicating attributes of different types of biotherapeutics, vaccines and biomolecules combined in in vitro diagnostic kits. It is demonstrated that stability predictions up to 3 years for products maintained under recommended storage conditions (2-8 °C) or for products that have experienced temperature excursions outside the cold-chain show excellent agreement with experimental real-time data, thus confirming AKM as a universal and reliable tool for stability predictions for a wide range of product types.

Fabrication and characterization of graphene oxide-based polymer nanocomposite coatings, improved stability and hydrophobicity

In this study, acrylic-epoxy-based nanocomposite coatings loaded with different concentrations (0.5-3 wt.%) of graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticles were successfully prepared via the solution intercalation approach. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed that the inclusion of GO nanoparticles into the polymer matrix increased the thermal stability of the coatings. The degree of transparency evaluated by the ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy showed that the lowest loading rate of GO (0.5 wt.%) had completely blocked the incoming irradiation, thus resulting in zero percent transmittance. Furthermore, the water contact angle (WCA) measurements revealed that the incorporation of GO nanoparticles and PDMS into the polymer matrix had remarkably enhanced the surface hydrophobicity, exhibiting the highest WCA of 87.55º. In addition, the cross-hatch test (CHT) showed that all the hybrid coatings exhibited excellent surface adhesion behaviour, receiving 4B and 5B ratings respectively. Moreover, the field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) micrographs confirmed that the presence of the functional groups on the GO surface facilitated the chemical functionalization process, which led to excellent dispersibility. The GO composition up to 2 wt.% showed excellent dispersion and uniform distribution of the GO nanoparticles within the polymer matrix. Therefore, the unique features of graphene and its derivatives have emerged as a new class of nanofillers/inhibitors for corrosion protection applications.

Evaluation of the Hypertensive Phase after Ahmed Glaucoma Valve Implantation in Neovascular Glaucoma

Purpose

To compare Ahmed glaucoma valve (AGV) outcomes in neovascular glaucoma (NVG) eyes with and without a postoperative (PO) hypertensive (HTN) phase.

Design

Retrospective study at a single tertiary care center of patients who underwent AGV implantation for NVG treatment with ≥6-month follow-up.

Methods

Main outcome measures included intraocular pressure (IOP), number of glaucoma medications (GM), and failure at month 6 or at the most recent visit. Failure was defined as decline to no light perception (NLP) vision, IOP >21 mm Hg, or need for glaucoma reoperations (all with GM).

Results

A total of 76 eyes of 74 patients (37 without HTN phase and 39 with HTN phase) with a mean follow-up duration of 28.9 ± 25.7 months (p = 0.602) were included. Both groups had similar demographics, visual acuity (VA), number of GM, etiology of NVG, and retina treatment perioperatively. Baseline IOP was significantly higher in the HTN phase group (p = 0.001). Compared to eyes without an HTN phase, HTN phase eyes more commonly met failure criteria at month 6 (33.3 vs 9.1%; p = 0.01), but both groups had a comparable cumulative failure for the entire follow-up period (p = 0.180). At the most recent visit, the number of GM was higher in the HTN phase group (p = 0.019), but IOP was similar in both groups. PO complications were comparable and uncommon in both groups.

Conclusion

Hypertensive (HTN) phase following AGV implantation for NVG is associated with higher preoperative IOP and greater failure by PO month (POM) 6. However, eyes with and without the HTN phase had similar needs for GM and failure rates over the long term.

How to cite this article

Ramesh S, Shalaby WS, Myers JS, et al. Evaluation of the Hypertensive Phase after Ahmed Glaucoma Valve Implantation in Neovascular Glaucoma. J Curr Glaucoma Pract 2023;17(2):91-97.

3D Printing and Performance Study of Porous Artificial Bone Based on HA-ZrO2-PVA Composites

