Facial fracture classification according to skeletal support mechanisms

OBJECTIVE

To construct, propose, and evaluate the usefulness of a new clinical facial fracture classification scheme to accurately denote, communicate, and compare facial fractures.

DESIGN

A retrospective, consecutive sample study with application of the proposed classification scheme to denote maxillary and zygomatic fractures with computed tomography.

SETTING

Metropolitan tertiary care trauma center.

PATIENTS

A total of 213 consecutive adult patients with facial fractures evaluated by means of 2-dimensional computed tomography.

RESULTS

The classification scheme is defined according to fractures of vertical buttresses and horizontal beams. The scheme uses 3 primary descriptors of laterality and support sites to denote the clinical pattern of the fractures. This scheme was accurately applied and sufficient to describe 87 midfacial fracture patterns in this study. In addition, 118 (98%) of 120 mock fracture patterns were correctly transcribed and reproducibly communicated among 12 participating physicians.

CONCLUSIONS

This newly proposed facial fracture classification scheme provides a convenient, specific, descriptive, and reproducible method of denoting fracture patterns. This scheme may be used to accurately communicate and compare, in greater detail than permitted using current independent classification schemes, the essential site and degree-of-severity characteristics of facial fractures critical to their surgical reduction and reconstruction. The usefulness of this classification scheme in determining optimal methods and subsequent outcomes in midfacial fracture reduction requires further investigation.

Effect of organ site on nuclear matrix protein composition

The nuclear matrix has been linked to several important cellular functions within cells, such as DNA organization and replication, as well as regulation of gene expression. It has been reported that the nuclear matrix protein composition is altered in cells grown on different extracellular matrices in vitro. This study examined the nuclear matrix protein composition of tumors produced by MAT-LyLu (MLL) rat prostate tumor cells implanted at different organ sites within the rat. When high resolution two-dimensional gels were utilized to compare nuclear matrix protein composition to the prostate orthotopic tumor, it was found that there were distinct protein differences depending upon where the tumor grew. In particular, there were 14 proteins found in the lung, six proteins found in intramuscular, 17 proteins is the heart, and five proteins in the tail vein tumor tissue that were not present in the prostate orthotopic tumor tissue. Therefore, this study adds evidence to support that the nuclear matrix composition of a cell is dependent, at least in part, by the extracellular matrix and/or different cellular environments and may have a role in site-specific differences in tumor properties.

Unique nuclear matrix protein alterations in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas: intermediate biomarker candidates

The progression of normal squamous epithelium to a malignant metastatic phenotype may depend on cellular genetic events and the failure of host mechanisms. Intermediate biomarkers are needed to more effectively identify and quantify malignant progression and develop the potential for specific treatments and prevention strategies. The nuclear matrix is the RNA-protein scaffold of the nucleus, which controls in part nuclear shape, DNA organization, and DNA function. Nuclear matrix proteins in all previously studied cell types show a common set of nuclear matrix proteins and a subset of tissue- and cell type-specific proteins. In every system studied to date, the nuclear matrix has been demonstrated to undergo quantifiable alterations in its protein composition with transformation to the malignant phenotype. The loss and gain of nuclear matrix proteins are being investigated as biomarkers for malignant transformation in breast, colon, and prostate carcinoma. We have investigated nuclear matrix protein composition in laryngeal and oral cavity primary squamous cell tumors and metastatic cervical lymph nodes. Laryngeal carcinoma demonstrated the gain of two specific nuclear matrix proteins in comparison with noncancerous squamous epithelium. Squamous cell carcinoma matrixes demonstrate greater heterogeneity than do previously studied adenocarcinoma matrixes, and yet they display specific matrix proteins that may represent important potential biomarkers.

