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Ward M, Southwell D, Gallagher RV, Raadik TA, Whiterod NS, Lintermans M, Sheridan G, Nyman P, Suárez‐Castro AF, Marsh J, Woinarski J, Legge S. Modelling the spatial extent of post‐fire sedimentation threat to estimate the impacts of fire on waterways and aquatic species. DIVERS DISTRIB 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Ward
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science The University of Queensland St Lucia Queensland Australia
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences The University of Queensland Brisbane Queensland Australia
- WWF‐Aus Brisbane Queensland Australia
| | - Darren Southwell
- Conservation Biology Research Group, School of Environmental and Life Sciences The University of Newcastle Callaghan NSW Australia
| | - Rachael V. Gallagher
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment Western Sydney University Penrith New South Wales Australia
| | - Tarmo A. Raadik
- Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research Heidelberg Victoria Australia
| | - Nick S. Whiterod
- Aquasave−Nature Glenelg Trust Victor Harbor South Australia Australia
| | - Mark Lintermans
- Centre for Applied Water Science University of Canberra Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia
| | - Gary Sheridan
- School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Petter Nyman
- Alluvium Consulting Australia Cremorne Victoria Australia
| | - Andrés F. Suárez‐Castro
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science The University of Queensland St Lucia Queensland Australia
- Australian Rivers Institute Griffith University Nathan Queensland Australia
| | - Jessica Marsh
- Harry Butler Research Institute Murdoch University Murdoch Western Australia Australia
| | - John Woinarski
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods Charles Darwin University Darwin Northern Territory Australia
| | - Sarah Legge
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation Science The University of Queensland St Lucia Queensland Australia
- Research Institute for the Environment and Livelihoods Charles Darwin University Darwin Northern Territory Australia
- Fenner School of Environment & Society The Australian National University Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia
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Legge S, Woinarski JCZ, Scheele BC, Garnett ST, Lintermans M, Nimmo DG, Whiterod NS, Southwell DM, Ehmke G, Buchan A, Gray J, Metcalfe DJ, Page M, Rumpff L, Leeuwen S, Williams D, Ahyong ST, Chapple DG, Cowan M, Hossain MA, Kennard M, Macdonald S, Moore H, Marsh J, McCormack RB, Michael D, Mitchell N, Newell D, Raadik TA, Tingley R. Rapid assessment of the biodiversity impacts of the 2019–2020 Australian megafires to guide urgent management intervention and recovery and lessons for other regions. DIVERS DISTRIB 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.13428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Legge
- Fenner School of Environment & Society The Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia
- Centre for Biodiversity Conservation Science University of Queensland St Lucia Qld Australia
| | - John C. Z. Woinarski
- Research Institute of the Environment and Livelihoods Charles Darwin University Darwin NT Australia
| | - Ben C. Scheele
- Fenner School of Environment & Society The Australian National University Canberra ACT Australia
| | - Stephen T. Garnett
- Research Institute of the Environment and Livelihoods Charles Darwin University Darwin NT Australia
| | - Mark Lintermans
- Centre for Applied Water Science University of Canberra Canberra ACT Australia
| | - Dale G. Nimmo
- Institute for Land, Water and Society School of Environmental Science Charles Sturt University Albury NSW Australia
| | | | - Darren M. Southwell
- Quantitative and Applied Ecology Group School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences University of Melbourne Parkville Vic. Australia
| | | | - Anne Buchan
- Biodiversity Strategy and Knowledge Branch, Biodiversity Division Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning Heidelberg Vic. Australia
| | | | | | - Manda Page
- Queensland Department of Environment and Science Moggill Qld Australia
| | - Libby Rumpff
- Quantitative and Applied Ecology Group School of Ecosystem and Forest Sciences University of Melbourne Parkville Vic. Australia
| | - Stephen Leeuwen
- School of Molecular & Life Sciences Curtin University Bentley WA Australia
| | - Dick Williams
