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Larsen SV, Holven KB, Christensen JJ, Flatberg A, Rundblad A, Leder L, Blomhoff R, Telle-Hansen V, Kolehmainen M, Carlberg C, Myhrstad MC, Thoresen M, Ulven SM. Replacing Saturated Fat with Polyunsaturated Fat Modulates Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cell Gene Expression and Pathways Related to Cardiovascular Disease Risk Using a Whole Transcriptome Approach. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 65:e2100633. [PMID: 34708513 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202100633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE The aim of this study is to explore the molecular mechanisms underlying the effect of replacing dietary saturated fat (SFA) with polyunsaturated fat (PUFA) on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk using a whole transcriptome approach. METHODS AND RESULTS Healthy subjects with moderate hypercholesterolemia (n = 115) are randomly assigned to a control diet (C-diet) group or an experimental diet (Ex-diet) group receiving comparable food items with different fatty acid composition for 8 weeks. RNA isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) at baseline and after 8 weeks of intervention is analyzed by microarray technology (n = 95). By use of a linear regression model (n = 92), 14 gene transcripts are differentially altered in the Ex-diet group compared to the C-diet group. These include transcripts related to vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, low-density lipoprotein receptor folding, and regulation of blood pressure. Furthermore, pathways mainly related to immune response and inflammation, signal transduction, development, and cytoskeleton remodeling, gene expression and protein function, are differentially enriched between the groups. CONCLUSION Replacing dietary SFA with PUFA for 8 weeks modulates PBMC gene expression and pathways related to CVD risk in healthy subjects with moderate hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunniva V Larsen
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kirsten B Holven
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Familial Hypercholesterolemia, Oslo University Hospital, Nydalen, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jacob J Christensen
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Familial Hypercholesterolemia, Oslo University Hospital, Nydalen, Oslo, Norway
| | - Arnar Flatberg
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Central Administration, St. Olavs Hospital, The University Hospital in Trondheim, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Amanda Rundblad
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Rune Blomhoff
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Clinical Service, Division of Cancer Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Vibeke Telle-Hansen
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, St. Olavs Plass, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marjukka Kolehmainen
- Institute of Public Health and Clinical Nutrition, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Carsten Carlberg
- School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Mari C Myhrstad
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo Metropolitan University, St. Olavs Plass, Oslo, Norway
| | - Magne Thoresen
- Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stine M Ulven
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Blindern, Oslo, Norway
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Rundblad A, Larsen SV, Myhrstad MC, Ottestad I, Thoresen M, Holven KB, Ulven SM. Differences in peripheral blood mononuclear cell gene expression and triglyceride composition in lipoprotein subclasses in plasma triglyceride responders and non-responders to omega-3 supplementation. Genes Nutr 2019; 14:10. [PMID: 31057673 PMCID: PMC6485081 DOI: 10.1186/s12263-019-0633-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Intake of the marine omega-3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) reduces fasting triglyceride (TG) levels and may thereby lower cardiovascular disease risk. However, there are large inter-individual differences in the TG-lowering effect of omega-3 supplementation. Genotype differences partly explain this variation, but gene-environment interactions leading to gene expression differences may also be important. In this study, we aimed to investigate baseline differences and differences in the change in peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) gene expression and lipoprotein subclass TG levels between TG responders and non-responders to omega-3 fatty acid supplementation. Methods In a previous randomized controlled trial, healthy normotriglyceridemic subjects (n = 35, 71% women) received 1.6 g EPA + DHA/day for 7 weeks. In this exploratory sub-study, we defined TG responders as subjects having a TG reduction beyond the 20% day-to-day variation and non-responders as having a TG change between − 20% and + 20% after omega-3 supplementation. PBMC gene expression was measured using microarray, and lipoprotein subclasses were measured using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Results Eight subjects were defined as responders with a median TG reduction of 37%, and 16 subjects were defined as non-responders with a median TG change of 0%. At baseline, responders had higher TG levels in two of four high-density lipoprotein (HDL) subclasses and 909 gene transcripts (p ≤ 0.05) were differentially expressed compared to non-responders. During the intervention, the plasma TG reduction among responders was reflected in TG reductions in four of six different very low-density lipoprotein subclasses and three of four different HDL subclasses. Compared to non-responders, the expression of 454 transcripts was differentially altered in responders (p ≤ 0.05). Pathway analyses revealed that responders had altered signaling pathways related to development and immune function. In addition, two of the top 10 enriched pathways in responders compared to non-responders were related to lysophosphatidic acid signaling. Conclusion TG responders and non-responders to omega-3 supplementation have different lipoprotein subclass and PBMC gene expression profiles at baseline and different lipoprotein subclass and PBMC gene expression responses to omega-3 supplementation. These gene expression differences may partially explain the variability in TG response observed after omega-3 supplementation. Graphical abstract Based on free images from Servier Medical Art (Creative Commons Attribution License) and image from www.colourbox.com.![]() Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12263-019-0633-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Rundblad
- 1Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1046, Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sunniva V Larsen
- 1Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1046, Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Mari C Myhrstad
- 2Department of Nursing and Health Promotion, Faculty of Health Sciences, OsloMet - Oslo Metropolitan University, PO Box 4, St Olavs plass, 0130 Oslo, Norway
| | - Inger Ottestad
- 1Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1046, Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Magne Thoresen
- 3Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1046, Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kirsten B Holven
