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Townsend SE, Westfall JJ, Navarro JB, Koboldt DC, Mardis ER, Miller KE, Bedrosian TA. Single-nuclei transcriptomics enable detection of somatic variants in patient brain tissue. Sci Rep 2023; 13:527. [PMID: 36631516 PMCID: PMC9834227 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-27700-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Somatic variants are a major cause of human disease, including neurological disorders like focal epilepsies, but can be challenging to study due to their mosaicism in bulk tissue biopsies. Coupling single-cell genotype and transcriptomic data has potential to provide insight into the role somatic variants play in disease etiology, such as by determining what cell types are affected or how the mutations affect gene expression. Here, we asked whether commonly used single-nucleus 3'- or 5'-RNA-sequencing assays can be used to derive single-nucleus genotype data for a priori known variants that are located near to either end of a transcript. To that end, we compared performance of commercially available single-nuclei 3'- and 5'- gene expression kits using resected brain samples from three pediatric patients with focal epilepsy. We quantified the ability to detect genetic variants in single-nucleus datasets depending on distance from the transcript end. Finally, we demonstrated the ability to identify affected cell types in a patient with a RHEB somatic variant causing an epilepsy-associated cortical malformation. Our results demonstrate that single-nuclei 3' or 5'-RNA-sequencing data can be used to identify known somatic variants in single-nuclei when they are expressed within proximity to a transcript end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney E. Townsend
- grid.240344.50000 0004 0392 3476Institute for Genomic Medicine, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43215 USA ,grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Jesse J. Westfall
- grid.240344.50000 0004 0392 3476Institute for Genomic Medicine, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43215 USA
| | - Jason B. Navarro
- grid.240344.50000 0004 0392 3476Institute for Genomic Medicine, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43215 USA
| | - Daniel C. Koboldt
- grid.240344.50000 0004 0392 3476Institute for Genomic Medicine, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43215 USA ,grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Elaine R. Mardis
- grid.240344.50000 0004 0392 3476Institute for Genomic Medicine, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43215 USA ,grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA ,grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Department of Neurosurgery, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Katherine E. Miller
- grid.240344.50000 0004 0392 3476Institute for Genomic Medicine, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43215 USA ,grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Tracy A. Bedrosian
- grid.240344.50000 0004 0392 3476Institute for Genomic Medicine, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43215 USA ,grid.261331.40000 0001 2285 7943Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
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Sanders BR, Townsend SE, Ford ML, Graves JL, Thomas MD. Reporting off-target effects of recombinant engineering using the pORTMAGE system. J Microbiol Methods 2023; 204:106627. [PMID: 36436701 PMCID: PMC9839536 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2022.106627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
pORTMAGE recombineering is a simple technique for incorporation of novel point mutations into bacterial genomes that eliminates off-target effects. Here we inserted point mutations into the cusS gene from Escherichia coli, then, using Illumina sequencing, report genetic variants in all mutant strains. Several off-site mutations were found at high frequency. Low frequency mutations also show high heterogeneity. This means that it is essential for studies to report all off-target effects and acknowledge the effect that this may have on resultant phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maria L Ford
- North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, USA
| | - Joseph L Graves
- North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, USA
| | - Misty D Thomas
- North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University, USA.
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Rysava K, Miranda ME, Zapatos R, Lapiz S, Rances P, Miranda LM, Roces MC, Friar J, Townsend SE, Hampson K. On the path to rabies elimination: The need for risk assessments to improve administration of post-exposure prophylaxis. Vaccine 2018; 37 Suppl 1:A64-A72. [PMID: 30573356 PMCID: PMC6863041 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.11.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Incidence of bite-injury patients and costs of PEP are high in Bohol Province, Philippines. Dog vaccination has controlled rabies so few patients (<2%) are bitten by rabid dogs. Risk assessments with bite patients can identify potential rabid dog bites. Investigations triggered by patient risk assessments enable early detection of rabies. This One health approach to surveillance could guide judicious PEP provision and improve PEP access.
