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Pelchat J, Desprez I, Beaufrère H, Beazley SG, Duke-Novakovski T. Comparison between mainstream (Capnostat 5) and a low-flow sidestream capnometer (Capnostream) in mechanically ventilated, sevoflurane-anesthetized rabbits using a Bain coaxial delivery system. Vet Anaesth Analg 2023; 50:81-90. [PMID: 36517354 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2022.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate agreement between end-tidal carbon dioxide (Pe'CO2) and PaCO2 with sidestream and mainstream capnometers in mechanically ventilated anesthetized rabbits, with two ventilatory strategies. STUDY DESIGN Prospective experimental study. ANIMALS A total of 10 New Zealand White rabbits weighing 3.6 ± 0.3 kg (mean ± standard deviation). METHODS Rabbits anesthetized with sevoflurane were intubated with an uncuffed endotracheal tube (3.0 mm internal diameter) and adequate seal. For Pe'CO2, the sidestream capnometer sampling adapter or the mainstream capnometer was placed between the endotracheal tube and Bain breathing system (1.5 L minute-1 oxygen). PaCO2 was obtained from arterial blood collected every 5 minutes. A time-cycled ventilator delivered an inspiratory time of 1 second and 12 or 20 breaths minute-1. Peak inspiratory pressure was initially set to achieve Pe'CO2 normocapnia of 35-45 mmHg (4.6-6.0 kPa). A total of five paired Pe'CO2 and PaCO2 measurements were obtained with each ventilation mode for each capnometer. Anesthetic episodes were separated by 7 days. Agreement was assessed using Bland-Altman analysis and linear mixed models; p < 0.05. RESULTS There were 90 and 83 pairs for the mainstream and sidestream capnometers, respectively. The mainstream capnometer underestimated PaCO2 by 12.6 ± 2.9 mmHg (proportional bias 0.44 ± 0.06 mmHg per 1 mmHg PaCO2 increase). With the sidestream capnometer, ventilation mode had a significant effect on Pe'CO2. At 12 breaths minute-1, Pe'CO2 underestimated PaCO2 by 23.9 ± 8.2 mmHg (proportional bias: 0.81 ± 0.18 mmHg per 1 mmHg PaCO2 increase). At 20 breaths minute-1, Pe'CO2 underestimated PaCO2 by 38.8 ± 5.0 mmHg (proportional bias 1.13 ± 0.10 mmHg per 1 mmHg PaCO2 increase). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Both capnometers underestimated PaCO2. The sidestream capnometer underestimated PaCO2 more than the mainstream capnometer, and was affected by ventilation mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Pelchat
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Studies, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
| | - Isabelle Desprez
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Studies, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Hugues Beaufrère
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Epidemiology, University of California Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Shannon G Beazley
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Studies, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Tanya Duke-Novakovski
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Studies, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Beazley S, Focken A, Fernandez-Parra R, Thomas K, Adler A, Duke-Novakovski T. Evaluation of lung ventilation distribution using electrical impedance tomography in standing sedated horses with capnoperitoneum. Vet Anaesth Analg 2022; 49:382-389. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2022.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Desprez I, Pelchat J, Beaufrère H, Beazley SG, Duke-Novakovski T. Agreement of caudal aortic arterial blood pressure with oscillometry using two cuff widths placed on the thoracic or pelvic limbs of sevoflurane-anesthetized rabbits. Vet Anaesth Analg 2022; 49:390-397. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2022.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Podsiedlik M, Hofmeister EH, Duke-Novakovski T. Comparison of 2 blind approaches to the paravertebral brachial plexus regional block in canine cadavers. Can J Vet Res 2022; 86:20-26. [PMID: 34975218 PMCID: PMC8697322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The paravertebral brachial plexus block (PVB) provides thoracic limb analgesia. The objective was to describe a blind craniocaudal (CC) approach to the PVB and compare its accuracy, time, and difficulty of performance with a blind dorsoventral (DV) approach. The operator was initially trained by experienced clinicians to perform both approaches on 5 cadavers. Next, a CC or DV approach to the PVB was performed on both thoracic limbs of 20 cadavers (20 for each approach). Methylene blue dye was equally divided into 4 aliquots to stain the ventral branches of the sixth to eighth cervical and first thoracic spinal nerves. Successfully stained (stain ≥ 1 cm) spinal nerves were counted. The time to perform each approach was recorded and ease of performance was scored using a numerical scale (1 "easy" to 4 "difficult"). The phrenic nerve was checked for stain. A Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare approaches. The data are presented as median (interquartile range; minimum to maximum range). The number of stained nerves with the CC approach 3 (1; 2 to 4), was higher than the DV approach 2 (2; 0 to 4) (P = 0.002). The time (in seconds) to perform the CC approach 125 (79; 70 to 194), was not different from the DV approach 142 (54; 101 to 232) (P = 0.084). The CC approach 2 (2; 1 to 4) was easier to perform than the DV approach 3 (1; 2 to 4) (P = 0.024). No phrenic nerve staining was observed with either approach. The CC approach is an alternative to the DV approach for performing the PVB in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Podsiedlik
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4 (Podsiedlik, Duke-Novakovski); Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA (Hofmeister)
