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Weld ED, McGowan I, Anton P, Fuchs EJ, Ho K, Carballo-Dieguez A, Rohan LC, Giguere R, Brand R, Edick S, Bakshi RP, Parsons T, Manohar M, Seigel A, Engstrom J, Elliott J, Jacobson C, Bagia C, Wang L, Al-khouja A, Hartman DJ, Bumpus NN, Spiegel HML, Marzinke MA, Hendrix CW. Tenofovir Douche as HIV Preexposure Prophylaxis for Receptive Anal Intercourse: Safety, Acceptability, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics (DREAM 01). J Infect Dis 2024; 229:1131-1140. [PMID: 38019657 PMCID: PMC11011183 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite highly effective HIV preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) options, no options provide on-demand, nonsystemic, behaviorally congruent PrEP that many desire. A tenofovir-medicated rectal douche before receptive anal intercourse may provide this option. METHODS Three tenofovir rectal douches-220 mg iso-osmolar product A, 660 mg iso-osmolar product B, and 660 mg hypo-osmolar product C-were studied in 21 HIV-negative men who have sex with men. We sampled blood and colorectal tissue to assess safety, acceptability, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics. RESULTS The douches had high acceptability without toxicity. Median plasma tenofovir peak concentrations for all products were several-fold below trough concentrations associated with oral tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF). Median colon tissue mucosal mononuclear cell (MMC) tenofovir-diphosphate concentrations exceeded target concentrations from 1 hour through 3 to 7 days after dosing. For 6-7 days after a single product C dose, MMC tenofovir-diphosphate exceeded concentrations expected with steady-state oral TDF 300 mg on-demand 2-1-1 dosing. Compared to predrug baseline, HIV replication after ex vivo colon tissue HIV challenge demonstrated a concentration-response relationship with 1.9 log10 maximal effect. CONCLUSIONS All 3 tenofovir douches achieved tissue tenofovir-diphosphate concentrations and colorectal antiviral effect exceeding oral TDF and with lower systemic tenofovir. Tenofovir douches may provide a single-dose, on-demand, behaviorally congruent PrEP option, and warrant continued development. Clinical Trials Registration . NCT02750540.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethel D Weld
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ian McGowan
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Orion Biotechnology, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter Anton
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Edward J Fuchs
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ken Ho
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alex Carballo-Dieguez
- HIV Center for Clinical and Behavioral Studies, Columbia University and NewYork State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | - Lisa C Rohan
- Magee Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rebecca Giguere
- HIV Center for Clinical and Behavioral Studies, Columbia University and NewYork State Psychiatric Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | - Rhonda Brand
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Magee Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stacey Edick
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rahul P Bakshi
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Teresa Parsons
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Madhuri Manohar
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Aaron Seigel
- Magee Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jared Engstrom
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Julie Elliott
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Cindy Jacobson
- Magee Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christina Bagia
- Magee Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lin Wang
- Magee Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Amer Al-khouja
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Douglas J Hartman
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Namandje N Bumpus
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Hans M L Spiegel
- Kelly Government Solutions, Contractor to Division of AIDS, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Mark A Marzinke
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Craig W Hendrix