- Research Institute of the Environment and Livelihoods Charles Darwin University Darwin NT Australia
| | - Shane T. Ahyong
- Australian Museum Research Institute Sydney NSW Australia
- School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences University of New South Wales Kensington NSW Australia
| | - David G. Chapple
- School of Biological Sciences Monash University Clayton, Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - Mitch Cowan
- Institute for Land, Water and Society School of Environmental Science Charles Sturt University Albury NSW Australia
| | - Md Anwar Hossain
- Climatic and Metabolic Ecology Lab Quantitative and Applied Ecology Group School of BioSciences University of Melbourne Parkville Vic. Australia
| | - Mark Kennard
- Australian Rivers Institute Griffiths University Nathan Qld Australia
| | | | - Harry Moore
- Institute for Land, Water and Society School of Environmental Science Charles Sturt University Albury NSW Australia
| | - Jessica Marsh
- Research Institute of the Environment and Livelihoods Charles Darwin University Darwin NT Australia
| | - Robert B. McCormack
- Australian Crayfish Project Australian Aquatic Biological Pty Ltd Swan Bay NSW Australia
- Section of Invertebrate Zoology Carnegie Museum of Natural History Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - Damian Michael
- Institute for Land, Water and Society School of Environmental Science Charles Sturt University Albury NSW Australia
| | - Nicola Mitchell
- School of Biological Sciences University of Western Australia Perth WA Australia
| | - David Newell
- School of Environment, Science and Engineering Southern Cross University East Lismore NSW Australia
| | - Tarmo A. Raadik
- Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning Arthur Rylah Institute Heidelberg Vic. Australia
| | - Reid Tingley
- School of Biological Sciences Monash University Clayton, Melbourne Vic. Australia
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McCORMACK RB, Raadik TA. Cherax latimanus sp. nov., a new burrow-dwelling freshwater crayfish (Decapoda, Parastacidae) from the mid-Murray River catchment, Australia. Zootaxa 2021; 5026:344-374. [PMID: 34810926 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5026.3.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
A new species of freshwater crayfish in the southern hemisphere family Parastacidae is described from the Murray Darling Basin (MDB), eastern Australia. The Swamp Yabby, Cherax latimanus sp. nov., is found in the mid-Murray River area of the states of New South Wales and Victoria and is only the third species of Cherax found naturally occurring in the MDB. It is morphologically distinguished from all other species of Cherax by the presence of marginal mesial dactylar basal spines and extensive ventral propodal setation. It is found in sympatry with the widespread but morphologically similar Common Yabby, Cherax destructor Clark, 1936, but can be distinguished by a suite of morphometric and meristic characters that include a broad rostrum lacking an apical spine, very broad chelae with deep punctations on the lateral propodal edge and ventral propodal setation, two prominent dactylar teeth, one mesial carpal spine, dorsal meral spines present, no setae on carpal mesial margin, cervical spines absent or tiny, and by genetic data. Cherax latimanus is further diagnosed by its distinctive biology: it is not found in permanent aquatic habitats such as streams or billabongs, spending the majority of its time in extensive, terrestrial, burrow networks containing some water, in ephemerally wet habitats such as drainage lines, roadside drains, depressions, swamps and cleared areas of pasture in lowland to foothill areas. It is occasionally found in stream habitats but only during large flood events when burrow systems are inundated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert B McCORMACK
- Australian Crayfish Project, c/- Australian Aquatic Biological Pty Ltd, P.O. Box 3, Karuah, NSW, 2324, Australia, and Research Associate, Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Section of Invertebrate Zoology, 4400 Forbes Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-4080 USA. .
| | - Tarmo A Raadik
- Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research, Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning, 123 Brown Street, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia, and Honorary Associate, Museums Victoria, Sciences, P.O. Box 666, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia. .