| | - Erik H Hofmeister
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4 (Podsiedlik, Duke-Novakovski); Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA (Hofmeister)
| | - Tanya Duke-Novakovski
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4 (Podsiedlik, Duke-Novakovski); Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA (Hofmeister)
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Schmidt K, Feng C, Wu T, Duke-Novakovski T. Influence of maternal, anesthetic, and surgical factors on neonatal survival after emergency cesarean section in 78 dogs: A retrospective study (2002 to 2020). Can Vet J 2021; 62:961-968. [PMID: 34475581 PMCID: PMC8360313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Neonatal mortality rate (NMR) may be affected by maternal physical condition, anesthesia, and uterine incision or en-bloc neonate removal. The association of selected factors with number of dogs with dead puppies at hospital discharge was evaluated using 78 records. Data obtained at admittance for emergency cesarean section included: age, small or large body size, rectal temperature, packed cell volume, serum total protein, blood urea nitrogen, glucose, puppy in pelvic canal, and heart rate. Administration of opioids, propofol, alfaxalone, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, and anesthesia/surgical times and surgical technique were evaluated using Fisher's exact tests. There were 238 live puppies and 38 dogs had 58 dead puppies; the NMR was 19.6%. Mortality was associated with puppy in the pelvic canal (P = 0.003) and duration of anesthesia > 80 minutes (P = 0.029). Age > 8 years (P = 0.054) and induction time to start of surgery > 30 minutes (P = 0.17) may be associated with mortality. Expedient cesarean section with obstructive dystocia and an induction time to start of surgery < 30 minutes are important for puppy survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keaton Schmidt
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine (Schmidt, Duke-Novakovski), Department of Mathematics and Statistics (Wu), University of Saskatchewan, Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5B4; Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia (Feng)
| | - Cindy Feng
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine (Schmidt, Duke-Novakovski), Department of Mathematics and Statistics (Wu), University of Saskatchewan, Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5B4; Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia (Feng)
| | - Tingxuan Wu
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine (Schmidt, Duke-Novakovski), Department of Mathematics and Statistics (Wu), University of Saskatchewan, Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5B4; Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia (Feng)
| | - Tanya Duke-Novakovski
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine (Schmidt, Duke-Novakovski), Department of Mathematics and Statistics (Wu), University of Saskatchewan, Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada S7N 5B4; Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia (Feng)
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Fujiyama M, Lavallée J, Lewis K, Duke-Novakovski T. Myoclonus and hypersensitivity of the hind limbs and tail with urinary retention following neuraxial administration of morphine in a cat. Can Vet J 2021; 62:389-392. [PMID: 33867552 PMCID: PMC7953927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
An adult female domestic shorthair cat developed myoclonus, muscle rigidity, and hypersensitivity of the hind limbs and tail with urinary retention following neuraxial administration of morphine. Myoclonic contractions resolved following treatment with midazolam and a urinary catheter was placed until normal micturition returned. The cat was clinically normal 36 hours after neuraxial morphine injection. The cat underwent a second surgery without neuraxial morphine and control of postoperative pain required more intervention. Key clinical message: Neuraxial morphine may cause myoclonus and urinary retention. The response to pharmacological treatment of myoclonus is varied, but a benzodiazepine drug may be effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Fujiyama
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4
| | - Justin Lavallée
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4
| | - Kerrie Lewis
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4
| | - Tanya Duke-Novakovski
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4
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Fujiyama M, Jones T, Duke-Novakovski T. Evaluation of the perioperative stress response from dexmedetomidine infusion alone, with butorphanol bolus or remifentanil infusion compared with ketamine and morphine infusions in isoflurane-anesthetized horses. Vet Anaesth Analg 2021; 48:344-355. [PMID: 33741263 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2021.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate perioperative stress-related hormones in isoflurane-anesthetized horses administered infusions of dexmedetomidine alone or with butorphanol or remifentanil, compared with ketamine-morphine. STUDY DESIGN Randomized, prospective, nonblinded clinical study. ANIMALS A total of 51 horses undergoing elective surgical procedures. METHODS Horses were premedicated with xylazine, anesthesia induced with ketamine-diazepam and maintained with isoflurane and one of four intravenous infusions. Partial intravenous anesthesia (PIVA) was achieved with dexmedetomidine (1.0 μg kg-1 hour-1; group D; 12 horses); dexmedetomidine (1.0 μg kg-1 hour-1) and butorphanol bolus (0.05 mg kg-1; group DB; 13 horses); dexmedetomidine (1.0 μg kg-1 hour-1) and remifentanil (3.0 μg kg-1 hour-1; group DR; 13 horses); or ketamine (0.6 mg kg-1 hour-1) and morphine (0.15 mg kg-1, 0.1 mg kg-1 hour-1; group KM; 13 horses). Infusions were started postinduction; butorphanol bolus was administered 10 minutes before starting surgery. Blood was collected before drugs were administered (baseline), 10 minutes after ketamine-diazepam, every 30 minutes during surgery and 1 hour after standing. Mean arterial pressure (MAP), pulse rate, end-tidal isoflurane concentration, cortisol, nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), glucose and insulin concentrations were compared using linear mixed models. Significance was assumed when p < 0.05. RESULTS Within D, cortisol was lower at 120-180 minutes from starting surgery compared with baseline. Cortisol was higher in KM than in D at 60 minutes from starting surgery. Within all groups, glucose was higher postinduction (except DR) and 60 minutes from starting surgery, and insulin was lower during anesthesia and higher after standing compared with baseline. After standing, NEFA were higher in KM than in DB. In KM, MAP increased at 40-60 minutes from starting surgery compared with 30 minutes postinduction. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Dexmedetomidine suppressed cortisol release more than dexmedetomidine-opioid and ketamine-morphine infusions. Ketamine-morphine PIVA might increase catecholamine activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masako Fujiyama
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
| | - Teela Jones
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Tanya Duke-Novakovski
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Anderson SL, Duke-Novakovski T, Robinson AR, Townsend HGG, Singh B. Depletion of pulmonary intravascular macrophages rescues inflammation-induced delayed neutrophil apoptosis in horses. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2020; 320:L126-L136. [PMID: 33146566 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00392.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of pulmonary intravascular macrophage depletion on systemic inflammation and ex vivo neutrophil apoptosis using an experimental model of intestinal ischemia and reperfusion injury in horses. Neutrophils were isolated before and after surgery from horses that were randomized to three treatment groups, namely, sham celiotomy (CEL, n = 4), intestinal ischemia and reperfusion (IR, n = 6), and intestinal ischemia and reperfusion with gadolinium chloride treatment to deplete pulmonary intravascular macrophages (PIMs, IRGC, n = 6). Neutrophil apoptosis was assessed with Annexin V and propidium iodide staining quantified with flow cytometry and caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9 activities in neutrophil lysates. All horses experienced a systemic inflammatory response following surgery. Following surgery, ex vivo neutrophil apoptosis was significantly delayed after 12 or 24 h in culture, except in IRGC horses (12 h: CEL: P = 0.03, IR: P = 0.05, IRGC: P = 0.2; 24 h: CEL: P = 0.001, IR: P = 0.004, IRGC: P = 0.3). Caspase-3, caspase-8, and caspase-9 activities were significantly reduced in neutrophils isolated after surgery and cultured for 12 h in IR horses, but not in IRGC horses (IR caspase-3: P = 0.002, IR caspase-8: P = 0.002, IR caspase-9: P = 0.04). Serum TNF-α concentration was increased in IRGC horses for 6-18 h following jejunal ischemia. Following surgery, ex vivo equine neutrophil apoptosis was delayed via downregulation of caspase activity, which was ameliorated by PIM depletion potentially via upregulation of TNF-α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy L Anderson
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Tanya Duke-Novakovski
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Alexandra R Robinson
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Hugh G G Townsend
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Baljit Singh
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Duke-Novakovski T, Jimenez CP, Fujiyama M, Beazley SG. Plasma histamine concentrations in horses administered sodium penicillin, guaifenesin-xylazine-ketamine and isoflurane with morphine or butorphanol. Vet Anaesth Analg 2020; 48:17-25. [PMID: 33229232 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Various drugs administered to horses undergoing surgical procedures can release histamine. Histamine concentrations were evaluated in horses prepared for surgery and administered butorphanol or morphine intraoperative infusions. STUDY DESIGN Prospective studies with one randomized. ANIMALS A total of 44 client-owned horses. METHODS In one study, anesthesia was induced with xylazine followed by ketamine-diazepam. Anesthesia was maintained with guaifenesin-xylazine-ketamine (GXK) during surgical preparation. For surgery, isoflurane was administered with intravenous (IV) morphine (group M: 0.15 mg kg-1 and 0.1 mg kg-1 hour-1; 15 horses) or butorphanol (group B: 0.05 mg kg-1 and 0.01 mg kg-1 hour-1; 15 horses). Histamine and morphine concentrations were measured using enzyme-linked immunoassay before opioid injection (time 0), and after 1, 2, 5, 30, 60 and 90 minutes. In a subsequent study, plasma histamine concentrations were measured in 14 horses before drug administration (baseline), 15 minutes after IV sodium penicillin and 15 minutes after starting GXK IV infusion. Statistical comparison was performed using anova for repeated measures. Pearson correlation compared morphine and histamine concentrations. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation. Significance was assumed when p ≤ 0.05. RESULTS With histamine, differences occurred between baseline (3.2 ± 2.4 ng mL-1) and GXK (5.2 ± 7.1 ng mL-1) and between baseline and time 0 in group B (11.9 ± 13.4 ng mL-1) and group M (11.1 ± 12.4 ng mL-1). No differences occurred between baseline and after penicillin or between groups M and B. Morphine concentrations were higher at 1 minute following injection (8.1 ± 5.1 ng mL-1) than at 30 minutes (4.9 ± 3.1 ng mL-1) and 60 minutes (4.0 ± 2.5 ng mL-1). Histamine correlated with morphine at 2, 30 and 60 minutes. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE GXK increased histamine concentration, but concentrations were similar with morphine and butorphanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Duke-Novakovski