An ideal artificial bone implant should have similar mechanical properties and biocompatibility to natural bone, as well as an internal structure that facilitates stomatal penetration. In this work, 3D printing was used to fabricate and investigate artificial bone composites based on HA-ZrO₂-PVA. The composites were proportionally configured using zirconia (ZrO₂), hydroxyapatite (HA) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), where the ZrO₂ played a toughening role and PVA solution served as a binder. In order to obtain the optimal 3D printing process parameters for the composites, a theoretical model of the extrusion process of the composites was first established, followed by the optimization of various parameters including the spray head internal diameter, extrusion pressure, extrusion speed, and extrusion line width. The results showed that, at the optimum parameters of a spray head diameter of 0.2 mm, extrusion pressure values ranging from 1-3 bar, a line spacing of 0.8-1.5 mm, and a spray head displacement range of 8-10 mm/s, a better structure of biological bone scaffolds could be obtained. The mechanical tests performed on the scaffolds showed that the elastic modulus of the artificial bone scaffolds reached about 174 MPa, which fulfilled the biomechanical requirements of human bone. According to scanning electron microscope observation of the scaffold sample, the porosity of the scaffold sample was close to 65%, which can well promote the growth of chondrocytes and angiogenesis. In addition, c5.18 chondrocytes were used to verify the biocompatibility of the composite materials, and the cell proliferation was increased by 100% when compared with that of the control group. The results showed that the composite has good biocompatibility.

Recent advances in anaesthesia for intrauterine and foetal surgery

Advances in prenatal diagnostic techniques have enabled early detection of potentially correctable foetal anomalies. Here, we summarise recent developments in anaesthesia for foetal surgery. Types of foetal surgery include minimally invasive, open mid-gestational and ex-utero intrapartum treatment (EXIT) procedures. Foetoscopic surgery avoids hysterotomy, with risk of uterine dehiscence, preserving the possibility of subsequent vaginal delivery. Minimally invasive procedures are performed under local or regional anaesthesia; open or EXIT procedures are usually done under general anaesthesia. Requirements include maintenance of uteroplacental blood flow, and uterine relaxation to prevent placental separation and premature labour. Foetal requirements include monitoring of well-being, providing analgesia and immobility. EXIT procedures require maintenance of placental circulation till the airway is secured, requiring multidisciplinary involvement. Here, the uterine tone must return after baby delivery to prevent major maternal haemorrhage. The anaesthesiologist plays a crucial role in maintaining maternal and foetal homeostasis and optimising surgical conditions.

Creep Behavior of A356 Aluminum Alloy Reinforced with Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes by Stir Casting

Lightweight aluminum alloy components are often used to manufacture a variety of engineering components in many industries. In recent years, researchers have studied the effect of improving the mechanical properties of metal alloys by incorporating nano-carbon into its structure. In this study, the effect of the addition of 0.2, 0.5, and 1 wt% of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on the stress-strain behavior and creep phenomenon of an A356 aluminum alloy were studied. The effect of nickel coating on 0.2 wt% MWCNTs was also investigated. Samples were prepared using the stir-casting method. The results revealed that the grain size became finer when MWCNT nano-particulates were introduced. Although the MWCNTs were distributed homogeneously in the A356 matrix, as confirmed by FESEM analysis, there were some agglomerations observed in a specific area with dimensions smaller than 100 nm. Nevertheless, the addition of MWCNTs was found to be beneficial in enhancing the hardness of alloys containing 0.2 wt%, 0.2 wt% nickel-coated, 0.5 wt%, and 1 wt% MWCNTs by 9%, 24%, 32%, and 15%, respectively, as compared with the unreinforced A345 matrix. It was also found that the 0.5 wt% MWCNT-A356 matrix exhibited an improvement in the creep lifetime by more than two orders of magnitude.

Advances in integrated genomic selection for rapid genetic gain in crop improvement: a review

Genomic selection and its importance in crop breeding. Integration of GS with new breeding tools and developing SOP for GS to achieve maximum genetic gain with low cost and time. The success of conventional breeding approaches is not sufficient to meet the demand of a growing population for nutritious food and other plant-based products. Whereas, marker assisted selection (MAS) is not efficient in capturing all the favorable alleles responsible for economic traits in the process of crop improvement. Genomic selection (GS) developed in livestock breeding and then adapted to plant breeding promised to overcome the drawbacks of MAS and significantly improve complicated traits controlled by gene/QTL with small effects. Large-scale deployment of GS in important crops, as well as simulation studies in a variety of contexts, addressed G × E interaction effects and non-additive effects, as well as lowering breeding costs and time. The current study provides a complete overview of genomic selection, its process, and importance in modern plant breeding, along with insights into its application. GS has been implemented in the improvement of complex traits including tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. Furthermore, this review hypothesises that using GS in conjunction with other crop improvement platforms accelerates the breeding process to increase genetic gain. The objective of this review is to highlight the development of an appropriate GS model, the global open source network for GS, and trans-disciplinary approaches for effective accelerated crop improvement. The current study focused on the application of data science, including machine learning and deep learning tools, to enhance the accuracy of prediction models. Present study emphasizes on developing plant breeding strategies centered on GS combined with routine conventional breeding principles by developing GS-SOP to achieve enhanced genetic gain.