Background Costs of rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) often remain high in regions where rabies has been controlled in dogs, presenting a challenge for sustaining rabies elimination programmes. We investigated the potential for bite patient risk assessments to improve PEP provision and surveillance in settings approaching elimination of dog-mediated rabies. Methods We conducted a longitudinal study of patients presenting to animal bite treatment centres (ABTCs) on the island province of Bohol in the Philippines to investigate the health status of biting dogs and to quantify current expenditure on PEP. Results Incidence of bite patients presenting to ABTCs was high (>300/100,000 persons/year) and increasing, resulting in substantial health provider costs. Over $142,000 was spent on PEP in 2013 for a population of 1.3 million. From follow up of 3820 bite patients we found that >92% were bitten by healthy dogs (alive 14 days after the bite) and just 1.4% were bitten by probable or confirmed rabid dogs. The status of dogs that bit 6% of patients could not be determined. During the course of investigations of bites by suspect dogs, we were able to obtain samples for case confirmation, identify exposed persons who had not sought PEP as well as in-contact dogs at risk of developing rabies. We calculate that expenditure on PEP could at least be halved through more judicious approaches to provision of PEP, based on the histories of biting animals determined through risk assessments with bite patients. Conclusions We conclude that a One Health approach to surveillance based on Integrated Bite Case Management could improve the sustainability and effectiveness of rabies elimination programmes while also improving patient care by identifying those genuinely in need of lifesaving PEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Rysava
- The Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology & Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK; Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - M E Miranda
- Field Epidemiology Training Program Alumni Foundation Inc. Quezon City, Philippines; Global Alliance for Rabies Control Inc., Laguna, Philippines
| | - R Zapatos
- Provincial Health Office, Capitol Annex, Tagbilaran City, Philippines
| | - S Lapiz
- Office of the Provincial Veterinarian, Capitol Annex, Tagbilaran City, Philippines
| | - P Rances
- Provincial Health Office, Capitol Annex, Tagbilaran City, Philippines
| | - L M Miranda
- Global Alliance for Rabies Control Inc., Laguna, Philippines; Asian Development Bank, Manila, Philippines
| | - M C Roces
- Global Alliance for Rabies Control Inc., Laguna, Philippines
| | - J Friar
- Wise Monkey Foundation, Washington, USA
| | - S E Townsend
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - K Hampson
- The Zeeman Institute for Systems Biology & Infectious Disease Epidemiology Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK; Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK.
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Abstract
Here we describe a method for detecting ultralow frequency target cells from within a high background of irrelevant cells by a novel method, single epitope multiple staining (SEMS). Samples of murine splenocytes were seeded with a low number of splenocytes from mice transgenic for a hen eggwhite lysozyme (HEL)-specific immunoglobulin (Ig). These samples were stained with two reagents specific for the same epitope expressed by the transgenic B cells, which had been conjugated to two different detectable labels (FITC and biotin). This dual staining of a single epitope allowed us to reduce the background due both to non-specific binding of reagents and to probabilistic distribution of the cells. We also were able to detect the cells based on knowing only one thing about them, namely, their antigen specificity. The SEMS method allowed us to reproducibly detect transgenic cells at frequencies below one cell in one million cells. SEMS could be used to increase the sensitivity of numerous fluorescence-based applications in addition to the detection and isolation of antigen-specific lymphocytes, including the detection and highly specific isolation of genetically modified cells, transformed cells, stem cells, fetal cells, or infectious organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Townsend
- The Biomedical Research Centre and Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, 2222 Health Sciences Mall, BC, V6T 1Z3, Vancouver, Canada.
