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Hussein H, Atasoy F, Elwi TA. Miniaturized Antenna Array-Based Novel Metamaterial Technology for Reconfigurable MIMO Systems. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:5871. [PMID: 37447721 DOI: 10.3390/s23135871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a highly miniaturized microstrip antenna array based on two elements is proposed for multiple inputs multiple outputs (MIMO) application systems at sub-6 GHz frequency bands. The antenna is structured from a meander line in conjugate with an interdigital capacitor when excited through the monopole basic antenna. The proposed antenna elements are separated with a Minkowski factor-shaped metamaterial (MTM) column to achieve a separation distance (D) of 0.08λ at 3 GHz when printed on an FR-4 substrate. Later on, the antenna performance in terms of bandwidth and gain is controlled using a photonic process based on optical active switches based on light-dependent resistances (LDR). Therefore, the reconfiguration complexity with such a technique can be eliminated significantly without the need for a biasing circuit. The antenna design was conducted through several parametric studies to arrive at the optimal design that realizes the frequency bandwidth between 3 and 5.5 GHz with a maximum gain of about 4.5 dBi when all LDR terminals are off. For a wireless channel performance study-based massive MIMO environment, the proposed antenna is suitable to be configured in arrays of 64 × 64 elements. From this study, it was found the maximum bit error rate (BER) does not exceed 0.15 with a channel capacity (CC) of 2 Gbps. For validation, the antenna was fabricated based on two elements and tested experimentally. Finally, it was revealed that the measured results agree very well with simulations after comparing the theoretical calculations with the measured data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humam Hussein
- Department of Computer Engineering, Karabuk University, Karabuk 78050, Turkey
| | - Ferhat Atasoy
- Department of Computer Engineering, Karabuk University, Karabuk 78050, Turkey
| | - Taha A Elwi
- International Applied and Theoretical Research Center (IATRC), Baghdad 10001, Iraq
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Alibakhshikenari M, Virdee BS, Elwi TA, Lubangakene ID, Jayanthi RKR, Al-Behadili AA, Hassain ZAA, Ali SM, Pau G, Livreri P, Aïssa S. Design of a Planar Sensor Based on Split-Ring Resonators for Non-Invasive Permittivity Measurement. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:s23115306. [PMID: 37300033 DOI: 10.3390/s23115306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The permittivity of a material is an important parameter to characterize the degree of polarization of a material and identify components and impurities. This paper presents a non-invasive measurement technique to characterize materials in terms of their permittivity based on a modified metamaterial unit-cell sensor. The sensor consists of a complementary split-ring resonator (C-SRR), but its fringe electric field is contained with a conductive shield to intensify the normal component of the electric field. It is shown that by tightly electromagnetically coupling opposite sides of the unit-cell sensor to the input/output microstrip feedlines, two distinct resonant modes are excited. Perturbation of the fundamental mode is exploited here for determining the permittivity of materials. The sensitivity of the modified metamaterial unit-cell sensor is enhanced four-fold by using it to construct a tri-composite split-ring resonator (TC-SRR). The measured results confirm that the proposed technique provides an accurate and inexpensive solution to determine the permittivity of materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Alibakhshikenari
- Department of Signal Theory and Communications, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, 28911 Leganés, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bal S Virdee
- School of Computing and Digital Media, Center for Communications Technology, London Metropolitan University, 166-220 Holloway Road, London N7 8DB, UK
| | - Taha A Elwi
- Communication Engineering Department, Al-Ma' Moon University College, Baghdad 1004, Iraq
- International Applied and Theoretical Research Centre (IATRC), Baghdad 10001, Iraq
| | - Innocent D Lubangakene
- School of Computing and Digital Media, Center for Communications Technology, London Metropolitan University, 166-220 Holloway Road, London N7 8DB, UK
| | - Renu K R Jayanthi
- School of Computing and Digital Media, Center for Communications Technology, London Metropolitan University, 166-220 Holloway Road, London N7 8DB, UK