Clipping Could Be the Best Treatment Modality for Recurring Anterior Communicating Artery Aneurysms Treated Endovascularly

BACKGROUND

The anterior communicating artery (AcoA) is the most common location for intracranial aneurysms.

OBJECTIVE

To present occlusion outcomes, complication rate, recurrence rate, and predictors of recurrence in a large cohort with AcoA aneurysms treated primarily with endosaccular embolization. We also attempt to present data on the most effective treatment modality for recurrent AcoA aneurysms.

METHODS

This is a retrospective, single-center study, reviewing the outcomes of 463 AcoA aneurysms treated endovascularly between 2003 and 2018.

RESULTS

The study cohort consisted of 463 patients. Adequate immediate occlusion was achieved in 418 (90.3%). Independent functional status at discharge was observed in 269 patients (58.0%), and the mortality rate was 6.8% (31). At 6 months, adequate occlusion was achieved in 418 (90.4%). Of all the patients, recurrence was observed in 101 cases (21.8%), and of those, 98 (22.4%) underwent retreatment. The combined frequency of retreatment for the coiling group was 42.4%, which was significantly higher than the 0 incident of retreatment in the clipping group (P < .0001). Among the retreatment cohort, there was a significantly higher subsequent retreatment rate in the endovascular group (0% in the clipping group vs 42.4% in the endovascular group, P < .0001).

CONCLUSION

Coiling with and without stent/balloon assistance is a relatively safe and effective modality for the treatment of AcoA aneurysms; however, in the setting of recurrence, microsurgical reconstruction leads to improved outcomes regarding durable occlusion, thus avoiding the potential for multiple interventions in the future.

Woven EndoBridge versus stent-assisted coil embolization of cerebral bifurcation aneurysms

OBJECTIVE

Stent-assisted coil (SAC) embolization has been the mainstay endovascular treatment for bifurcation aneurysms. The recent introduction of the Woven EndoBridge (WEB) device has presented an alternative endovascular treatment modality for these aneurysms. Direct comparisons of outcomes between these two modalities are limited in the literature. Here, the authors compared the outcomes of bifurcation aneurysms treated with SAC and WEB devices.

METHODS

This retrospective single-center study comprised 148 bifurcation aneurysms that were treated endovascularly with SAC or WEB devices between 2011 and 2019. The primary outcome was complete occlusion of the aneurysm at 6 months on catheter angiography.

RESULTS

The SAC and WEB cohorts comprised 85 and 63 aneurysms, respectively. The baseline characteristics were well balanced after inverse probability weight (IPW) adjustment, except for smoking status. The 6-month complete occlusion rate was higher in the WEB cohort than the SAC cohort (67.4% vs 40.6%; unadjusted OR [95% CI] 3.014 [1.385-6.563], p = 0.005). However, this difference in complete occlusion rates did not remain significant after IPW adjustment and multiple imputations. The neck remnant rate was lower in the WEB cohort than the SAC cohort (20% vs 50%; OR [95% CI] 0.250 [0.107-0.584], p = 0.001), and this difference remained significant after IPW adjustment (OR [95% CI] 0.304 [0.116-0.795], p = 0.015) and multiple imputations.

CONCLUSIONS

Use of SAC and WEB demonstrated comparable 6-month complete occlusion rates for bifurcation aneurysms. WEB appeared to be associated with a lower rate of neck remnant at 6 and 12 months compared with SAC. WEB was also associated with fewer complications and decreased retreatment rates compared with SAC.

Assessment of natural DNA methylation variation and its association with economically important traits in dolichos bean (Lablab purpureus L. Var. Lignosus) using AMP-PCR assay

