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Rozendaal DMA, Bongers F, Aide TM, Alvarez-Dávila E, Ascarrunz N, Balvanera P, Becknell JM, Bentos TV, Brancalion PHS, Cabral GAL, Calvo-Rodriguez S, Chave J, César RG, Chazdon RL, Condit R, Dallinga JS, de Almeida-Cortez JS, de Jong B, de Oliveira A, Denslow JS, Dent DH, DeWalt SJ, Dupuy JM, Durán SM, Dutrieux LP, Espírito-Santo MM, Fandino MC, Fernandes GW, Finegan B, García H, Gonzalez N, Moser VG, Hall JS, Hernández-Stefanoni JL, Hubbell S, Jakovac CC, Hernández AJ, Junqueira AB, Kennard D, Larpin D, Letcher SG, Licona JC, Lebrija-Trejos E, Marín-Spiotta E, Martínez-Ramos M, Massoca PES, Meave JA, Mesquita RCG, Mora F, Müller SC, Muñoz R, de Oliveira Neto SN, Norden N, Nunes YRF, Ochoa-Gaona S, Ortiz-Malavassi E, Ostertag R, Peña-Claros M, Pérez-García EA, Piotto D, Powers JS, Aguilar-Cano J, Rodriguez-Buritica S, Rodríguez-Velázquez J, Romero-Romero MA, Ruíz J, Sanchez-Azofeifa A, de Almeida AS, Silver WL, Schwartz NB, Thomas WW, Toledo M, Uriarte M, de Sá Sampaio EV, van Breugel M, van der Wal H, Martins SV, Veloso MDM, Vester HFM, Vicentini A, Vieira ICG, Villa P, Williamson GB, Zanini KJ, Zimmerman J, Poorter L. Biodiversity recovery of Neotropical secondary forests. Sci Adv 2019; 5:eaau3114. [PMID: 30854424 PMCID: PMC6402850 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aau3114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Old-growth tropical forests harbor an immense diversity of tree species but are rapidly being cleared, while secondary forests that regrow on abandoned agricultural lands increase in extent. We assess how tree species richness and composition recover during secondary succession across gradients in environmental conditions and anthropogenic disturbance in an unprecedented multisite analysis for the Neotropics. Secondary forests recover remarkably fast in species richness but slowly in species composition. Secondary forests take a median time of five decades to recover the species richness of old-growth forest (80% recovery after 20 years) based on rarefaction analysis. Full recovery of species composition takes centuries (only 34% recovery after 20 years). A dual strategy that maintains both old-growth forests and species-rich secondary forests is therefore crucial for biodiversity conservation in human-modified tropical landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danaë M. A. Rozendaal
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands
- Department of Biology, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
- Laboratory of Geo-Information Science and Remote Sensing, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands
- Corresponding author.
| | - Frans Bongers
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - T. Mitchell Aide
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, P.O. Box 23360, San Juan, PR 00931-3360, Puerto Rico
| | - Esteban Alvarez-Dávila
- Escuela ECAPMA, UNAD, Calle 14 Sur No. 14-23, Bogotá, Colombia
- Fundación Con Vida, Avenida del Río # 20-114, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Nataly Ascarrunz
- Instituto Boliviano de Investigación Forestal (IBIF), Km 9 Carretera al Norte, El Vallecito, FCA-UAGRM, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia
| | - Patricia Balvanera
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CP 58190, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | | | - Tony V. Bentos
- Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, Coordenação de Dinâmica Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, AM CEP 69067-375, Brazil
| | - Pedro H. S. Brancalion
- Department of Forest Sciences, “Luiz de Queiroz” College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, 13418-900 Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - George A. L. Cabral
- Departamento de Botânica-CCB, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Pernambuco, CEP 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Sofia Calvo-Rodriguez
- Earth and Atmospheric Sciences Department, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2EG, Canada
| | - Jerome Chave
- Laboratoire Evolution et Diversité Biologique, UMR5174, CNRS/Université Paul Sabatier, Bâtiment 4R1, 118 route de Narbonne, F-31062 Toulouse cedex 9, France
| | - Ricardo G. César
- Department of Forest Sciences, “Luiz de Queiroz” College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, 13418-900 Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Robin L. Chazdon
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
- International Institute for Sustainability, Estrada Dona Castorina 124, Horto, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 22460-320, Brazil
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Ramaley N122, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Richard Condit
- SI ForestGEO, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Roosevelt Ave., 401 Balboa, Ancon, Panama
| | - Jorn S. Dallinga
- Laboratory of Geo-Information Science and Remote Sensing, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Ben de Jong
- Department of Sustainability Science, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Av. Rancho Polígono 2-A, Ciudad Industrial, Lerma 24500, Campeche, Mexico