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Shelley JJ, Delaval A, LE Feuvre MC, Dempster T, Raadik TA, Swearer SE. Revision of the genus Hannia (Teleostei, Terapontidae), with description of a new species, Hannia wintoni, from the Kimberley, Western Australia. Zootaxa 2020; 4869:zootaxa.4869.4.5. [PMID: 33311345 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4869.4.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The systematics of the genus Hannia Vari 1978, endemic to freshwater habitats of remote north-western Australia, is revised in light of recent collections in the region and a molecular study of the group that identified an undescribed candidate species. A new freshwater fish species (Hannia wintoni sp. nov) is described based on analysis of multiple nuclear genetic markers (53 allozyme loci), mitochondrial DNA sequence data (601 bp cytochrome b) and morphology (examination of a suite of 66 morphometric and meristic characters). Head profile, postorbital length, maximum length, preopercular spines and pectoral-fin rays are characters that best distinguish H. wintoni sp. nov from its only congener, H. greewayi. While the existing description of H. greenwayi is robust and accurate, we present a number of additional characters that enhance to the original description, based on type and fresh material. Information on the known distribution, habitats and conservation status of the two species is summarised. The new species is a narrow-range endemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Shelley
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia Ichthyology, Sciences Department, Museums Victoria, Victoria 3001, Australia Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research, Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning, 123 Brown Street, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia. Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation Program, Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research, Vic 3084, Australia..
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McColl-Gausden EF, Weeks AR, Coleman RA, Robinson KL, Song S, Raadik TA, Tingley R. Multispecies models reveal that eDNA metabarcoding is more sensitive than backpack electrofishing for conducting fish surveys in freshwater streams. Mol Ecol 2020; 30:3111-3126. [PMID: 32966639 DOI: 10.1111/mec.15644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Environmental DNA (eDNA) sampling can provide accurate, cost-effective, landscape-level data on species distributions. Previous studies have compared the sensitivity of eDNA sampling to traditional sampling methods for single species, but similar comparative studies on multispecies eDNA metabarcoding are rare. Using hierarchical site occupancy detection models, we examined whether key choices associated with eDNA metabarcoding (primer selection, low-abundance read filtering and the number of positive water samples used to classify a species as present at a site) affect the sensitivity of metabarcoding, relative to backpack electrofishing for fish in freshwater streams. Under all scenarios (teleostei and vertebrate primers; 0%, 0.1% and 1% read filtering thresholds; one or two positive samples required to classify species as present), we found that eDNA metabarcoding is, on average, more sensitive than electrofishing. Combining vertebrate and teleostei markers resulted in higher detection probabilities relative to the use of either marker in isolation. Increasing the threshold used to filter low-abundance reads decreased species detection probabilities but did not change our overall finding that eDNA metabarcoding was more sensitive than electrofishing. Using a threshold of two positive water samples (out of five) to classify a species as present typically had negligible effects on detection probabilities compared to using one positive water sample. Our findings demonstrate that eDNA metabarcoding is generally more sensitive than electrofishing for conducting fish surveys in freshwater streams, and that this outcome is not sensitive to methodological decisions associated with metabarcoding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew R Weeks
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,cesar Pty Ltd, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Katie L Robinson
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Sue Song
- cesar Pty Ltd, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Tarmo A Raadik
- Department of Environment, Land, Water and Planning, Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research, Heidelberg, VIC, Australia
| | - Reid Tingley
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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Stoessel DJ, Raadik TA, Nicol MD, Fairbrother PS, Campbell-Beschorner R. Captive breeding of two rare non-migratory galaxiids (Teleostei: Galaxiidae) for species conservation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1071/rs20003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Devising effective techniques for breeding and rearing rare non-migratory galaxiids is urgently required for conservation purposes where few animals exist in the wild for translocation or reintroduction. The development of such protocols is particularly pertinent in light of recent intense widespread bushfires and long-term drought in southeastern Australia, which have increased the likelihood of the need for captive maintenance to protect and recover remnant species. In this study, we promoted reproductive maturation via manipulation of day length and temperature, and produced viable offspring from two small, endemic freshwater galaxiids, Galaxias fuscus (Mack 1936) and Galaxias longifundus (Raadik 2014) using in vitro propagation techniques. Propagation trials resulted in 425 oocytes being stripped from four ripe G. fuscus females, and 1527 oocytes from three ripe G. longifundus females. Of these, 342 (80.5%) G. fuscus and 968 (63.4%) G. longifundus eggs hatched into larvae. Newly hatched G. fuscus and G. longifundus larvae were transparent, and 8.4–9.7 mm (mean 9.0 mm TL) and 7.1–8.9 mm (mean 8.3 mm TL) consecutively. Absorption of the yolk sac by G. fuscus larvae (1.5–2.0 mm diameter) was complete 6–7 days after hatching, and for G. longifundus (1.0–1.4 mm diameter) 12–13 days after hatching. One-month-old G. fuscus measured ~16 mm and two-month-old larvae ~22 mm, and one-month-old G. longifundus ~11 mm. Methods and techniques employed may aid broader galaxiid conservation efforts.