| | - Amer Abbood Al-Behadili
- Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad 10052, Iraq
| | - Zaid A Abdul Hassain
- Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad 10052, Iraq
| | - Syed Mansoor Ali
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Giovanni Pau
- Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Kore University of Enna, 94100 Enna, Italy
| | - Patrizia Livreri
- Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, viale delle Scienze BLDG 9, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Sonia Aïssa
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique (INRS), University of Québec, Montréal, QC H5A 1K6, Canada
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Al-Hadeethi ST, Elwi TA, Ibrahim AA. A Printed Reconfigurable Monopole Antenna Based on a Novel Metamaterial Structures for 5G Applications. Micromachines (Basel) 2023; 14:131. [PMID: 36677191 PMCID: PMC9863034 DOI: 10.3390/mi14010131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A novel antenna structure is constructed from cascading multi-stage metamaterial (MTM) unit cells-based printed monopole antenna for 5G mobile communication networks. The proposed antenna is constructed from a printed conductive trace that fetches four MTM unit cells through four T-Resonators (TR) structures. Such a combination is introduced to enhance the antenna gain-bandwidth products at sub-6GHz bands after exiting the antenna with a coplanar waveguide (CPW) feed. The antenna circuitry is fabricated by etching a copper layer that is mounted on Taconic RF-43 substrate. Therefore, the proposed antenna occupies an effective area of 51 × 24 mm2. The proposed antenna provides an acceptable matching impedance with S11 ≤ -10 dB at 3.7 GHz, 4.6 GHz, 5.2 GHz, and 5.9 GHz. The antenna radiation patterns are evaluated at the frequency bands of interest with a gain average of 9.1-11.6 dBi. Later, to control the antenna performance, four optical switches based on LDR resistors are applied to control the antenna gain at 5.85 GHz, which is found to vary from 2 dBi to 11.6 dBi after varying the value of the LDR resistance from 700 Ω to 0 Ω, in descending manner. It is found that the proposed antenna provides an acceptable bit error rate (BER) with varying the antenna gain in a very acceptable manner in comparison to the ideal performance. Finally, the proposed antenna is fabricated to be tested experimentally in in free space and in close to the human body for portable applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba T. Al-Hadeethi
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Graduate School of Science, Altinbas University, Istanbul 34217, Turkey
| | - Taha A. Elwi
- International Applied and Theoretical Research Center (IATRC), Baghdad 10001, Iraq
| | - Abdullahi A. Ibrahim
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Graduate School of Science, Altinbas University, Istanbul 34217, Turkey
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Al-khaylani HH, Elwi TA, Ibrahim AA. Optically Remote Control of Miniaturized 3D Reconfigurable CRLH Printed Self-Powered MIMO Antenna Array for 5G Applications. Micromachines (Basel) 2022; 13:2061. [PMID: 36557360 PMCID: PMC9784174 DOI: 10.3390/mi13122061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A novel design of a reconfigurable MIMO antenna array of a 3D geometry-based solar cell integration that is operating at sub-6 GHz for self-power applications in a 5G modern wireless communication network. The proposed antenna array provides three main frequency bands around 3.6 GHz, 3.9 GHz, and 4.9 GHz, with excellent matching impedance of S11 ≤ -10 dB. The proposed MIMO array is constructed from four antenna elements arranged on a cubical structure to provide a low mutual coupling, below -20 dB, over all frequency bands of interest. Each antenna element is excited with a coplanar waveguide (CPW). The proposed radiation patterns are controlled with two optical switches of Light Dependent Resistors (LDRs). The proposed antenna array is fabricated and tested experimentally in terms of S-parameters, gain and radiation patterns. The maximum gain is found to be 3.6 dBi, 6.9 dBi, and 3.5 dBi at 3.6 GHz, 3.9 GHz, and 4.9 GHz, respectively. It is realized that the proposed array realizes a significant beam forming by splitting the antenna beam and changing the main lobe direction at 3.9 GHz after changing LDR switching statuses. Such an antenna array is found to be very applicable for femtocell wireless communication networks in the 5G systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayder H. Al-khaylani
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Altinbas University, Istanbul 34217, Turkey