As a prelude to exploit DNA methylation-induced variation, we hypothesized the existence of substantial natural DNA methylation variation and its association with economically important traits in dolichos bean, and tested it using amplified methylation polymorphism-polymerase chain reaction (AMP-PCR) assay. DNA methylation patterns such as internal, external, full and non-methylation were amplified in a set of 64 genotypes using 26 customized randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers containing 5'CCGG3' sequence. The 64 genotypes included 60 germplasm accessions (GA), two advanced breeding lines (ABLs) and two released varieties. The ABLs and released varieties are referred to as improved germplasm accessions (IGA) in this study. The association of DNA methylation patterns with economically important traits such as days to 50% flowering, raceme length, fresh pods plant^-1, fresh pod yield plant^-1 and 100-fresh seed weight was explored. At least 50 genotypes were polymorphic for DNA methylation patterns at 10 loci generated by seven of the 26 RAPD primers. The GA and IGA differed significantly for total, full and external methylation and the frequency of methylation was higher in GA compared to that in IGA. The genotypes with external methylation produced longer racemes than those with full, internal and non-methylation in that order at polymorphic RAPD-11-242 locus. High pod yielding genotypes had significantly lower frequency of full methylation than low yielding ones. On the contrary, the genotypes that produced heavier fresh seeds harboured higher frequencies of total and externally methylated loci than those that produced lighter fresh seeds.

Discovery of genomic regions associated with resistance to late wilt disease caused by Harpophora maydis (Samra, Sabet and Hing) in maize (Zea mays L.)

Late wilt disease (LWD) caused by Harpophora maydis (Samra, Sabet and Hing) is emerging as major production constraint in maize across the world. As a prelude to develop maize hybrid resistance to LWD, genetic basis of resistance was investigated. Two F_2:3 mapping populations (derived from CV156670 × 414-33 (P-1) and CV156670 × CV143587 (P-2)) were challenged with LWD at two locations (Kallinayakanahalli and Muppadighatta) during 2017 post-rainy season. A wider range of LWD scores was observed at both locations in both the populations. LWD response was influenced by significant genotype × location interaction. Six and 56 F_2:3 progeny families showed resistance level better than resistant parent. A total of 150 and 199 polymorphic single nucleotide polymorphism markers were used to genotype P-1 and P-2, respectively. Inclusive composite interval mapping was performed to detect significant Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL), QTL × QTL, QTL × location interaction effects. Three major and four minor QTL controlling LWD resistance were detected on chromosome-1. The position and effect of the QTL varied with the location. Significant di-QTL interactions involving QTL (with significant and/or non-significant effects) located within and between all the ten chromosomes were detected. Five of the seven detected QTL showed significant QTL × location interaction. Though two major QTL (q-lw-1.5 and q-lw-1.6) with lower Q×L interaction effects could be considered as stable, their phenotypic variance is not large enough to deploy them in Marker Assisted Selection (MAS). However, these QTL are of paramount importance in accumulating positive alleles for LWD resistance breeding.

Long-term outcomes in children with Hirschsprung's disease and transition zone bowel pull-through: impact of surgical techniques and role for conservative approach

PURPOSE

Presence of transition zone (TZ) in the pulled colon can impact the outcome of surgery in children with Hirschsprung's disease. There is a wide variation in terminology used to define TZ and its management. We present our series of managing 11 such children with considerations for conservative management.

METHODS

Eleven of 114 children operated for Hirschsprung's disease had features of TZ on the 4-quadrant doughnut assessment of proximal anastomosing margin. They were followed up for development of obstructive symptoms, failure of pull-through procedure or bowel-related complications. Intervention done were observation with laxatives, dilatation, Botox injection and redo pull-through.

RESULTS

Of the 11 children, 6 underwent Duhamel's procedure and 5, transanal endorectal pull-through (TERP). Features identified on HPE were presence of hypertrophic nerve bundles involving 2 or 3 quadrants in the circumferential doughnut biopsy of proximal anastomosing margin. Observed symptoms included constipation, enterocolitis, increased bowel frequency and soiling. Intervention done were use of laxatives with bowel management program in six and Botox injections in four. Only one child with TZ in 3 quadrants required redo surgery. Mean follow-up was 5.2 years with resolution of symptoms in most.

CONCLUSION

This study highlights the role of conservative management with good outcomes in children with TZ bowel pull-through having hypertrophic nerve fibers and normal ganglion pattern. Children who underwent Duhamel's procedure had little impact with the presence of TZ at anastomotic margin and majority of those undergoing TERP benefitted from Botox injection. Conservative management can be attempted successfully to prevent redo surgical interventions as they can lead to poorer outcomes. Only those children not responding to conservative measures need to be planned for revision surgery.