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Lintermans M, Geyle HM, Beatty S, Brown C, Ebner BC, Freeman R, Hammer MP, Humphreys WF, Kennard MJ, Kern P, Martin K, Morgan DL, Raadik TA, Unmack PJ, Wager R, Woinarski JCZ, Garnett ST. Big trouble for little fish: identifying Australian freshwater fishes in imminent risk of extinction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1071/pc19053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Globally, freshwater fishes are declining at an alarming rate. Despite much evidence of catastrophic declines, few Australian species are listed as threatened under national legislation. We aim to help redress this by identifying the Australian freshwater fishes that are in the most immediate risk of extinction. For 22 freshwater fishes (identified as highly threatened by experts), we used structured expert elicitation to estimate the probability of extinction in the next ~20 years, and to identify key threats and priority management needs. All but one of the 22 species are small (<150mm total length), 12 have been formally described only in the last decade, with seven awaiting description. Over 90% of these species were assessed to have a >50% probability of extinction in the next ~20 years. Collectively, the biggest factor contributing to the likelihood of extinction of the freshwater fishes considered is that they occur in small (distributions ≤44km2), geographically isolated populations, and are threatened by a mix of processes (particularly alien fishes and climate change). Nineteen of these species are unlisted on national legislation, so legislative drivers for recovery actions are largely absent. Research has provided strong direction on how to manage ~35% of known threats to the species considered, and, of these, ~36% of threats have some management underway (although virtually none are at the stage where intervention is no longer required). Increased resourcing, management intervention and social attitudinal change is urgently needed to avert the impending extinction of Australia’s most imperilled freshwater fishes.
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García‐Díaz P, Kerezsy A, Unmack PJ, Lintermans M, Beatty SJ, Butler GL, Freeman R, Hammer MP, Hardie S, Kennard MJ, Morgan DL, Pusey BJ, Raadik TA, Thiem JD, Whiterod NS, Cassey P, Duncan RP. Transport pathways shape the biogeography of alien freshwater fishes in Australia. DIVERS DISTRIB 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo García‐Díaz
- School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Applied Conservation Science The University of Adelaide North Terrace SA Australia
- Manaaki Whenua – Landcare Research Lincoln New Zealand
| | - Adam Kerezsy
- Dr Fish Contracting Lake Cargelligo NSW Australia
| | - Peter J. Unmack
- Institute for Applied Ecology University of Canberra Canberra ACT Australia
| | - Mark Lintermans
- Institute for Applied Ecology University of Canberra Canberra ACT Australia
| | - Stephen J. Beatty
- Freshwater Fish Group & Fish Health Unit Centre for Fish & Fisheries Research School of Veterinary and Life Sciences Murdoch University Murdoch WA Australia
| | - Gavin L. Butler
- Department of Primary Industries Grafton Fisheries Centre Grafton NSW Australia
| | - Rob Freeman
- Inland Fisheries Service Tasmania New Norfolk Tas. Australia
| | - Michael P. Hammer
- Museum and Art Gallery of the Northern Territory Darwin NT Australia
| | - Scott Hardie
- School of Biological Sciences University of Tasmania Hobart Tas. Australia
| | - Mark J. Kennard
- Australian Rivers Institute Griffith University Nathan Qld Australia
| | - David L. Morgan
- Freshwater Fish Group & Fish Health Unit Centre for Fish & Fisheries Research School of Veterinary and Life Sciences Murdoch University Murdoch WA Australia
| | - Bradley J. Pusey
- School of Biological Sciences University of Western Australia Perth WA Australia
| | - Tarmo A. Raadik