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Sakatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Carolina Palacios Jimenez
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Sakatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Masako Fujiyama
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Sakatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Shannon G Beazley
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Sakatoon, SK, Canada
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Jones T, Feng C, Duke-Novakovski T. Changes in CO-oximetry values and pulse oximetry in isoflurane-anesthetized dogs with and without nitrous oxide. Can J Vet Res 2020; 84:83-90. [PMID: 32255902 PMCID: PMC7088513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of 64% to 70% nitrous oxide (N2O) provide intra-operative analgesia. Clinically, pulse oximeter estimation (SpO2) of oxygen (O2) hemoglobin saturation (SaO2) was observed to decrease with N2O. Absorption atelectasis from breathing O2 was thought to decrease arterial partial pressure of O2 (PaO2) below 70 mmHg and reduce SaO2 and SpO2 when N2O was used. Administering N2O from the beginning of the anesthesia might prevent atelectasis development and low PaO2. The study was done in 2 parts (P < 0.05). In Part 1, isoflurane-anesthetized dogs undergoing ovariohysterectomy (n = 15 each group) breathed N2O from anesthesia start (N2Oearly) or 1 hour later (N2Olate). SpO2, CO-oximetry values, and PaO2 were compared to dogs breathing O2 throughout anesthesia (control). Timing of N2O introduction did not affect PaO2 (lowest = 94 mmHg), SaO2, or SpO2. With N2O, the lowest SpO2 value was 91% and corresponded to a PaO2 of 151 mmHg. Carboxyhemoglobin increased (highest = 2.7%) and SaO2 decreased with N2O (lowest = 96.7%). In Part 2, to replicate findings, 10 isoflurane-anesthetized dogs breathed N2O, then O2. With N2O, SaO2 did not decrease, but carboxyhemoglobin increased and returned to baseline once N2O was discontinued. The dog with the highest carboxyhemoglobin (2%) had an SaO2 of 96.8% (PaO2 = 93 mmHg). Carboxyhemoglobin and SaO2 changes were not clinically significant. Pulse oximetry did not reliably estimate SaO2 but N2O was not always a factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teela Jones
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4 (Jones, Duke-Novakovski); School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4 (Feng)
| | - Cindy Feng
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4 (Jones, Duke-Novakovski); School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4 (Feng)
| | - Tanya Duke-Novakovski
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4 (Jones, Duke-Novakovski); School of Public Health, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4 (Feng)
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Duke-Novakovski T, Fujiyama M, Beazley SG. Comparison of mainstream (Capnostat 5) and two low-flow sidestream capnometers (VM-2500-S and Capnostream) in spontaneously breathing rabbits anesthetized with a Bain coaxial breathing system. Vet Anaesth Analg 2020; 47:537-546. [PMID: 32381351 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2020.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate agreement with PaCO2 of two low sampling rate sidestream capnometers and a mainstream capnometer in rabbits and the effect of using high fresh gas flow from a Bain coaxial breathing system. STUDY DESIGN Prospective, crossover study. ANIMALS A total of 10 New Zealand White rabbits weighing 3.4 ± 0.3 kg [mean ± standard deviation (SD)]. METHODS Two sidestream analyzers (Viamed VM-2500-S and Capnostream 35) with a sampling rate of 50 mL minute-1 and a mainstream capnometer (Capnostat 5) were tested. All capnometers used infrared spectroscopy and advanced microprocessor technology. Rabbits were anesthetized and intubated with noncuffed endotracheal tubes of 3 mm internal diameter and adequate seal. A sidestream sampling adapter or the mainstream capnometer was attached to the endotracheal tube and connected to a Bain coaxial breathing system. Oxygen (1.5 L minute-1) delivered sevoflurane to maintain anesthesia. An auricular artery catheter allowed blood sampling for PaCO2 analysis corrected to rectal temperature. Inspired and end-tidal carbon dioxide (Pe'CO2) measurements were recorded during blood sample withdrawal. From each rabbit, 10 paired PaCO2/Pe'CO2 measurements were obtained. Each rabbit was recovered from anesthesia and was anesthetized again with an alternate capnometer after 1 week. Data were analyzed using Bland-Altman and two-way anova for repeated measures. RESULTS Analysis included 100 paired samples. Negative bias reflects underestimation of PaCO2. Bland-Altman mean (±1.95 SD) was -16.7 (-35.2 to 1.8) mmHg for Capnostat 5, -27.9 (-48.6 to -7.2) mmHg for Viamed, and -18.1 (-34.3 to -1.9) mmHg for Capnostream. Viamed PaCO2-Pe'CO2 gradient was greater than other two capnometers. CONCLUSIONS All three capnometers underestimated PaCO2. Capnostat 5 and Capnostream performed similarly. CLINICAL RELEVANCE These capnometers underestimated PaCO2 in spontaneously breathing rabbits anesthetized using a Bain coaxial breathing system with high fresh gas flows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Duke-Novakovski
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Studies, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Masako Fujiyama