| | - Alexandre de Oliveira
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, Rua do Matão, Travessa 14, no. 321, São Paulo CEP 05508-090, Brazil
| | - Julie S. Denslow
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
| | - Daisy H. Dent
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Roosevelt Ave., 401 Balboa, Ancon, Panama
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Saara J. DeWalt
- Department of Biological Sciences, Clemson University, 132 Long Hall, Clemson, SC 29634, USA
| | - Juan Manuel Dupuy
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C. Unidad de Recursos Naturales, Calle 43 # 130 x 32 y 34, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, C.P. 97200 Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Sandra M. Durán
- Earth and Atmospheric Sciences Department, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2EG, Canada
| | - Loïc P. Dutrieux
- Laboratory of Geo-Information Science and Remote Sensing, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands
- National Commission for the Knowledge and Use of Biodiversity (CONABIO), Mexico City, C.P. 14010, México
| | - Mario M. Espírito-Santo
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, CEP 39401-089, Brazil
| | - María C. Fandino
- Fondo Patrimonio Natural para la Biodiversidad y Areas Protegidas, Calle 72 No. 12-65 piso 6, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - G. Wilson Fernandes
- Ecologia Evolutiva & Biodiversidade/DBG, ICB/Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 30161-901, Brazil
| | - Bryan Finegan
- Forests, Biodiversity and Climate Change Programme, CATIE – Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza, Turrialba, Costa Rica
| | - Hernando García
- Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Calle 28A No. 15-09 Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Noel Gonzalez
- Departamento de Ingenierías, Instituto Tecnológico de Chiná, Tecnológico Nacional de México, Calle 11 s/n, entre 22 y 28, Chiná, 24520 Campeche, México
| | - Vanessa Granda Moser
- Graduate School, Tropical Agricultural Centre for Research and Higher Education (CATIE), Turrialba, Costa Rica
| | - Jefferson S. Hall
- SI ForestGEO, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Roosevelt Ave., 401 Balboa, Ancon, Panama
| | - José Luis Hernández-Stefanoni
- Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán A.C. Unidad de Recursos Naturales, Calle 43 # 130 x 32 y 34, Colonia Chuburná de Hidalgo, C.P. 97200 Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Stephen Hubbell
- SI ForestGEO, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Roosevelt Ave., 401 Balboa, Ancon, Panama
| | - Catarina C. Jakovac
- Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, Coordenação de Dinâmica Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, AM CEP 69067-375, Brazil
- International Institute for Sustainability, Estrada Dona Castorina 124, Horto, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 22460-320, Brazil
- Centre for Conservation and Sustainability Science (CSRio), Department of Geography and the Environment, Pontificial Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alma Johanna Hernández
- Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Calle 28A No. 15-09 Bogotá, Colombia
| | - André B. Junqueira
- International Institute for Sustainability, Estrada Dona Castorina 124, Horto, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 22460-320, Brazil
- Centre for Conservation and Sustainability Science (CSRio), Department of Geography and the Environment, Pontificial Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Soil Quality, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Deborah Kennard
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, Colorado Mesa University, 1100 North Avenue, Grand Junction, CO 81501, USA
| | - Denis Larpin
- Direction Générale Déléguée aux Musées et aux Jardins botaniques et zoologiques (DGD-MJZ), Direction des Jardins Botaniques, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, 43 rue Buffon, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Susan G. Letcher
- Department of Environmental Studies, Purchase College (SUNY), 735 Anderson Hill Road, Purchase, NY 10577, USA
| | - Juan-Carlos Licona
- Instituto Boliviano de Investigación Forestal (IBIF), Km 9 Carretera al Norte, El Vallecito, FCA-UAGRM, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia
| | - Edwin Lebrija-Trejos
- Department of Biology and the Environment, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Haifa-Oranim, Tivon 36006, Israel
| | - Erika Marín-Spiotta
- Department of Geography, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 550 North Park St., Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Miguel Martínez-Ramos
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CP 58190, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Paulo E. S. Massoca
- Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, Coordenação de Dinâmica Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, AM CEP 69067-375, Brazil
| | - Jorge A. Meave
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, C.P. 04510, México