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Mancini S, Segou M, Werner MJ, Parsons T, Beroza G, Chiaraluce L. On the Use of High-Resolution and Deep-Learning Seismic Catalogs for Short-Term Earthquake Forecasts: Potential Benefits and Current Limitations. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 2022; 127:e2022JB025202. [PMID: 36590904 PMCID: PMC9787792 DOI: 10.1029/2022jb025202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Enhanced earthquake catalogs provide detailed images of evolving seismic sequences. Currently, these data sets take some time to be released but will soon become available in real time. Here, we explore whether and how enhanced seismic catalogs feeding into established short-term earthquake forecasting protocols may result in higher predictive skill. We consider three enhanced catalogs for the 2016-2017 Central Italy sequence, featuring a bulk completeness lower by at least two magnitude units compared to the real-time catalog and an improved hypocentral resolution. We use them to inform a set of physical Coulomb Rate-and-State (CRS) and statistical Epidemic-Type Aftershock Sequence (ETAS) models to forecast the space-time occurrence of M3+ events during the first 6 months of the sequence. We track model performance using standard likelihood-based metrics and compare their skill against the best-performing CRS and ETAS models among those developed with the real-time catalog. We find that while the incorporation of the triggering contributions from new small magnitude detections of the enhanced catalogs is beneficial for both types of forecasts, these models do not significantly outperform their respective near real-time benchmarks. To explore the reasons behind this result, we perform targeted sensitivity tests that show how (a) the typical spatial discretizations of forecast experiments ( ≥ 2 km) hamper the ability of models to capture highly localized secondary triggering patterns and (b) differences in earthquake parameters (i.e., magnitude and hypocenters) reported in different catalogs can affect forecast evaluation. These findings will contribute toward improving forecast model design and evaluation strategies for next-generation seismic catalogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Mancini
- British Geological SurveyLyell CentreEdinburghUK
- School of Earth SciencesUniversity of BristolBristolUK
- Now at Scuola Superiore MeridionaleNaplesItaly
| | - M. Segou
- British Geological SurveyLyell CentreEdinburghUK
| | - M. J. Werner
- School of Earth SciencesUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - T. Parsons
- United States Geological SurveyMoffett FieldCAUSA
| | - G. Beroza
- Department of GeophysicsStanford UniversityStanfordCAUSA
| | - L. Chiaraluce
- Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e VulcanologiaRomeItaly
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3
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Brown OS, Smith TO, Parsons T, Benjamin M, Hing CB. Management of septic and aseptic prepatellar bursitis: a systematic review. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2022; 142:2445-2457. [PMID: 33721054 DOI: 10.1007/s00402-021-03853-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite contributing to significant morbidity in working-age adults, there is no consensus on the optimal treatment for prepatellar bursitis. Much of the existing literature combines prepatellar and olecranon bursitis. This systematic review aims to determine the optimal management of prepatellar bursitis. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS A primary search of electronic published and unpublished literature databases from inception to November 2019 was completed. Articles over 25 years old, case reports with less than four patients, paediatric studies, and non-English language papers were excluded. Our primary outcome was recurrence after 1 year. Comparisons included endoscopic vs open bursectomy, duration of antibiotics. Methodological quality was assessed using the Institute of Health Economics and Revised Cochrane Risk of Bias scoring systems. Meta-analyses were conducted where appropriate. RESULTS In total 10 studies were included (N = 702). Endoscopic and open bursectomy showed no difference in recurrence after 1 year (OR 0.41, 95% CI 0.05-3.53, p = 0.67), and surgical complications (OR 1.44, 95% CI 0.34-6.08, p = 0.44). 80% endoscopically-treated patients were pain free after 1 year. Patients treated with antibiotics for less than 8 days were not significantly more prone to recurrence (2/17 vs 10/114, OR 0.66, 95% CI 0.13-3.29, p = 0.64) compared to 8 days plus at minimum 1 year post injury. CONCLUSIONS Our study represents the largest cohort of patients evaluating management strategies for prepatellar bursitis, and includes data not previously published. Endoscopic bursectomy is non-inferior to open bursectomy, enabling a shorter hospital stay. It also offers a relatively low risk of post-operative pain. Endoscopic bursectomy is a viable option to treat both septic and aseptic prepatellar bursitis. Our small cohort suggests recurrence and hospital stay are not improved with antibiotic treatment exceeding 7 days for septic prepatellar bursitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver S Brown
- St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK. .,Trauma and Orthopaedic Department, St George's Hospital, Blackshaw Road, London, SW17 0QT, UK.