Optical diagnosis of oral lichen planus: A clinical study on the use of autofluorescence spectroscopy combined with multivariate analysis

Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic mucocutaneous inflammatory condition of stratified squamous epithelia. OLP is a potentially malignant condition in oral mucosa. Patients with OLP have an increased risk of developing squamous cell carcinoma. Therefore an early and accurate diagnosis is necessary to avoid further damage to the oral mucosa. Biopsy followed by histopathological examination is the gold standard for the diagnosis of oral mucosal lesions including OLP. But this invasive procedure is traumatic and time consuming with limited statistical confidence level. Autofluorescence spectroscopy (AFS) has recently emerged as a potential tool to evaluate the biochemical changes associated with oral cavity disorders. In this study, we used AFS to differentiate the oral cavity tissue of 20 OLP patients from that of 16 normal volunteers. Spectra from oral mucosa were acquired at 280, 320 and 410 nm excitation wavelengths which correspond to the excitation energy of major endogenous fluorophores. Normalized spectral data at 320 nm excitation showed significant increase in the intensity of collagen peak for OLP. Optical redox ratio and total hemoglobin concentration estimated from the spectral data revealed significant increase and decrease respectively in OLP and normal patients. Principal component analysis followed by linear discriminant analysis (PCA-LDA) provided sensitivity and specificity of 71 and 80%, 80 and 90%, and 72 and 75% respectively for 280, 320 and 410 nm excited spectral datasets. Meanwhile, partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) provided sensitivity and specificity of 69 and 77%, 78 and 91% and 73 and 78.13% respectively for 280, 320 and 410 nm excited spectral datasets. From the results, it is concluded that AFS is an efficient tool for the non invasive diagnosis of OLP, with 320 nm light identified as the best wavelength for excitation.

Capturing Initial Understanding and Impressions of Surgical Therapy for Parkinson's Disease

Background: Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) is an underutilized surgical therapy for Parkinson's Disease (PD). Both physician and patient hesitancies have been described as potential barriers to DBS, but the specifics of patient perceptions of DBS have not been well-characterized in the general PD population. Objective: To characterize the understanding and impressions of surgical therapy in PD patients prior to formal surgical evaluation. Methods: A 30-question survey assessing impressions of surgical therapy for PD and understanding of DBS for PD was administered to PD patients seen at an urban movement disorders clinic. Results: One hundred and two patients completed the survey. When asked if they would undergo a hypothetical risk-free, curative brain surgery for PD, 98 patients responded "yes." Patients were more agreeable to "reversible," "minimally-invasive," and "incisionless" surgery. 51.2% thought DBS is an "effective" treatment for PD, 76.6% thought it was "invasive," and 18.3% thought it was "reversible." 45.2% reported fear of being awake during DBS surgery. Regarding costs, 52.4% were concerned that DBS was "very expensive" or "not covered by insurance." Initial source of information and perceived treatment effectiveness were not associated with concerns about DBS effectiveness or threats to normality. Negative perceptions of past surgery were associated with concerns about DBS altering mood and personality. Conclusion: Overall, patients expressed concerns regarding procedural efficacy, invasiveness, cost, and irreversibility-independent of the original source of information. Future studies are required to allow us to better understand the impact of these initial findings on DBS hesitancy and underutilization.

Image analysis and data processing for COVID-19

COVID-19 is a deadly disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). It was first discovered by variations in the respirational and immune systems of a patient who died of a severe acute respiratory syndrome. The first country heavily affected by coronavirus was China. The first case was detected in Wuhan city, China. This virus spreads rapidly from person to person. Based on laboratory tests for coronavirus disease in humans, it is suspected that bats are the natural source of spread of large varieties of virus. The two major viruses, SARS-CoV and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus, originated from the bat; it caused an unexpected disease outbreak in the 21st century throughout the world. Researchers and doctors have investigated COVID in cadavers. The virus was detected in lung, trachea/bronchus, stomach, small intestine, distal convoluted renal tubule, sweat gland, pancreas, adrenal gland, parathyroid, pituitary, cerebrum, and liver. However, it was not noted in bone marrow, heart, aorta, cerebellum, thyroid, testis, esophagus, spleen, lymph node, ovary, muscle, or uterus. This chapter briefly discusses image analysis and data processing used to accelerate COVID-19 detection and support the efforts of researchers and physician to help infected people and break the chain of disease from person to person.

