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Łuczykowski K, Warmuzińska N, Operacz S, Stryjak I, Bogusiewicz J, Jacyna J, Wawrzyniak R, Struck-Lewicka W, Markuszewski MJ, Bojko B. Metabolic Evaluation of Urine from Patients Diagnosed with High Grade (HG) Bladder Cancer by SPME-LC-MS Method. Molecules 2021; 26:2194. [PMID: 33920347 PMCID: PMC8068997 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer (BC) is a common malignancy of the urinary system and a leading cause of death worldwide. In this work, untargeted metabolomic profiling of biological fluids is presented as a non-invasive tool for bladder cancer biomarker discovery as a first step towards developing superior methods for detection, treatment, and prevention well as to further our current understanding of this disease. In this study, urine samples from 24 healthy volunteers and 24 BC patients were subjected to metabolomic profiling using high throughput solid-phase microextraction (SPME) in thin-film format and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a Q Exactive Focus Orbitrap mass spectrometer. The chemometric analysis enabled the selection of metabolites contributing to the observed separation of BC patients from the control group. Relevant differences were demonstrated for phenylalanine metabolism compounds, i.e., benzoic acid, hippuric acid, and 4-hydroxycinnamic acid. Furthermore, compounds involved in the metabolism of histidine, beta-alanine, and glycerophospholipids were also identified. Thin-film SPME can be efficiently used as an alternative approach to other traditional urine sample preparation methods, demonstrating the SPME technique as a simple and efficient tool for urinary metabolomics research. Moreover, this study's results may support a better understanding of bladder cancer development and progression mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Łuczykowski
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (K.Ł.); (N.W.); (S.O.); (I.S.); (J.B.)
| | - Natalia Warmuzińska
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (K.Ł.); (N.W.); (S.O.); (I.S.); (J.B.)
| | - Sylwia Operacz
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (K.Ł.); (N.W.); (S.O.); (I.S.); (J.B.)
| | - Iga Stryjak
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (K.Ł.); (N.W.); (S.O.); (I.S.); (J.B.)
| | - Joanna Bogusiewicz
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (K.Ł.); (N.W.); (S.O.); (I.S.); (J.B.)
| | - Julia Jacyna
- Department of Biopharmacy and Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland; (J.J.); (R.W.); (W.S.-L.); (M.J.M.)
| | - Renata Wawrzyniak
- Department of Biopharmacy and Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland; (J.J.); (R.W.); (W.S.-L.); (M.J.M.)
| | - Wiktoria Struck-Lewicka
- Department of Biopharmacy and Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland; (J.J.); (R.W.); (W.S.-L.); (M.J.M.)
| | - Michał J. Markuszewski
- Department of Biopharmacy and Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland; (J.J.); (R.W.); (W.S.-L.); (M.J.M.)
| | - Barbara Bojko
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Molecular Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (K.Ł.); (N.W.); (S.O.); (I.S.); (J.B.)
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