| | - T O Smith
- Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, UK
| | - T Parsons
- Epsom and St Helier Hospitals, London, UK
| | - M Benjamin
- St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - C B Hing
- St George's University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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4
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Sims BM, Patel AD, Garnica BG, Faraj MT, Tang A, Parsons T, Hoegler JJ, Day CS. Effect of elective surgery cancellations during the COVID-19 pandemic on patients' activity, anxiety and pain. Br J Surg 2021; 108:e392-e393. [PMID: 34611698 PMCID: PMC8500095 DOI: 10.1093/bjs/znab318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B M Sims
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - A D Patel
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - B G Garnica
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - M T Faraj
- Oakland University William Beaumont School of Medicine, Rochester, Michigan, USA
| | - A Tang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - T Parsons
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - J J Hoegler
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - C S Day
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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Smith L, Helphrey J, Sawyer J, Rodriguez D, Rose D, Fierro L, Moore J, Parsons T, Barnett M. A-21 Inhibition of Overlearned Verbal Responses and Quantity of Speech Among Age Cohorts. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acz034.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Objective
Off-topic speech (OTS) has been linked with deficits in executive functioning, and specifically inhibition. OTS research has focused primarily on tangentiality, whereas in this study we focused on quantity of speech. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between inhibition of overlearned responses using a Stroop task and quantity of speech.
Method
A college sample of young adults (n = 63; age 18-28) and healthy, community-dwelling older adults (n = 76; age 60-99) completed the Delis-Kaplan Executive Function Systems (D-KEFS) Color-Word Interference Test and provided a verbal sample in which they recounted a procedural memory and an episodic memory. These samples were transcribed and rated for quantity of speech by three independent judges.
Results
Among all participants, longer time to complete color naming (r = -.21, p = .02) and inhibition (r = -.21, p = .01) was associated with lower quantity of speech on procedural memory. Among young adults, longer time to complete inhibition was associated with lower quantity of speech (r = -.26, p = .04). Among older adults, longer time to complete color naming (r = -.32, p = .005), word reading (r = -.27, p = .02), and inhibition (r = -.35, p = .002) was associated with lower quantity of speech. No relationships were found between performance on Stroop conditions and quantity of speech for episodic memory.
Conclusions
Results suggest that among both age cohorts, difficulty inhibiting overlearned verbal responses is associated with lower quantity of speech regarding a procedural memory but not an episodic memory.
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Helphrey J, Smith L, Rodriguez D, Rose III D, Sawyer J, Edzards S, Fierro L, Moore J, Parsons T, Barnett M. A-13 Sustained Attention, Impulsivity, and Tangentiality of Speech Among Young Adults and Older Adults. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acz034.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Objective
Previous research has linked off-topic verbosity (OTV) among older adults with lower performance on neuropsychological tests tapping attention and executive functioning. However, most of this research has utilized relatively brief neurocognitive measures. Continuous performance tests (CPTs) measure sustained attention and impulsivity. The purpose of this study was to investigate relationships between sustained attention, impulsivity, and tangentiality of speech among young adults and older adults.
Method
Young adult college students (age 18-29; n= 61) and healthy, community-dwelling older adults (age 60-99; n = 81) were administered the Conners’ Continuous Performance Test – 3 and provided a sample of speech (one episodic memory and one procedural memory). These speech samples were transcribed and rated for tangentiality by three independent reviewers.
Results
Among all participants, greater tangentiality of speech was associated with omission errors (r = .22, p = .01) but not with commission errors. This same pattern was found among older adults: omission errors (r = .23, p = .04) were associated with greater tangentiality but commission errors were not. Among young adults, these relationships were not statistically significant.
Conclusions
Results suggest that tangentiality of speech is associated with inattentiveness but not impulsivity, and this relationship may be more marked among older adults than young adults. OTV among older adults may stem from difficulty sustaining attention over time rather than diminished capacity for inhibiting impulses.