Cobalt Oxide Nanograins and Silver Nanoparticles Decorated Fibrous Polyaniline Nanocomposite as Battery-Type Electrode for High Performance Supercapattery

In this study, silver (Ag) and cobalt oxide (Co₃O₄) decorated polyaniline (PANI) fibers were prepared by the combination of in-situ aniline oxidative polymerization and the hydrothermal methodology. The morphology of the prepared Ag/Co₃O₄@PANI ternary nanocomposite was studied by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, while the structural studies were carried out by X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The morphological characterization revealed fibrous shaped PANI, coated with Ag and Co₃O₄ nanograins, while the structural studies revealed high purity, good crystallinity, and slight interactions among the constituents of the Ag/Co₃O₄@PANI ternary nanocomposite. The electrochemical performance studies revealed the enhanced performance of the Ag/Co₃O₄@PANI nanocomposite due to the synergistic/additional effect of Ag, Co₃O₄ and PANI compared to pure PANI and Co₃O₄@PANI. The addition of the Ag and Co₃O₄ provided an extended site for faradaic reactions leading to the high specific capacity. The Ag/Co₃O₄@PANI ternary nanocomposite exhibited an excellent specific capacity of 262.62 C g⁻¹ at a scan rate of 3 mV s⁻¹. The maximum energy and power density were found to be 14.01 Wh kg⁻¹ and 165.00 W kg⁻¹, respectively. The cyclic stability of supercapattery (Ag/Co₃O₄@PANI//activated carbon) consisting of a battery type electrode demonstrated a gradual increase in specific capacity with a continuous charge–discharge cycle until ~1000 cycles, then remained stable until 2500 cycles and later started decreasing, thereby showing the cyclic stability of 121.03% of its initial value after 3500 cycles.

Fundamental Concepts of Hydrogels: Synthesis, Properties, and Their Applications

In the present review, we focused on the fundamental concepts of hydrogels-classification, the polymers involved, synthesis methods, types of hydrogels, properties, and applications of the hydrogel. Hydrogels can be synthesized from natural polymers, synthetic polymers, polymerizable synthetic monomers, and a combination of natural and synthetic polymers. Synthesis of hydrogels involves physical, chemical, and hybrid bonding. The bonding is formed via different routes, such as solution casting, solution mixing, bulk polymerization, free radical mechanism, radiation method, and interpenetrating network formation. The synthesized hydrogels have significant properties, such as mechanical strength, biocompatibility, biodegradability, swellability, and stimuli sensitivity. These properties are substantial for electrochemical and biomedical applications. Furthermore, this review emphasizes flexible and self-healable hydrogels as electrolytes for energy storage and energy conversion applications. Insufficient adhesiveness (less interfacial interaction) between electrodes and electrolytes and mechanical strength pose serious challenges, such as delamination of the supercapacitors, batteries, and solar cells. Owing to smart and aqueous hydrogels, robust mechanical strength, adhesiveness, stretchability, strain sensitivity, and self-healability are the critical factors that can identify the reliability and robustness of the energy storage and conversion devices. These devices are highly efficient and convenient for smart, light-weight, foldable electronics and modern pollution-free transportation in the current decade.

Incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events with genotype test guided antiplatelet treatment strategy after percutaneous coronary intervention

Objective

To estimate the incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) with genotype test-guided antiplatelet therapy in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for acute coronary syndrome.

Methods

Patients who had undergone PCI for acute coronary syndrome as well as stable coronary artery disease were recruited. Salivary samples were obtained from these patients and genotyped for CYP2C19∗2, CYP2C19∗3 variations by sequencing method (GAAP x method). Patients were categorized as normal (GG, GG) (29%), intermediate (AG) (52%) or poor metabolizes (homozygous variant AA) (19%). Dual antiplatelets were given based on the genotyping data. Poor metabolizes received newer agent (ticagrelor), intermediate metabolizes received double-dose of clopidogrel and normal metabolizes received therapeutic doses of clopidogrel. All subjects were followed-up for six months.

Results

Based on the genotyping data of CYP2C19∗2 and CYP2C19∗3 variations, it was found that most patients were categorized as ‘intermediate’ (78, 51.65%), followed by ‘normal’ (43, 28.48%) and ‘poor’ metabolizes (30, 19.87%). Only 3 (1.5%) of 151 patients reported MACE at follow-up.

Conclusions

Genotyping for CYP2C19 variations to assess clopidogrel resistance in patients undergoing PCI and subsequent drug selection helps reduce MACE after coronary intervention.

