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Zhou WZ, Zhang J, Li Z, Lin X, Li J, Wang S, Yang C, Wu Q, Ye AY, Wang M, Wang D, Pu TZ, Wu YY, Wei L. Targeted resequencing of 358 candidate genes for autism spectrum disorder in a Chinese cohort reveals diagnostic potential and genotype-phenotype correlations. Hum Mutat 2019; 40:801-815. [PMID: 30763456 PMCID: PMC6593842 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a childhood neuropsychiatric disorder with a complex genetic architecture. The diagnostic potential of a targeted panel of ASD genes has only been evaluated in small cohorts to date and is especially understudied in the Chinese population. Here, we designed a capture panel with 358 genes (111 syndromic and 247 nonsyndromic) for ASD and sequenced a Chinese cohort of 539 cases evaluated with the Autism Diagnostic Interview‐Revised (ADI‐R) and the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS) as well as 512 controls. ASD cases were found to carry significantly more ultra‐rare functional variants than controls. A subset of 78 syndromic and 54 nonsyndromic genes was the most significantly associated and should be given high priority in the future screening of ASD patients. Pathogenic and likely pathogenic variants were detected in 9.5% of cases. Variants in SHANK3 and SHANK2 were the most frequent, especially in females, and occurred in 1.2% of cases. Duplications of 15q11–13 were detected in 0.8% of cases. Variants in CNTNAP2 and MEF2C were correlated with epilepsy/tics in cases. Our findings reveal the diagnostic potential of ASD genetic panel testing and new insights regarding the variant spectrum. Genotype–phenotype correlations may facilitate the diagnosis and management of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Zhen Zhou
- Center for Bioinformatics, State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Beijing Key Laboratory for Molecular Diagnostics of Cardiovascular Diseases, Diagnostic Laboratory Service, Fuwai Hospital, National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Center for Bioinformatics, State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ziyi Li
- Center for Bioinformatics, State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojing Lin
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiarui Li
- Center for Bioinformatics, State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Sheng Wang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Changhong Yang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Qixi Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Adam Yongxin Ye
- Center for Bioinformatics, State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Beijing, China.,Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Meng Wang
- Center for Bioinformatics, State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Dandan Wang
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Yu-Yu Wu
- Yuning Psychiatry Clinic, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Liping Wei
- Center for Bioinformatics, State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Zhou WZ, Ye AY, Sun ZK, Tian HH, Pu TZ, Wu YY, Wang DD, Zhao MZ, Lu SJ, Yang CH, Wei L. Statistical analysis of twenty years (1993 to 2012) of data from mainland China's first intervention center for children with autism spectrum disorder. Mol Autism 2014; 5:52. [PMID: 25694804 PMCID: PMC4332440 DOI: 10.1186/2040-2392-5-52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is characterized by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction, and restrictive and repetitive patterns of behavior, interests or activities. This study aimed to analyze trends in ASD diagnosis and intervention in 20 years of data from the Beijing Stars and Rain Education Institute for Autism (SR), the first autism intervention center in mainland China, and from a recent survey of members of the Heart Alliance, an industry association of autism intervention centers in China. METHODS We analyzed the registration data at the SR from 1993 to 2012 for a total of 2,222 children who had a parent-reported diagnosis of ASD and 612 of 'autistic tendencies'. Most of the children who were the primary focus of our analyses were age six and under. We also analyzed results of a survey we conducted in 2013 of 100 member centers of the Heart Alliance. Generalized Estimating Equations, multiple linear regression and the Mann-Whitney test were used for data analysis. Statistically significant findings are reported here. RESULTS The number of hospitals where SR children received their diagnosis increased from several in the early 1990s to 276 at present. The proportion of 'autistic tendencies' diagnosis increased 2.04-fold from 1998 to 2012 and was higher for children diagnosed at a younger age. The mean age at first diagnosis of ASD or 'autistic tendencies' decreased by 0.27 years every decade. A higher level of parental education was statistically significantly associated with an earlier diagnosis of the child. The mean parental age at childbirth increased by about 1.48 years per decade, and the mean maternal age was 1.40 and 2.10 years higher than that in the national population censuses of 2000 and 2010, respectively. At the time of the survey 3,957 children with ASD were being trained at the 100 autism intervention centers. Ninety-seven of these centers opened after the year 2000. Economically underdeveloped regions are still underserved. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed encouraging trends and remaining challenges in ASD diagnosis and intervention among children at the SR over the past 20 years and the 100 autism intervention centers in China at present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Zhen Zhou
- />Center for Bioinformatics, State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, No.5 Yiheyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Adam Yongxin Ye
- />National Institute of Biological Sciences, No.7 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing, 102206 China
| | - Zhong-Kai Sun
- />Beijing Stars and Rain Education Institute for Autism, No.18 Shuangqiao East Road, Beijing, 100121 China
| | - Hope Huiping Tian
- />Beijing Stars and Rain Education Institute for Autism, No.18 Shuangqiao East Road, Beijing, 100121 China
| | - Tad Zhengzhang Pu
- />Shanghai Parkway Health, No.51 Hongfeng Road, Jin Qiao, Pudong, Shanghai, 201206 China
| | - Yu-Yu Wu
- />Yuning Psychiatry Clinic, No.6, Section 2, Fuxing South Road, Da’an District, Taipei, 10664 Taiwan
| | - Dan-Dan Wang
- />National Institute of Biological Sciences, No.7 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing, 102206 China
| | - Ming-Zhen Zhao
- />National Institute of Biological Sciences, No.7 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing, 102206 China
| | - Shu-Juan Lu
- />Center for Bioinformatics, State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, No.5 Yiheyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Chang-Hong Yang
- />National Institute of Biological Sciences, No.7 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing, 102206 China
| | - Liping Wei
- />Center for Bioinformatics, State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, No.5 Yiheyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100871 China
- />National Institute of Biological Sciences, No.7 Science Park Road, Zhongguancun Life Science Park, Beijing, 102206 China
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