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Ferguson SL, Al Rifai F, Maay'a M, Nguyen LB, Qureshi K, Tse AM, Casken J, Parsons T, Shannon M, Napa MD, Samson-Langidrik M, Jeadrik G. The ICN Leadership For Change™ Programme--20 years of growing influence. Int Nurs Rev 2017; 63:15-25. [PMID: 26923323 DOI: 10.1111/inr.12248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this article was to present experiences from the field in the context of the International Council of Nurses' Leadership for Change™ programme, which celebrates 20 years of excellence in 2016 for developing the leadership and management capacity of nurses worldwide. BACKGROUND The programme was launched in 1996 in order to boost nurse participation in the healthcare policy-making process, globally, and to foster within the nursing profession the requisite skills for nurses to lobby for and assume a greater responsibility in the leadership and management of health care services. INTRODUCTION Over the course of two decades, the programme has been implemented in cooperation between ICN, national nurses associations, the World Health Organization, Ministries of Health and a variety of donor organizations such as the W.K. Kellogg Foundation and development agencies such as USAID and AUSAID. The programme has been implemented in more than 60 nations throughout Africa, Asia, Europe, the Middle East, Latin America and the Pacific Islands, to name a few regions. METHODS This article offers an overview of the impact that certified ICN LFC nurse trainers and their colleagues have had in the United Arab Emirates, Vietnam and the United States of America and is affiliated islands and the North Pacific Islands. RESULTS Twenty years of growth and empowerment are now the ongoing legacy of the ICN LFC Program, which has graduated and deployed nurse trainers around the world and achieved significant advances in the professional development of nurse leaders on an international scale. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING AND HEALTH POLICY Nurse leaders can improve the health and well-being of their nations in collaboration with consumers and other key stakeholders. Nurse leaders are critical in improving health systems, their work places and broader societal challenges through sound nursing practice, education, research and evidence-based health and social policy change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Ferguson
- Stephanie L. Ferguson and Associates, LLC, Amherst, VA, USA.,Bing Stanford in Washington Program, Amherst, VA, USA
| | - Fatima Al Rifai
- MOH, Abu Dhabi, UAE.,UAE NMC, Ministry of Health, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Maisa Maay'a
- Nursing Services Section, Ministry of Health, Dubai, UAE
| | | | - Kristine Qureshi
- Public Health Nursing, School of Nursing and Dental Hygiene, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA.,Global Health Nursing, School of Nursing and Dental Hygiene, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Alice M Tse
- School of Nursing and Dental Hygiene, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - John Casken
- School of Nursing and Dental Hygiene, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Teresa Parsons
- School of Nursing and Dental Hygiene, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Maureen Shannon
- School of Nursing and Dental Hygiene, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, USA
| | - Maria Diana Napa
- Ebeye Hosp, RMI, Ebeye, Marshall Islands.,MOH/Ebeye, Ebeye, Marshall Islands
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Carlew A, Parsons T. B-45Use of a Bimodal Virtual-Reality Stroop Task for Assessment of Attentional Conflict in Autism Spectrum Disorders. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acv047.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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9
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Parsons T, Barnett M, Dumas B. C-42Virtual Multiple Errands Test for “Ecologically Valid” Assessment of Cohort Memory Effects. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acv047.244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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10
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Sullivan E, Carlew A, Magtoto J, Parsons T. B-79 * Virtual Reality Stroop Task for Investigating the Dual Competition Framework Theory. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acu038.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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11
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Carlew A, Sullivan E, Magtoto J, Parsons T. B-81 * The Virtual Reality Classroom: A Novel Assessment of Attention in Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2014. [DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acu038.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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12
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Wright P, Alex A, Harvey S, Parsons T, Pullen F. Understanding collision-induced dissociation of dofetilide: a case study in the application of density functional theory as an aid to mass spectral interpretation. Analyst 2014; 138:6869-80. [PMID: 24071718 DOI: 10.1039/c3an01103h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Fragmentation of molecules under collision-induced dissociation (CID) conditions is not well-understood. This may make interpretation of MSMS spectra difficult and limit the effectiveness of software tools intended to aid mass spectral interpretation. Density Functional Theory (DFT) has been successfully applied to explain the thermodynamics of fragmentation in the gas phase by the modelling the effect that protonation has on the bond lengths (and hence bond strengths). In this study, dofetilide and four methylated analogues were used to investigate further the potential for using DFT to understand and predict the CID fragmentation routes. The products ions present in the CID spectra of all five compounds were consistent with charge-directed fragmentation, with protonation adjacent to the cleavage site being required to initiate fragmentation. Protonation at the dissociative site may have occurred either directly or via proton migration. A correlation was observed between protonation-induced bond lengthening and the bonds which were observed to break in the CID spectra. This correlation was quantitative in that the bonds calculated to elongate to the greatest extent gave rise to the most abundant of the major product ions. Thus such quantum calculations may offer the potential for contributing to a predictive tool for aiding the accuracy and speed mass spectral interpretation by generating numerical data in the form of bond length increases to act as descriptors flagging potential bond cleavages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Wright
- School of Science, University of Greenwich, Medway Campus, Chatham, Kent, ME4 4TB, UK.