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Studies, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Shannon G Beazley
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Studies, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Ambros B, Gaunt MC, Duke-Novakovski T, Taylor SM. Effects of alfaxalone, thiopental, or propofol and diazepam on laryngeal motion in healthy dogs. Can Vet J 2018; 59:791-795. [PMID: 30026629 PMCID: PMC6005073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Laryngeal function is assessed by direct visualization of the larynx under a light plane of anesthesia. This study compared the effects of 3 anesthetic protocols on arytenoid motion in healthy dogs. Eight dogs were randomly assigned to receive alfaxalone, propofol and diazepam, or thiopental. Videolaryngoscopy was performed and still images at maximum inspiration and expiration were used to measure the area and height of the glottal gap. The normalized glottal gap area (NGGA = area in pixels/height2) was calculated. The NGAA change was defined as the difference between NGAA during inspiration and exhalation. Data were analyzed using Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis tests, P-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. No significant difference among induction protocols was found when comparing NGGA change after induction or before recovery. Alfaxalone and propofol/diazepam are useful for evaluation of laryngeal function when administered to effect and a light plane of anesthesia is maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Ambros
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences (Ambros, Duke-Novakovski, Taylor), Veterinary Microbiology (Gaunt), Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4; 615 5th Street East, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7H 1G4 (Gaunt)
| | - M Casey Gaunt
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences (Ambros, Duke-Novakovski, Taylor), Veterinary Microbiology (Gaunt), Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4; 615 5th Street East, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7H 1G4 (Gaunt)
| | - Tanya Duke-Novakovski
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences (Ambros, Duke-Novakovski, Taylor), Veterinary Microbiology (Gaunt), Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4; 615 5th Street East, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7H 1G4 (Gaunt)
| | - Susan M Taylor
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences (Ambros, Duke-Novakovski, Taylor), Veterinary Microbiology (Gaunt), Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 52 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4; 615 5th Street East, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7H 1G4 (Gaunt)
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Duke-Novakovski T. Basics of monitoring equipment. Can Vet J 2017; 58:1200-1208. [PMID: 29089659 PMCID: PMC5640291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring equipment has become reliable and affordable for use in general veterinary practice. This article provides a guide to technology, troubleshooting, and obtaining quality data using 4 non-invasive techniques that are commonly used in practice. Pulse oximetry estimates oxygen saturation of hemoglobin in arterial blood, capnography measures the carbon dioxide content of inspired and expired gas, and either Doppler shift detection or oscillometry can be used to measure blood pressure. These useful non-invasive techniques all rely on adequate perfusion of the tissues for optimum function.
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Bohaychuk-Preuss KS, Carrozzo MV, Duke-Novakovski T. Cardiopulmonary effects of pleural insufflation with CO2 during two-lung ventilation in dorsally recumbent anesthetized horses. Vet Anaesth Analg 2017; 44:483-491. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaa.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Benmansour P, Billinsky J, Duke-Novakovski T, Alcorn J. Blood concentrations of remifentanil during and after infusion in horses anesthetized with isoflurane and dexmedetomidine. Res Vet Sci 2016; 107:202-206. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Carmalt JL, Duke-Novakovski T, Schott HC, van der Kolk JH. Effects of anesthesia with isoflurane on plasma concentrations of adrenocorticotropic hormone in samples obtained from the cavernous sinus and jugular vein of horses. Am J Vet Res 2016; 77:730-7. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.77.7.730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Bracamonte JL, Duke-Novakovski T. A pilot study evaluating laparoscopic closure of the nephrosplenic space using an endoscopic suturing device in standing horses. Can Vet J 2016; 57:651-654. [PMID: 27247467 PMCID: PMC4866674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the use of an articulating automated suturing device for laparoscopic closure of the nephrosplenic space in standing horses. Closure of the nephrosplenic space was performed in 4 horses using an automated suturing device. Second-look laparoscopy was performed at 5 weeks. A smooth fibrous adhesion formed between the spleen, the perirenal fascia, and the nephrosplenic ligament in 3 of the 4 horses in which the nephrosplenic space was closed using the automated suturing device. In 1 horse, closure of the nephrosplenic space was not possible due to constant breakage of the endoscopic needle. Intra-operative complications encountered with the automated suturing device were tearing of the perirenal fascia, nephrosplenic ligament, and dorsal splenic capsule along with breakage of the needle. The automated suturing device used in this study for laparoscopic closure of the nephrosplenic space resulted in longer surgery times, suffered instrument failures and delivered inadequate suture.