- 1Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1046, Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway.,4National Advisory Unit on Familial Hypercholesterolemia, Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, PO Box 4950, Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Stine M Ulven
- 1Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, PO Box 1046, Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway
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Larsen SV, Holven KB, Ottestad I, Dagsland KN, Myhrstad MCW, Ulven SM. Correction to: Plasma fatty acid levels and gene expression related to lipid metabolism in peripheral blood mononuclear cells: a cross-sectional study in healthy subjects. Genes Nutr 2018; 13:16. [PMID: 30002737 PMCID: PMC6033280 DOI: 10.1186/s12263-018-0604-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sunniva V Larsen
- 1Department of Nutrition, Institute for Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1046, Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kirsten B Holven
- 1Department of Nutrition, Institute for Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1046, Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway.,2Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Familial Hypercholesterolemia, Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4950, Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Inger Ottestad
- 1Department of Nutrition, Institute for Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1046, Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kine N Dagsland
- 3Department of Health, Nutrition and Management, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, P.O. Box 4, St. Olavs plass, 0130 Oslo, Norway
| | - Mari C W Myhrstad
- 3Department of Health, Nutrition and Management, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, P.O. Box 4, St. Olavs plass, 0130 Oslo, Norway
| | - Stine M Ulven
- 1Department of Nutrition, Institute for Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1046, Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway
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Larsen SV, Holven KB, Ottestad I, Dagsland KN, Myhrstad MCW, Ulven SM. Plasma fatty acid levels and gene expression related to lipid metabolism in peripheral blood mononuclear cells: a cross-sectional study in healthy subjects. Genes Nutr 2018; 13:9. [PMID: 29662553 PMCID: PMC5892037 DOI: 10.1186/s12263-018-0600-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Background Solid evidence indicates that intake of marine n-3 fatty acids lowers serum triglycerides and that replacing saturated fatty acids (SFA) with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) reduces plasma total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol. The molecular mechanisms underlying these health beneficial effects are however not completely elucidated. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate the expression of genes related to lipid metabolism in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) depending on the plasma levels of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids and the SFA to PUFA ratio. Methods Fifty-four healthy subjects were grouped into tertiles (n = 18) based on plasma levels of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids and the SFA to PUFA ratio. The PBMC gene expression levels among subjects in the highest versus the lowest tertiles were compared. In total, 285 genes related to cholesterol and triglyceride metabolism were selected for this explorative study. Results Among the 285 selected genes, 161 were defined as expressed in the PBMCs. The plasma SFA to PUFA ratio was associated with the highest number of significantly different expressed genes (25 gene transcripts), followed by plasma n-6 fatty acid level (15 gene transcripts) and plasma n-3 fatty acid level (8 gene transcripts). In particular, genes involved in cholesterol homeostasis were significantly different expressed among subjects with high compared to low plasma SFA to PUFA ratio. Conclusion Genes involved in lipid metabolism were differentially expressed in PBMCs depending on the plasma fatty acid levels. This finding may increase our understanding of how fatty acids influence lipid metabolism at a molecular level in humans. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12263-018-0600-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunniva V Larsen
- 1Department of Nutrition, Institute for Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1046, Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kirsten B Holven
- 1Department of Nutrition, Institute for Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1046, Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway.,2Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Familial Hypercholesterolemia, Department of Endocrinology, Morbid Obesity and Preventive Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4950, Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Inger Ottestad
- 1Department of Nutrition, Institute for Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1046, Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kine N Dagsland
- 3Department of Health, Nutrition and Management, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, P.O. Box 4, St. Olavs plass, 0130 Oslo, Norway
| | - Mari C W Myhrstad
- 3Department of Health, Nutrition and Management, Faculty of Health Sciences, Oslo and Akershus University College of Applied Sciences, P.O. Box 4, St. Olavs plass, 0130 Oslo, Norway
| | - Stine M Ulven
- 1Department of Nutrition, Institute for Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1046, Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway
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Abstract
Using spectrofluorimetry and fluorescence microscopy, we analyzed the uptake and degradation of fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated bovine serum albumin (FITC-albumin) by the rat visceral yolk sac (VYS) during whole embryo culture. Rat conceptuses exposed continuously to FITC-albumin had linear increases of both acid-soluble and acid-insoluble FITC fluorescence in the VYS. Smaller amounts of FITC fluorescence that were nearly all acid soluble accumulated in the extraembryonic fluid, while the embryo proper did not accumulate a significant amount of fluorescence. During a chase period following a pulse exposure to FITC albumin, FITC fluorescence in the VYS decreased linearly, while that in the extraembryonic fluid and culture medium increased. Addition of proteinase inhibitors to the culture medium together with FITC-albumin increased acid-insoluble FITC-fluorescence in the VYS tissue but decreased acid-soluble fluorescent degradation products in the yolk sac, extraembryonic fluid, and the culture medium. Fluorescence microscopy of yolk sacs exposed to FITC-albumin revealed that the fluorescence was localized in apical vacuoles of the yolk sac epithelium and decreased substantially during a chase period. In conceptuses exposed to proteinase inhibitors, the yolk sac epithelium had enlarged vacuoles containing FITC-fluorescence whose clearance in pulse-chase experiments was effectively blocked. Overall, these data suggest that FITC-albumin resembles 125l-albumin in its processing by the VYS and that the fluorescent protein is an attractive alternative tracer molecule for studies of the effects of embryotoxicants on yolk sac function during whole embryo culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Ambroso
- Department of Environmental and Industrial Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 48109, USA
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