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Parke E, Hart J, Baldock D, Barchard K, Etcoff L, Allen D, Stolberg P, Nardi N, Cohen J, Jones W, Loe S, Etcoff L, Delgaty L, Tan A, Bunner M, Delgaty L, Tan A, Bunner M, Tan A, Delgaty L, Bunner M, Tan A, Delgaty L, Bunner M, Goodman G, Kim W, Nolty A, Marion S, Davis A, Finch W, Piehl J, Moss L, Nogin R, Dean R, Davis J, Lindstrom W, Poon M, Fonseca F, Bure-Reyes A, Stewart J, Golden C, Fonseca F, Bure-Reyes A, Stewart J, Golden C, Fields K, Hill B, Corley E, Russ K, Boettcher A, Musso M, Rohling M, Rowden A, Downing K, Benners M, Miller D, Maricle D, Dugbartey T, Anum A, Anderson J, Daniel M, Hoskins L, Gillis K, Khen S, Carter K, Ayers C, Neeland I, Cullum M, Weiner M, Rossetti H, Buddin W, Mahal S, Schroeder R, Baade L, Macaluso M, Phelps K, Evans C, Clark J, Vickery C, Chow J, Stokic D, Phelps K, Evans C, Watson S, Odom R, Clark J, Clark J, Odom R, Evans C, Vickery C, Thompson J, Noggle C, Kane C, Kecala N, Lane E, Raymond M, Woods S, Iudicello J, Dawson M, Ghias A, Choe M, Yudovin S, McArthur D, Asarnow R, Giza C, Babikian T, Tun S, O'Neil M, Ensley M, Storzbach D, Ellis R, O'Neil M, Carlson K, Storzbach D, Brenner L, Freeman M, Quinones A, Motu'apuaka M, Ensley M, Kansagara D, Brickell T, Grant I, Lange R, Kennedy J, Ivins B, Marshall K, Prokhorenko O, French L, Brickell T, Lange R, Bhagwat A, French L, Weber E, Nemeth D, Songy C, Gremillion A, Lange R, Brubacher J, Shewchuk J, Heran M, Jarrett M, Rauscher A, Iverson G, Woods S, Ukueberuwa D, Medaglia J, Hillary F, Meyer J, Vargas G, Rabinowitz A, Barwick F, Arnett P, Levan A, Gale S, Atkinson J, Boettcher A, Hill B, Rohling M, Stolberg P, Hart J, Allen D, Mayfield J, Ellis M, Marion SD, Houshyarnejad A, Grant I, Akarakian R, Kernan C, Babikian T, Asarnow R, Bens M, Fisher M, Garrett C, Vinogradov S, Walker K, Torstrick A, Uderman J, Wellington R, Zhao L, Fromm N, Dahdah M, Salisbury D, Monden K, Lande E, Wanlass R, Fong G, Smith K, Miele A, Novakovic-Agopian T, Chen A, Rome S, Rossi A, Abrams G, Murphy M, Binder D, Muir J, Carlin G, Loya F, Rabinovitz B, Bruhns M, Adler M, Schleicher-Dilks S, Messerly J, Babika C, Ukpabi C, Golden C, Schleicher-Dilks S, Coad S, Messerly J, Schaffer S, Babika C, Golden C, Cowad S, Paisley S, Fontanetta R, Messerly J, Golden C, Holder C, Kloezeman K, Henry B, Burns W, Patt V, Minassian A, Perry W, Cooper L, Allen D, Vogel S, Woolery H, Ciobanu C, Simone A, Bedard A, Olivier T, O'Neill S, Rajendran K, Halperin J, Rudd-Barnard A, Steenari M, Murry J, Le M, Becker T, Mucci G, Zupanc M, Shapiro E, Santos O, Cadavid N, Giese E, Londono N, Osmon D, Zamzow J, Culnan E, D'Argenio D, Mosti