Unique Nuclear Matrix Protein Alterations in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinomas: Intermediate Biomarker Candidates

The progression of normal squamous epithelium to a malignant metastatic phenotype may depend on cellular genetic events and the failure of host mechanisms. Intermediate biomarkers are needed to more effectively identify and quantify malignant progression and develop the potential for specific treatments and prevention strategies. The nuclear matrix is the RNA-protein scaffold of the nucleus, which controls in part nuclear shape, DNA organization, and DNA function. Nuclear matrix proteins in all previously studied cell types show a common set of nuclear matrix proteins and a subset of tissue- and cell type-specific proteins. In every system studied to date, the nuclear matrix has been demonstrated to undergo quantifiable alterations in its protein composition with transformation to the malignant phenotype. The loss and gain of nuclear matrix proteins are being investigated as biomarkers for malignant transformation in breast, colon, and prostate carcinoma. We have investigated nuclear matrix protein composition in laryngeal and oral cavity primary squamous cell tumors and metastatic cervical lymph nodes. Laryngeal carcinoma demonstrated the gain of two specific nuclear matrix proteins in comparison with noncancerous squamous epithelium. Squamous cell carcinoma matrixes demonstrate greater heterogeneity than do previously studied adenocarcinoma matrixes, and yet they display specific matrix proteins that may represent important potential biomarkers.

Inhibition of spontaneous metastasis in a rat prostate cancer model by oral administration of modified citrus pectin

BACKGROUND

Prostate cancer is the most common cancer diagnosed in U.S. men and remains incurable once it has metastasized. Many stages of the metastatic cascade involve cellular interactions mediated by cell surface components, such as carbohydrate-binding proteins, including galactoside-binding lectins (galectins). Modified citrus pectin (pH-modified), a soluble component of plant fiber derived from citrus fruit, has been shown to interfere with cell-cell interactions mediated by cell surface carbohydrate-binding galectin-3 molecules.

PURPOSE

The aim of this study was to determine whether modified citrus pectin, a complex polysaccharide rich in galactosyl residues, could inhibit spontaneous metastasis of prostate adenocarcinoma cells in the rat.

METHODS

The ability of modified citrus pectin to inhibit the adhesion of Dunning rat prostate cancer MAT-LyLu cells to rat endothelial cells was measured by 51Cr-labeling. Modified citrus pectin inhibition of MAT-LyLu cell anchorage-independent growth was measured by colony formation in agarose. The presence of galectin-3 in rat MAT-LyLu cells and human prostate carcinoma was demonstrated by immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry. One million MAT-LyLu cells were injected subcutaneously into the hind limb of male Copenhagen rats on day 0. Rats were given 0.0%, 0.01%, 0.1%, or 1.0% (wt/vol) modified citrus pectin continuously in their drinking water (from day 4 until necropsy on day 30). The number of MAT-LyLu tumor colonies in the lungs were counted.

RESULTS

Compared with 15 or 16 control rats that had lung metastases on day 30, seven of 14 rats in the 0.1% and nine of 16 rats in the 1.0% modified citrus-pectin group had statistically significant (two-sided; P < .03 and P < .001, respectively) reductions in lung metastases. The lungs of the 1.0% modified citrus pectin-treated rats had significantly (two-sided; P < .05) fewer metastatic colonies than control groups (9 colonies +/- 4 [mean +/- SE] in the control group compared with 1 colony +/- 1 in the treated group). Modified citrus pectin had no effect on the growth of the primary tumors. In vitro, modified citrus pectin inhibited MAT-LyLu cell adhesion to rat endothelial cells in a time- and dose-dependent manner as well as their colony formation in semisolid medium.

CONCLUSIONS

We present a novel therapy in which oral intake of modified citrus pectin acts as a potent inhibitor of spontaneous prostate carcinoma metastasis in the Copenhagen rat.

IMPLICATIONS

Further investigations are warranted to determine the following: 1) the role of galectin-3 in normal and cancerous prostate tissues and 2) the ability of modified citrus pectin to inhibit human prostate metastasis in nude mice.