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Sanchez-Teran AF, Bracamonte JL, Hendrick S, Burguess HJ, Duke-Novakovski T, Schott M, Hoff B, Rubio-Martínez LM. Effect of Arthroscopic Lavage on Systemic and Synovial Fluid Serum Amyloid A in Healthy Horses. Vet Surg 2016; 45:223-30. [DOI: 10.1111/vsu.12439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - José L. Bracamonte
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Saskatchewan; Saskatoon Canada
| | - Steven Hendrick
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Saskatchewan; Saskatoon Canada
| | - Hilary J. Burguess
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Saskatchewan; Saskatoon Canada
| | - Tanya Duke-Novakovski
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Saskatchewan; Saskatoon Canada
| | - Monica Schott
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine; University of Saskatchewan; Saskatoon Canada
| | - Brent Hoff
- Animal Health Laboratory, Division of Laboratory Services; University of Guelph; Guelph Ontario Canada
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the immune response to anesthesia including mechanical ventilation, inhaled anesthetic gases, and injectable anesthetics and sedatives. STUDY DESIGN Review. METHODS AND DATABASES Multiple literature searches were performed using PubMed and Google Scholar from spring 2012 through fall 2013. Relevant anesthetic and immune terms were used to search databases without year published or species constraints. The online database for Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia and the Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care were searched by issue starting in 2000 for relevant articles. CONCLUSION Recent research data indicate that commonly used volatile anesthetic agents, such as isoflurane and sevoflurane, may have a protective effect on vital organs. With the lung as the target organ, protection using an appropriate anesthetic protocol may be possible during direct pulmonary insults, including mechanical ventilation, and during systemic disease processes, such as endotoxemia, generalized sepsis, and ischemia-reperfusion injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy L Anderson
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Ambros B, Alcorn J, Duke-Novakovski T, Livingston A, Dowling PM. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a constant rate infusion of fentanyl (5 μg/kg/h) in awake cats. Am J Vet Res 2014; 75:716-21. [PMID: 25061702 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.75.8.716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the pharmacokinetics and thermal and mechanical antinociceptive effects of a fentanyl constant rate infusion (CRI) in conscious cats. ANIMALS 8 healthy adult cats. PROCEDURES At a ≥ 14-day interval, 7 cats received a loading dose (LD) of fentanyl (5 μg/kg, IV [administered at 0 hours]) followed by fentanyl infusion (5 μg/kg/h, IV) for 2 hours or similar administrations of equivalent volumes of 0.9% saline (NaCl) solution. One cat received only the fentanyl treatment. For both treatments, sedation and adverse events were evaluated and mechanical threshold (MT) and thermal threshold (TT) testing was performed prior to (baseline) and at predetermined times up to 26 hours after LD administration; plasma fentanyl concentrations were determined at similar times when the cats received fentanyl. RESULTS Fentanyl induced mild sedation during the infusion. The only adverse effect associated with fentanyl LD administration was profuse salivation (1 cat). Saline solution administration did not significantly change MT or TT over time. For the duration of the CRI, MT and TT differed significantly between treatments, except for TT 1 hour after LD administration. For the fentanyl treatment, MT and TT were significantly higher than baseline at 0.25 to 0.75 hours and at 0.25 to 1 hour, respectively. During the fentanyl CRI, mean ± SD plasma fentanyl concentration decreased from 4.41 ± 1.86 ng/mL to 2.99 ± 1.28 ng/mL and was correlated with antinociception; plasma concentrations < 1.33 ± 0.30 ng/mL were not associated with antinociception. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Fentanyl CRI (5 μg/kg/h) induced mechanical and thermal antinociception in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Ambros
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
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Duke-Novakovski T, Palacios-Jimenez C, Wetzel T, Rymes L, Sanchez-Teran AF. Cardiopulmonary effects of dexmedetomidine and ketamine infusions with either propofol infusion or isoflurane for anesthesia in horses. Vet Anaesth Analg 2014; 42:39-49. [PMID: 24984762 DOI: 10.1111/vaa.12194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the cardiopulmonary effects of two anesthetic protocols for dorsally recumbent horses undergoing carpal arthroscopy. STUDY DESIGN Prospective, randomized, crossover study. ANIMALS Six horses weighing 488.3 ± 29.1 kg. METHODS Horses were sedated with intravenous (IV) xylazine and pulmonary artery balloon and right atrial catheters inserted. More xylazine was administered prior to anesthetic induction with ketamine and propofol IV. Anesthesia was maintained for 60 minutes (or until surgery was complete) using either propofol IV infusion or isoflurane to effect. All horses were administered dexmedetomidine and ketamine infusions IV, and IV butorphanol. The endotracheal tube was attached to a large animal circle system and the lungs were ventilated with oxygen to maintain end-tidal CO2 40 ± 5 mmHg. Measurements of cardiac output, heart rate, pulmonary arterial and right atrial pressures, and body temperature were made under xylazine sedation. These, arterial and venous blood gas analyses were repeated 10, 30 and 60 minutes after induction. Systemic arterial blood pressures, expired and inspired gas concentrations were measured at 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 minutes after induction. Horses were recovered from anesthesia with IV romifidine. Times to extubation, sternal recumbency and standing were recorded. Data were analyzed using one and two-way anovas for repeated measures and paired t-tests. Significance was taken at p ≤ 0.05. RESULTS Pulmonary arterial and right atrial pressures, and body temperature decreased from pre-induction values in both groups. PaO2 and arterial pH were lower in propofol-anesthetized horses compared to isoflurane-anesthetized horses. The lowest PaO2 values (70-80 mmHg) occurred 10 minutes after induction in two propofol-anesthetized horses. Cardiac output decreased in isoflurane-anesthetized horses 10 minutes after induction. End-tidal isoflurane concentration ranged 0.5%-1.3%. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Both anesthetic protocols were suitable for arthroscopy. Administration of oxygen and ability to ventilate lungs is necessary for propofol-based anesthesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Duke-Novakovski