C, Spiers M, Schleicher-Dilks S, Kloss J, Curiel A, Miller K, Olmstead R, Gottuso A, Saucier C, Miller J, Dye R, Small G, Kent A, Andrews P, Puente N, Terry D, Faraco C, Brown C, Patel A, Siegel J, Miller L, Lee B, Joan M, Thaler N, Fontanetta R, Carla F, Allen D, Nguyen T, Glass L, Coles C, Julie K, May P, Sowell E, Jones K, Riley E, Demsky Y, Mattson S, Allart A, Freer B, Tiersky L, Sunderaraman P, Sylvester P, Ang J, Schultheis M, Newton S, Holland A, Burns K, Bunting J, Taylor J, Muetze H, Coe M, Harrison D, Putnam M, Tiersky L, Freer B, Holland A, Newton S, Sakamoto M, Bunting J, Taylor J, Coe M, Harrison D, Musso M, Hill B, Barker A, Pella R, Gouvier W, Davis J, Woods S, Wall J, Etherton J, Brand T, Hummer B, O'Shea C, Segovia J, Thomlinson S, Schulze E, Roskos P, Gfeller J, Loftis J, Fogel T, Barrera K, Sherzai A, Chappell A, Harrison A, Armstrong I, Flaro L, Pedersen H, Shultz LS, Roper B, Huckans M, Basso M, Silk-Eglit G, Stenclik J, Miele A, Lynch J, McCaffrey R, Silk-Eglit G, Stenclik J, Miele A, Lynch J, Musso M, McCaffrey R, Martin P, VonDran E, Baade L, Heinrichs R, Schroeder R, Hunter B, Calloway J, Rolin S, Akeson S, Westervelt H, Mohammed S, An K, Jeffay E, Zakzanis K, Lynch A, Drasnin D, Ikanga J, Graham O, Reid M, Cooper D, Long J, Lange R, Kennedy J, Hopewell C, Lukaszewska B, Pachalska M, Bidzan M, Lipowska M, McCutcheon L, Kaup A, Park J, Morgan E, Kenton J, Norman M, Martin P, Netson K, Woods S, Smith M, Paulsen J, Hahn-Ketter A, Paxton J, Fink J, Kelley K, Lee R, Pliskin N, Segala L, Vasilev G, Bozgunov K, Naslednikova R, Raynov I, Gonzalez R, Vassileva J, Bonilla X, Fedio A, Johnson K, Sexton J, Blackstone K, Weber E, Moore D, Grant I, Woods S, Pimental P, Welch M, Ring M, Stranks E, Crowe S, Jaehnert S, Ellis C, Prince C, Wheaton V, Schwartz D, Loftis J, Fuller B, Hoffman W, Huckans M, Turecka S, McKeever J, Morse C, Schultheis M, Dinishak D, Dasher N, Vik P, Hachey D, Bowman B, Van Ness E, Williams C, Zamzow J, Sunderaraman P, Kloss J, Spiers M, Swirsky-Sacchetti T, Alhassoon O, Taylor M, Sorg S, Schweinsburg B, Stricker N, Kimmel C, Grant I, Alhassoon O, Taylor M, Sorg S, Schweinsburg B, Stephan R, Stricker N, Grant I, Hertza J, Tyson K, Northington S, Loughan A, Perna R, Davis A, Collier M, Schroeder R, Buddin W, Schroeder R, Moore C, Andrew W, Ghelani A, Kim J, Curri M, Patel S, Denney D, Taylor S, Huberman S, Greenberg B, Lacritz L, Brown D, Hughes S, Greenberg B, Lacritz L, Vargas V, Upshaw N, Whigham K, Peery S, Casto B, Barker L, Otero T, La D, Nunan-Saah J, Phoong M, Gill S, Melville T, Harley A, Gomez R, Adler M, Tsou J, Schleicher-Dilks S, Golden C, Tsou J, Schleicher-Dilks S, Adler