- Department of Communication Engineering, Al-Ma’moon University College, Baghdad 1004, Iraq
| | - Taha A. Elwi
- Department of Communication Engineering, Al-Ma’moon University College, Baghdad 1004, Iraq
- International Applied and Theoretical Research Center (IATRC), Baghdad 10001, Iraq
| | - Abdullahi A. Ibrahim
- Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Altinbas University, Istanbul 34217, Turkey
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Ghadeer SH, Elwi TA, Rahim SKA. Compact MIMO Antenna Array for 5G Applications. 2022 9th International Conference on Electrical Engineering, Computer Science and Informatics (EECSI) 2022. [DOI: 10.23919/eecsi56542.2022.9946554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabah Hassan Ghadeer
- School of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia,Faculty of Engineering,Johor,Malaysia
| | - Taha A. Elwi
- Al-Ma'moon University College,Communication Engineering Dept,Baghdad,Iraq
| | - Sharul Kamal Abd. Rahim
- School of Electrical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia,Faculty of Engineering,Johor,Malaysia
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Abdulsattar RK, Elwi TA, Abdul Hassain ZA. A New Microwave Sensor Based on the Moore Fractal Structure to Detect Water Content in Crude Oil. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:s21217143. [PMID: 34770453 PMCID: PMC8587846 DOI: 10.3390/s21217143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a microwave sensor based on a two-ports network for liquid characterizations. The proposed sensor is constructed as a miniaturized microwave resonator based on Moore fractal geometry of the 4th iteration. The T-resonator is combined with the proposed structure to increase the sensor quality factor. The proposed sensor occupies an area of 50 × 50 × 1.6 mm3 printed on an FR4 substrate. Analytically, a theoretical study is conducted to explain the proposed sensor operation. The proposed sensor was fabricated and experimentally tested for validation. Later, two pans were printed on the sensor to hold the Sample Under Test (SUT) of crude oil. The frequency resonance of the proposed structure before loading SUT was found to be 0.8 GHz. After printing the pans, a 150 MHz frequency shift was accrued to the first resonance. The sensing part was accomplished by monitoring the S-parameters in terms of S12 regarding the water concentration change in the crude oil samples. Therefore, 10 different samples with different water percentages were introduced to the proposed sensor to be tested for detecting the water content. Finally, the measurements of the proposed process were found to agree very well with their relative simulated results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russul Khalid Abdulsattar
- Electrical Engineering Department, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad 1004, Iraq; (R.K.A.); (Z.A.A.H.)
| | - Taha A. Elwi
- Communication Engineering Department, Al-Ma’moon University College, Baghdad 1004, Iraq
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +964-7711082142
| | - Zaid A. Abdul Hassain
- Electrical Engineering Department, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad 1004, Iraq; (R.K.A.); (Z.A.A.H.)
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Abstract
A novel application that utilizes conductive patches composed of purified multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) embedded in a sodium cholate composite thin film to create microstrip antennas operating in the microwave frequency regime is proposed. The MWCNTs are suspended in an adhesive solvent to form a conductive ink that is printed on flexible polymer substrates. The DC conductivity of the printed patches was measured by the four probe technique and the complex relative permittivity was measured by an Agilent E5071B probe. The commercial software package, CST Microwave Studio (MWS), was used to simulate the proposed antennas based on the measured constitutive parameters. An excellent agreement of less than 0.2% difference in resonant frequency is shown. Simulated and measured results were also compared against identical microstrip antennas that utilize copper conducting patches. The proposed MWCNT-based antennas demonstrate a 5.6% to 2.2% increase in bandwidth, with respect to their corresponding copper-based prototypes, without significant degradation in gain and/or far-field radiation patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taha A Elwi
- Department of Systems Engineering, University of Arkansas at Little Rock, Little Rock, AR 72204, USA
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