- Applied Aquatic Ecology Section Department of Environment, Land, Water & Planning Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research Heidelberg Vic. Australia
| | - Jason D. Thiem
- Department of Primary Industries Narrandera Fisheries Centre Narrandera NSW Australia
| | | | - Phillip Cassey
- School of Biological Sciences and Centre for Applied Conservation Science The University of Adelaide North Terrace SA Australia
| | - Richard P. Duncan
- Institute for Applied Ecology University of Canberra Canberra ACT Australia
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Unmack PJ, Sandoval-Castillo J, Hammer MP, Adams M, Raadik TA, Beheregaray LB. Genome-wide SNPs resolve a key conflict between sequence and allozyme data to confirm another threatened candidate species of river blackfishes (Teleostei: Percichthyidae: Gadopsis). Mol Phylogenet Evol 2017; 109:415-420. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2017.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Lintermans M, Lyon JP, Hames F, Hammer MP, Kearns J, Raadik TA, Hall A. Managing fish species under threat: case studies from the Native Fish Strategy for the Murray-Darling Basin, Australia. Ecol Manag Restor 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/emr.12094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Adams M, Raadik TA, Burridge CP, Georges A. Global Biodiversity Assessment and Hyper-Cryptic Species Complexes: More Than One Species of Elephant in the Room? Syst Biol 2014; 63:518-33. [DOI: 10.1093/sysbio/syu017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Adams
- Evolutionary Biology Unit, South Australian Museum, North Terrace, SA 5000, Australia
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Tarmo A. Raadik
- Aquatic Ecology Section, Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research, Department of Environment and Primary Industries, 123 Brown Street, Heidelberg, VIC 3084, Australia
- Institute for Applied Ecology and Collaborative Research Network for Murray-Darling Futures, University of Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia and
| | - Christopher P. Burridge
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia
| | - Arthur Georges
- Institute for Applied Ecology and Collaborative Research Network for Murray-Darling Futures, University of Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia and
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Hammer MP, Unmack PJ, Adams M, Raadik TA, Johnson JB. A multigene molecular assessment of cryptic biodiversity in the iconic freshwater blackfishes (Teleostei: Percichthyidae:Gadopsis) of south-eastern Australia. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2014. [DOI: 10.1111/bij.12222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael P. Hammer
- Evolutionary Biology Unit; South Australian Museum; North Terrace SA 5000 Australia
- Australian Centre for Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity; School of Earth and Environmental Science; The University of Adelaide; Adelaide SA 5005 Australia
- Curator of Fishes, Museum and Art Gallery of the Northern Territory; PO Box 4646 Darwin NT 0801 Australia
| | - Peter J. Unmack
- WIDB 401; Department of Biology; Brigham Young University; Provo UT 84602 USA
- Institute for Applied Ecology and Collaborative Research Network for Murray-Darling Basin Futures; University of Canberra; Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Mark Adams
- Evolutionary Biology Unit; South Australian Museum; North Terrace SA 5000 Australia
- Australian Centre for Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity; School of Earth and Environmental Science; The University of Adelaide; Adelaide SA 5005 Australia
| | - Tarmo A. Raadik
- Aquatic Ecology Section; Arthur Rylah Institute for Environmental Research; Department of Environment and Primary Industries; 123 Brown Street Heidelberg VIC 3084 Australia
| | - Jerald B. Johnson
- WIDB 401; Department of Biology; Brigham Young University; Provo UT 84602 USA
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