M, Golden C, Cowad S, Link J, Barker T, Gulliver K, Golden C, Young K, Moses J, Lum J, Vik P, Legarreta M, Van Ness E, Williams C, Dasher N, Williams C, Vik P, Dasher N, Van Ness E, Bowman B, Nakhutina L, Margolis S, Baek R, Gonzalez J, Hill F, England H, Horne-Moyer L, Stringer A, DeFilippis N, Lyon A, Giovannetti T, Fanning M, Heverly-Fitt S, Stambrook E, Price C, Selnes O, Floyd T, Vogt E, Thiruselvam I, Quasney E, Hoelzle J, Grant N, Moses J, Matevosyan A, Delano-Wood L, Alhassoon O, Hanson K, Lanni E, Luc N, Kim R, Schiehser D, Benners M, Downing K, Rowden A, Miller D, Maricle D, Kaminetskaya M, Moses J, Tai C, Kaminetskaya M, Melville T, Poole J, Scott R, Hays F, Walsh B, Mihailescu C, Douangratdy M, Scott B, Draffkorn C, Andrews P, Schmitt A, Waksmunski C, Brady K, Andrews A, Golden C, Olivier T, Espinoza K, Sterk V, Spengler K, Golden C, Olivier T, Spengler K, Sterk V, Espinoza K, Golden C, Gross J, DeFilippis N, Neiman-Kimel J, Romers C, Isaacs C, Soper H, Sordahl J, Tai C, Moses J, D'Orio V, Glukhovsky L, Beier M, Shuman M, Spat J, Foley F, Guatney L, Bott N, Moses J, Miranda C, Renteria MA, Rosario A, Sheynin J, Fuentes A, Byrd D, Mindt MR, Batchelor E, Meyers J, Patt V, Thomas M, Minassian A, Geyer M, Brown G, Perry W, Smith C, Kiefel J, Rooney A, Gouaux B, Ellis R, Grant I, Moore D, Graefe A, Wyman-Chick K, Daniel M, Beene K, Jaehnert S, Choi A, Moses J, Iudicello J, Henry B, Minassian A, Perry W, Marquine M, Morgan E, Letendre S, Ellis R, Woods S, Grant I, Heaton R, Constantine K, Fine J, Palewjala M, Macher R, Guatney L, Earleywine M, Draffkorn C, Scott B, Andrews P, Schmitt A, Dudley M, Silk-Eglit G, Stenclik J, Miele A, Lynch J, McCaffrey R, Scharaga E, Gomes W, McGinley J, Miles-Mason E, Colvin M, Carrion L, Romers C, Soper H, Zec R, Kohlrus S, Fritz S, Robbs R, Ala T, Zec R, Fritz S, Kohlrus S, Robbs R, Ala T, Edwards M, Hall J, O'Bryant S, Miller J, Dye R, Miller K, Baerresen K, Small G, Moskowitz J, Puente A, Ahmed F, Faraco C, Brown C, Evans S, Chu K, Miller L, Young-Bernier M, Tanguay A, Tremblay F, Davidson P, Duda B, Puente A, Terry D, Kent A, Patel A, Miller L, Junod A, Marion SD, Harrington M, Fonteh A, Gurnani A, John S, Gavett B, Diaz-Santos M, Mauro S, Beaute J, Cronin-Golomb A, Fazeli P, Gouaux B, Rosario D, Heaton R, Moore D, Puente A, Lindbergh C, Chu K, Evans S, Terry D, Duda B, Mackillop J, Miller S, Greco S, Klimik L, Cohen J, Robbins J, Lashley L, Schleicher-Dilks S, Golden C, Kunkes I, Culotta V, Kunkes I, Griffits K, Loughan A, Perna R, Hertza J, Cohen M, Northington S, Tyson K, Musielak K, Fine J, Kaczorowski J, Doty N, Braaten E, Shah S, Nemanim N, Singer E, Hinkin C, Levine