A novel design, analysis and 3D printing of Ti-6Al-4V alloy bio-inspired porous femoral stem

The current study is proposing a design envelope for porous Ti-6Al-4V alloy femoral stems to survive under fatigue loads. Numerical computational analysis of these stems with a body-centered-cube (BCC) structure is conducted in ABAQUS. Femoral stems without shell and with various outer dense shell thicknesses (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2 mm) and inner cores (porosities of 90, 77, 63, 47, 30, and 18%) are analyzed. A design space (envelope) is derived by using stem stiffnesses close to that of the femur bone, maximum fatigue stresses of 0.3σ_ys in the porous part, and endurance limits of the dense part of the stems. The Soderberg approach is successfully employed to compute the factor of safety N_f > 1.1. Fully porous stems without dense shells are concluded to fail under fatigue load. It is thus safe to use the porous stems with a shell thickness of 1.5 and 2 mm for all porosities (18-90%), 1 mm shell with 18 and 30% porosities, and 0.5 mm shell with 18% porosity. The reduction in stress shielding was achieved by 28%. Porous stems incorporated BCC structures with dense shells and beads were successfully printed.

Geochemistry data of the nadergul granodiorite of the late archean hyderabad granite batholith, part of eastern dharwar craton, india; implications for composition of the lower continental crust

The Nadergul granodiorite (NG), is a part of Hyderabad Granite Batholith (HGB), exposed at ground level covering an area of 6 km². Field observational data suggests that the NG is involved in the magma mixing mingling process. Petrographical data shows holocrystaline, phaneritic, coarse grained, inequigranular, mesocratic characteristics, essentially consists of quartz, orthoclase, plagioclase and microcline. The common accessory minerals are hornblende, biotite, clinopyroxene, zircon, fluorite, apatite and opaque. The myrmekitic texture is the most common intergrowth texture which seems to be magmatic origin. Geochemical data suggest that the NG is metaluminous and show calc-alkaline trend. It is charecterised by SiO₂ content ranging from 63.55 % to 64.54%, moderate alkali content (Na₂O + K₂O = 5.6%), relatively high MgO content ranging from 2.8 % to 3.5 %. The total CaO-Na₂O-K₂O content ranges from 9.5 % to10.4 %. The normalised REE patterns show LREEs enrichment with slight negative europium anomaly. The High Field Strength Elements such as Zr (67.3 to 114.3 ppm), Y (21.1 to 30.1 ppm), Nb (6.3 to 8.5 ppm) and Th (8.4 to 13.8 ppm) are relatively enriched. The granodiorite is I type, falls in the Volcanic Arc Granitoid (VAG) field in tectonic discrimination diagram.

Intra-Arterial Chemotherapy for Retinoblastoma in Infants ≤10 kg: 74 Treated Eyes with 222 IAC Sessions

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

Intra-arterial chemotherapy for retinoblastoma has dramatically altered the natural history of the disease. The remarkable outcomes associated with a high safety profile have pushed the envelope to offer treatment for patients weighing ≤10 kg. The purpose was to determine the efficacy and safety of IAC infusions performed in infants weighing ≤10 kg with intraocular retinoblastoma.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A retrospective chart review was performed for patients diagnosed with retinoblastoma and managed with intra-arterial chemotherapy.

RESULTS

The total study cohort included 207 retinoblastoma tumors of 207 eyes in 196 consecutive patients who underwent 658 intra-arterial chemotherapy infusions overall. Of these, patient weights were ≤10 kg in 69 (35.2%) and >10 kg in 127 (64.8%) patients. Comparison (≤10 kg versus >10 kg) revealed that the total number of intra-arterial chemotherapy infusions was 222 versus 436. Periprocedural complications were not significantly different (2 [0.9%] versus 2 [0.5%]; P = .49). Cumulative radiation exposure per eye was significantly lower in infants weighing ≤10 kg (5.0 Gym² versus 7.7 Gym²; P = .01). Patients weighing ≤10 kg had a greater frequency of complete tumor regression (82.6% versus 60.9%; P = .02). Mean fluoroscopy time was not significantly different (7.5 versus 7.2; P = .71). There was a significant difference in the frequency of enucleation (16 [21.6%] versus 52 [39.1%]; P = .01). Patients weighing ≤10 kg had greater number of aborted procedures (12 [5.4%] versus 7 [1.6%]; P = .01). On multivariate analysis, weight ≤10 kg was not an independent predictor of complications or procedure failure.

CONCLUSIONS

Intra-arterial chemotherapy in patients weighing ≤10 kg is a safe and effective treatment.