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Benmansour P, Husulak ML, Bracamonte JL, Beazley SG, Withnall E, Duke-Novakovski T. Cardiopulmonary effects of an infusion of remifentanil or morphine in horses anesthetized with isoflurane and dexmedetomidine. Vet Anaesth Analg 2014; 41:346-56. [DOI: 10.1111/vaa.12149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Anderson SL, Duke-Novakovski T, Singh B. The immune response to anesthesia: part 2 sedatives, opioids, and injectable anesthetic agents. Vet Anaesth Analg 2014; 41:553-66. [PMID: 24962601 DOI: 10.1111/vaa.12191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the immune response to injectable anesthetics and sedatives and to compare the immunomodulatory properties between inhalation and injectable anesthetic protocols. STUDY DESIGN Review. METHODS AND DATABASES Multiple literature searches were performed using PubMed and Google Scholar from March 2012 through November 2013. Relevant anesthetic and immune terms were used to search databases without year published or species constraints. The online database for Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia and the Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care were searched by issue starting in 2000 for relevant articles. CONCLUSION Sedatives, injectable anesthetics, opioids, and local anesthetics have immunomodulatory effects that may have positive or negative consequences on disease processes such as endotoxemia, generalized sepsis, tumor growth and metastasis, and ischemia-reperfusion injury. Therefore, anesthetists should consider the immunomodulatory effects of anesthetic drugs when designing anesthetic protocols for their patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy L Anderson
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
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Benmansour P, Duke-Novakovski T. Prolonged anesthesia using sevoflurane, remifentanil and dexmedetomidine in a horse. Vet Anaesth Analg 2013; 40:521-6. [PMID: 23714048 DOI: 10.1111/vaa.12048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
HISTORY A 10-year old Arabian mare had a slow-growing mass on the lower right mandible and required a large partial mandibulectomy. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION No abnormalities were detected apart from the mass. MANAGEMENT A temporary tracheostomy was performed pre-operatively. Anesthesia was induced with xylazine followed by ketamine and diazepam. For 13 hours, anesthesia was maintained using sevoflurane, dexmedetomidine and remifentanil infusions, with the exception of surgical preparation time. Intra-operatively, ventilation was delivered through the cuffed tracheotomy tube. Heart and respiratory rates, ECG, arterial pressures, inspired and expired gases, pulse oximetry values and body temperature were monitored. Dobutamine and whole blood were necessary, and romifidine was used to control recovery. Post-operatively, phenylbutazone and buprenorphine given systemically and bupivacaine administered through a wound soaker catheter were used to provide analgesia. Head-shaking from buprenorphine was controlled with acepromazine and detomidine once standing after 87 minutes in recovery. For 3 days after surgery, analgesia was provided with butorphanol, phenylbutazone and bupivacaine. The mare recovered well, appeared comfortable and started eating the following day with no signs of ileus. FOLLOW-UP Seven months later, the mare was doing well. CONCLUSIONS Sevoflurane, dexmedetomidine and remifentanil infusions were suitable for a long and invasive procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perrine Benmansour
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
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Duke-Novakovski T, Singh-Suri S, Kajikawa O, Caldwell S, Charavaryamath C, Singh B. Immuno-phenotypic and functional characterization of rabbit pulmonary intravascular macrophages. Cell Tissue Res 2012; 351:149-60. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-012-1509-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/25/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Duke-Novakovski T, Ambros B, Auckland CD, Harding JCS. The effects of succinylcholine or low-dose rocuronium to aid endotracheal intubation of adult sows. Can J Vet Res 2012; 76:57-61. [PMID: 22754096 PMCID: PMC3244289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 06/03/2011] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This randomized, prospective, blinded study compared the use of succinylcholine or rocuronium to aid endotracheal intubation of 27 adult sows [mean body weight 261 ± 28 (standard deviation) kg]. Preliminary trials allowed development of the intubation technique and skills. The sows were premedicated with azaperone, atropine, and morphine, and anesthesia was induced with thiopental [6 mg/kg body weight (BW)]. Nine sows each received succinylcholine (1.0 mg/kg BW), rocuronium (0.5 mg/kg BW), or saline (15 mL) after induction. Increments of thiopental (1 mg/kg BW) were used if swallowing impaired intubation. Intubation was performed 45 s after injection of the test drug and was timed and scored. The intubation scores were analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance (ANOVA). Time taken for intubation, body weight, and total dose of thiopental were analyzed with ANOVA and Bonferroni's multiple-comparisons test. No significant differences (at P < 0.05) were found between the groups with regard to intubation score, time taken for intubation, or total thiopental dose. Thus, neuromuscular blocking agents did not aid endotracheal intubation of adult sows anesthetized with thiopental.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Duke-Novakovski
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, 52 Campus Drive, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B4, Canada.
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Beazley SG, Cosford K, Duke-Novakovski T. Cardiopulmonary effects of using carbon dioxide for laparoscopic surgery in cats. Can Vet J 2011; 52:973-978. [PMID: 22379196 PMCID: PMC3157070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The cardiopulmonary effects of capnoperitoneum were investigated in 8 spontaneously breathing, young adult female cats undergoing laparoscopic pancreatic biopsy (intra-abdominal pressure 12 mmHg). Cats were premedicated with acepromazine and hydromorphone, induced with ketamine and diazepam, and maintained using an end-tidal isoflurane concentration of 1.13% in 100% oxygen. Direct systemic arterial blood pressure, heart and respiratory rates, end-tidal carbon dioxide (CO(2)), and isoflurane were recorded every 5 min before insufflation (baseline), during insufflation of the abdomen with CO(2), and following desufflation. Arterial blood samples were drawn at baseline, at 10 and 30 min of insufflation, and 5 min after desufflation for blood gases. The significant findings (P < 0.05) were as follows: insufflation produced an increase in heart rate (5 to 15 min and at 30 min), mean arterial blood pressure (25 to 30 min), and diastolic arterial blood pressure (10 to 30 min). After desufflation, respiratory rate increased for 15 min. The changes were within physiologically acceptable limits in these healthy, anesthetized cats despite no artificial maintenance of minute ventilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon G Beazley
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan.