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Abstract
B-cell development differs significantly from T-cell development in that negative selection of autoreactive B cells can occur in the same microenvironment in which productive immune responses begin. Here, Sarah Townsend and colleagues discuss how this 'growing up on the streets' might provide a mechanism that fills holes in the B-cell repertoire, much as major histocompatibility complex polymorphism fills holes in the T-cell repertoire.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Townsend
- Australian Cancer Research Foundation Genetics Laboratory, Medical Genome Centre, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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Hurwitz AA, Townsend SE, Yu TF, Wallin JA, Allison JP. Enhancement of the anti-tumor immune response using a combination of interferon-gamma and B7 expression in an experimental mammary carcinoma. Int J Cancer 1998. [PMID: 9639401 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19980703)77:1<107::aid-ijc17>3.0.co;2-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, tumor immunotherapy has begun to exploit the emerging knowledge of the mechanisms of T cell activation to enhance the immune responses to tumors. However, many tumors, despite genetic modification to express co-stimulatory molecules or cytokines, are not readily rejected due to their inherently poor immunogenicity. In the present study, we tested whether expression of the co-stimulatory ligand B7-1 and the immunostimulatory cytokines interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) by a mammary carcinoma (SM1) would sufficiently augment its immunogenicity to obtain rejection and immunity. Our findings demonstrate that expression of B7, IFN-gamma, or GM-CSF alone, or co-expression of B7 and GM-CSF did not result in rejection of SM1. However, co-expression of B7 and IFN-gamma was sufficient to result in regression of SM1 tumors by a CD8+ T cell-dependent mechanism. Rejection of the B7/IFN-gamma-expressing SM1 tumor resulted in protection from rechallenge not only with the unmodified SM1 tumor but with another syngeneic mammary tumor. Our data support the idea that although B7 expression alone may not be sufficient for rejection of certain tumors, the immune system may be stimulated to mount an effective anti-tumor immune response by the co-expression of both the co-stimulatory ligand and a cytokine.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Hurwitz
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley 94720, USA.
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Hurwitz AA, Townsend SE, Yu TF, Wallin JA, Allison JP. Enhancement of the anti-tumor immune response using a combination of interferon-gamma and B7 expression in an experimental mammary carcinoma. Int J Cancer 1998; 77:107-13. [PMID: 9639401 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19980703)77:1<107::aid-ijc17>3.0.co;2-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, tumor immunotherapy has begun to exploit the emerging knowledge of the mechanisms of T cell activation to enhance the immune responses to tumors. However, many tumors, despite genetic modification to express co-stimulatory molecules or cytokines, are not readily rejected due to their inherently poor immunogenicity. In the present study, we tested whether expression of the co-stimulatory ligand B7-1 and the immunostimulatory cytokines interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) by a mammary carcinoma (SM1) would sufficiently augment its immunogenicity to obtain rejection and immunity. Our findings demonstrate that expression of B7, IFN-gamma, or GM-CSF alone, or co-expression of B7 and GM-CSF did not result in rejection of SM1. However, co-expression of B7 and IFN-gamma was sufficient to result in regression of SM1 tumors by a CD8+ T cell-dependent mechanism. Rejection of the B7/IFN-gamma-expressing SM1 tumor resulted in protection from rechallenge not only with the unmodified SM1 tumor but with another syngeneic mammary tumor. Our data support the idea that although B7 expression alone may not be sufficient for rejection of certain tumors, the immune system may be stimulated to mount an effective anti-tumor immune response by the co-expression of both the co-stimulatory ligand and a cytokine.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Hurwitz
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley 94720, USA.
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Abstract
Antigen-specific B cells are implicated as antigen-presenting cells in memory and tolerance responses because they capture antigens efficiently and localize to T cell zones after antigen capture. It has not been possible, however, to visualize the effect of specific B cells on specific CD4+ helper T cells under physiological conditions. We demonstrate here that rare T cells are activated in vivo by minute quantities of antigen captured by antigen-specific B cells. Antigen-activated B cells are helped under these conditions, whereas antigen-tolerant B cells are killed. The T cells proliferate and then disappear regardless of whether the B cells are activated or tolerant. We show genetically that T cell activation, proliferation, and disappearance can be mediated either by transfer of antigen from antigen-specific B cells to endogenous antigen-presenting cells or by direct B-T cell interactions. These results identify a novel antigen presentation route, and demonstrate that B cell presentation of antigen has profound effects on T cell fate that could not be predicted from in vitro studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Townsend