| | - Rita C. G. Mesquita
- Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, Coordenação de Dinâmica Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, AM CEP 69067-375, Brazil
| | - Francisco Mora
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CP 58190, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Sandra C. Müller
- Graduate Program in Ecology, Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Muñoz
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, C.P. 04510, México
| | | | - Natalia Norden
- Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Calle 28A No. 15-09 Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Yule R. F. Nunes
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, CEP 39401-089, Brazil
| | - Susana Ochoa-Gaona
- Department of Sustainability Science, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Av. Rancho Polígono 2-A, Ciudad Industrial, Lerma 24500, Campeche, Mexico
| | - Edgar Ortiz-Malavassi
- Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica, Escuela de Ingeniería Forestal, Cartago, Costa Rica
| | - Rebecca Ostertag
- Department of Biology, University of Hawai’i at Hilo, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
| | - Marielos Peña-Claros
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Eduardo A. Pérez-García
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, C.P. 04510, México
| | - Daniel Piotto
- Centro de Formação em Ciências Agroflorestais, Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia, Itabuna-BA, 45613-204, Brazil
| | - Jennifer S. Powers
- Departments of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior and Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - José Aguilar-Cano
- Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Calle 28A No. 15-09 Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Susana Rodriguez-Buritica
- Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt, Calle 28A No. 15-09 Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Jorge Rodríguez-Velázquez
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, CP 58190, Morelia, Michoacán, México
| | - Marco Antonio Romero-Romero
- Departamento de Ecología y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, C.P. 04510, México
| | - Jorge Ruíz
- School of Social Sciences, Geography Area, Universidad Pedagogica y Tecnologica de Colombia (UPTC), Tunja, Colombia
- Department of Geography, 4841 Ellison Hall, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Arturo Sanchez-Azofeifa
- Earth and Atmospheric Sciences Department, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2EG, Canada
| | | | - Whendee L. Silver
- Ecosystem Science Division, Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Naomi B. Schwartz
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - William Wayt Thomas
- Institute of Systematic Botany, The New York Botanical Garden, 2900 Southern Blvd., Bronx, NY 10458-5126, USA
| | - Marisol Toledo
- Instituto Boliviano de Investigación Forestal (IBIF), Km 9 Carretera al Norte, El Vallecito, FCA-UAGRM, Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia
| | - Maria Uriarte
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - Everardo Valadares de Sá Sampaio
- Departamento de Energia Nuclear -CTG, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Luis Freire 1000, Recife, Pernambuco, CEP 50740-540, Brazil
| | - Michiel van Breugel
- SI ForestGEO, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Roosevelt Ave., 401 Balboa, Ancon, Panama
- Yale-NUS College, 16 College Avenue West, Singapore 138610, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Hans van der Wal
- Departamento de Agricultura, Sociedad y Ambiente, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Unidad Villahermosa, 86280 Centro Tabasco, México
| | | | - Maria D. M. Veloso
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, CEP 39401-089, Brazil
| | - Hans F. M. Vester
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94248, 1090 GE Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Alberto Vicentini
- Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, Coordenação de Dinâmica Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, AM CEP 69067-375, Brazil
| | - Ima C. G. Vieira
- Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, C.P. 399, CEP 66040-170, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | - Pedro Villa
- Program of Botany, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Fundación para la Conservación de la Biodiversidad (ProBiodiversa), 5101 Mérida, Mérida, Venezuela
| | - G. Bruce Williamson
- Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, Coordenação de Dinâmica Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Manaus, AM CEP 69067-375, Brazil
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803-1705, USA
| | - Kátia J. Zanini
- Graduate Program in Ecology, Departamento de Ecologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Jess Zimmerman
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, San Juan, PR 00936, Puerto Rico
| | - Lourens Poorter
- Forest Ecology and Forest Management Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, Netherlands
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