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Duke-Novakovski T, Clark CR, Ambros B, Gilbert P, Steagall PVM. Plasma concentrations of buprenorphine after epidural administration in conscious cats. Res Vet Sci 2010; 90:480-3. [PMID: 20709341 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2010.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2009] [Revised: 04/13/2010] [Accepted: 07/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Buprenorphine plasma concentrations were measured after administering buprenorphine (20 μg/kg) into the lumbosacral epidural space of conscious cats chronically instrumented with an epidural catheter. Blood was collected from a jugular vein before injection and 15, 30, 45 and 60 min and 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 12 and 24 h after administration. Plasma buprenorphine concentrations were measured using ELISA. Background concentration (before injection) was 1.27 ± 0.27 ng/mL (mean ± SD). Including background concentration, the mean peak plasma concentration was obtained 15 min after injection (5.82 ± 3.75 ng/mL), and ranged from 3.79 to 2.20 ng/mL (30 min-3 h), remaining between 1.93 and 1.77 ng/mL (4-12 h), and declined to 1.40 ± 0.62 ng/mL at 24h. Elimination half-life was 58.8 ± 40.2 min and clearance 56.7 ± 21.5 mL/min. Results indicate early rapid systemic uptake of buprenorphine from epidural administration with plasma concentrations similar to using buccal or IM routes by 15 min postinjection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Duke-Novakovski
- Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
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Steagall PVM, Millette V, Mantovani FB, Gilbert P, Luna SPL, Duke-Novakovski T. Antinociceptive effects of epidural buprenorphine or medetomidine, or the combination, in conscious cats. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2009; 32:477-84. [PMID: 19754915 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2009.01069.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the antinociceptive effects of epidural buprenorphine (EB), epidural medetomidine (EM) or epidural buprenorphine-medetomidine (EBM). Eight cats were studied. Thermal thresholds (TT) were measured by increasing the temperature of a probe placed on the thorax. Mechanical thresholds (MT) were measured through inflation of a modified blood pressure bladder to the cat's forelimb. After baseline measurements, EB (0.02 mg/kg), EM (0.01 mg/kg) or half of the doses of each drug (EBM) were administered. Data were analysed using anova (P < 0.05) and 95% confidence interval (CI). TT increased from 30 min to 1 h after EB and at 45 min after EM. MT increased from 45 min to 2 h after EB, from 15 min to 1 h after EM and at 30, 45 min and at 2 h after EBM. MT were significantly lower after EB than EM at 30 min. TT were above the upper 95%CI from 15 min to 24 h after EB, from 15 min to 4 h after EM and from 15 min to 8 h after EBM. MT were above the upper 95%CI from 15 min to 5 h, and at 8, 12 and 24 h after EB, from 15 min to 6 h after EM and from 15 min to 6 h and at 12 and 24 h after EBM. All treatments had similar onset. Overall, EB presented longer period of action than EBM and EM. The same magnitude of analgesia was achieved, but with fewer side effects when EBM was compared with EM.
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Affiliation(s)
- P V M Steagall
- Department of Surgical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 2015 Linden Drive, Madison, WI, 53706-1100, USA.
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Ambros B, Steagall PVM, Mantovani F, Gilbert P, Duke-Novakovski T. Antinociceptive effects of epidural administration of hydromorphone in conscious cats. Am J Vet Res 2009; 70:1187-92. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.70.10.1187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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MacDougall LM, Hethey JA, Livingston A, Clark C, Shmon CL, Duke-Novakovski T. Antinociceptive, cardiopulmonary, and sedative effects of five intravenous infusion rates of lidocaine in conscious dogs. Vet Anaesth Analg 2009; 36:512-22. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2009.00480.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Seymour C, Duke-Novakovski T, Mendenhall V. BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 2nd Ed. J INVEST SURG 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/08941930701834197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Ambros B, Duke-Novakovski T, Pasloske KS. Comparison of the anesthetic efficacy and cardiopulmonary effects of continuous rate infusions of alfaxalone-2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin and propofol in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2008. [DOI: 10.2460/javma.233.10.1590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Ambros B, Duke-Novakovski T, Pasloske KS. Comparison of the anesthetic efficacy and cardiopulmonary effects of continuous rate infusions of alfaxalone-2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin and propofol in dogs. Am J Vet Res 2008; 69:1391-8. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.69.11.1391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Millette VM, Steagall PVM, Duke-Novakovski T, Livingston AJ. Effects of meperidine or saline on thermal, mechanical and electrical nociceptive thresholds in cats. Vet Anaesth Analg 2008; 35:543-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-2995.2008.00419.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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