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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Rathmell JC, Townsend SE, Xu JC, Flavell RA, Goodnow CC. Expansion or elimination of B cells in vivo: dual roles for CD40- and Fas (CD95)-ligands modulated by the B cell antigen receptor. Cell 1996; 87:319-29. [PMID: 8861915 DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(00)81349-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Signals from CD4+ T cells induce two opposite fates in B cells: clonal proliferation of B cells that bind specifically to foreign antigens and clonal deletion of equivalent B cells that bind self-antigens. This B cell fate decision is determined by the concerted action of two surface proteins on activated T cells, CD40-and Fas-ligands (CD40L and FasL), whose effects are switched by signals from the B cell antigen receptor (BCR). Foreign antigens that stimulate the BCR acutely cause CD40L and FasL to promote clonal proliferation. CD40L and FasL trigger deletion, however, when the BCRs become desensitized by chronic stimulation with self-antigens or when BCRs have not bound an antigen. The need for both Fas and CD40L to correctly regulate self-reactive B cell fate may explain the severe autoantibody disorders in Fas- or CD40L-deficient children.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Rathmell
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, California 94305, USA
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Rathmell JC, Cooke MP, Ho WY, Grein J, Townsend SE, Davis MM, Goodnow CC. CD95 (Fas)-dependent elimination of self-reactive B cells upon interaction with CD4+ T cells. Nature 1995; 376:181-4. [PMID: 7603571 DOI: 10.1038/376181a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 385] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The recessive mouse mutations lpr and gld create deficiencies in an interacting pair of cell surface molecules, CD95 (Fas/APO-1) and Fas-ligand (FasL), respectively, resulting in autoantibody production resembling human systemic lupus erythematosus. The mechanisms of self-tolerance affected by deficiency in either molecule are not established, but CD95 deficiency both in B cells and in CD4+ T cells recognizing major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules is required for autoimmunity in lpr mice. Here we track the outcome of in vivo interactions between B cells and CD4+ T cells that recognize a transgene-encoded autoantigen, hen egg lysozyme (HEL), using cells from mice transgenic for immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor (TCR) genes. B cells that had not previously encountered HEL autoantigen (naive cells) were triggered into proliferation and antibody production upon interaction with antigen and HEL-specific CD4+ T cells. By contrast, B cells that had been chronically exposed to HEL during their development and carried desensitized surface immunoglobulin (sIg) antigen receptors (anergic cells) did not produce antibody but instead were eliminated in the presence of HEL-specific CD4+ T cells. CD95-deficient anergic B cells, however, were not eliminated by CD4+ T cells and were triggered to proliferate. These findings identify a novel regulatory step for eliminating autoreactive B cells that seems unique in its dependence on CD95.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Rathmell
- Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94305, USA
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Townsend SE, Su FW, Atherton JM, Allison JP. Specificity and longevity of antitumor immune responses induced by B7-transfected tumors. Cancer Res 1994; 54:6477-83. [PMID: 7527298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
We have shown previously that expression of the costimulatory ligand B7.1 by the UV-induced melanoma K1735 leads to rejection of the tumor by syngeneic hosts and the induction of immunity to challenge by the parental B7-negative tumor. Here we extend our analysis of the effectiveness of B7-positive tumor cells as vaccines to additional tumor models and analyze the protective immunity in detail. We have found that the immunity induced by K1735 is not restricted to the parental tumor cells but is effective against an additional melanoma line and an unrelated fibrosarcoma as well. This immunity is, however, relatively short-lived, and no significant protection is observed after 90 days. Depletion of CD4+ T cells prior to rechallenge has no significant effect on the subsequent rejection of B7-negative tumor cells. EL-4 thymoma cells transfected with B7.1 are also effectively rejected, and mice which have rejected B7 + EL-4 cells are immune to challenge with not only EL-4, but also reject an unrelated thymoma, C6VL. In contrast to the short-lived immunity observed in the melanoma model, mice are effectively protected against challenge with EL-4 for longer than 90 days after rejection of B7 + EL-4. Finally, we show that irradiation severely diminishes the effectiveness of B7-positive tumor cells as immunogens. This work has implications for the use of B7-positive cells as tumor vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Townsend
- Cancer Research Laboratory, University of California at Berkeley 94720
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Abstract
A variety of tumors are potentially immunogenic but do not stimulate an effective anti-tumor immune response in vivo. Tumors may be capable of delivering antigen-specific signals to T cells, but may not deliver the costimulatory signals necessary for full activation of T cells. Expression of the costimulatory ligand B7 on melanoma cells was found to induce the rejection of a murine melanoma in vivo. This rejection was mediated by CD8+ T cells; CD4+ T cells were not required. These results suggest that B7 expression renders tumor cells capable of effective antigen presentation, leading to their eradication in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Townsend
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley 94720
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