A, Gold A, Evankovich K, Lotze T, Yoshida H, O'Bryan S, Roberg B, Glusman M, Ness A, Thelen J, Wilson L, Feaster T, Bruce J, Lobue C, Brown D, Hughes S, Greenberg B, Lacritz L, Bristow-Murray B, Andrews A, Bermudez C, Golden C, Moore R, Pulver A, Patterson T, Bowie C, Harvey P, Jeste D, Mausbach B, Wingo J, Fink J, Lee R, Pliskin N, Legenkaya A, Henry B, Minassian A, Perry W, McKeever J, Morse C, Thomas F, Schultheis M, Ruocco A, Daros A, Gill S, Grimm D, Saini G, Relova R, Hoblyn J, Lee T, Stasio C, Mahncke H, Drag L, Grimm D, Gill S, Saini G, Relova R, Hoblyn J, Lee T, Stasio C, Mahncke H, Drag L, Verbiest R, Ringdahl E, Thaler N, Sutton G, Vogel S, Reyes A, Ringdahl E, Vogel S, Freeman A, Call E, Allen D, March E, Salzberg M, Vogel S, Ringdahl E, Freeman A, Dadis F, Allen D, Sisk S, Ringdahl E, Vogel S, Freeman A, Allen D, DiGangi J, Silva L, Pliskin N, Thieme B, Daniel M, Jaehnert S, Noggle C, Thompson J, Kecala N, Lane E, Kane C, Noggle C, Thompson J, Lane E, Kecala N, Kane C, Palmer G, Happe M, Paxson J, Jurek B, Graca J, Olson S, Melville T, Harley A, La D, Phoong M, Gill S, Jocson VA, Nunan-Saah J, Keller J, Gomez R, Melville T, Kaminetskaya M, Poole J, Vernon A, Van Vleet T, DeGutis J, Chen A, Marini C, Dabit S, Gallegos J, Zomet A, Merzenich M, Thaler N, Linck J, Heyanka D, Pastorek N, Miller B, Romesser J, Sim A, Allen D, Zimmer A, Marcinak J, Hibyan S, Webbe F, Rainwater B, Francis J, Baum L, Sautter S, Donders J, Hui E, Barnes K, Walls G, Erikson S, Bailie J, Schwab K, Ivins B, Boyd C, Neff J, Cole W, Lewis S, Bailie J, Schwab K, Ivins B, Boyd C, Neff J, Cole W, Lewis S, Ramirez C, Oganes M, Gold S, Tanner S, Pina D, Merritt V, Arnett P, Heyanka D, Linck J, Thaler N, Pastorek N, Miller B, Romesser J, Sim A, Parks A, Roskos P, Gfeller J, Clark A, Isham K, Carter J, McLeod J, Romero R, Dahdah M, Barisa M, Schmidt K, Barnes S, Dubiel R, Dunklin C, Harper C, Callender L, Wilson A, Diaz-Arrastia R, Shafi S, Jacquin K, Bolshin L, Jacquin K, Romers C, Gutierrez E, Messerly J, Tsou J, Adler M, Golden C, Harmell A, Mausbach B, Moore R, Depp C, Jeste D, Palmer B, Hoadley R, Hill B, Rohling M, Mahdavi S, Fine J, daCruz K, Dinishak D, Richardson G, Vertinski M, Allen D, Mayfield J, Margolis S, Miele A, Rabinovitz B, Schaffer S, Kline J, Boettcher A, Hill B, Hoadley R, Rohling M, Eichstaedt K, Vale F, Benbadis S, Bozorg A, Rodgers-Neame N, Rinehardt E, Mattingly M, Schoenberg M, Fares R, Fares R, Carrasco R, Grups J, Evans B, Simco E, Mittenberg W, Carrasco R, Grups J, Evans B, Simco E, Mittenberg W, Rach A, Baughman B, Young C, Bene E, Irwin C, Li Y, Poulin R, Jerram M, Susmaras T, Gansler D, Ashendorf L, Miarmi L, Fazio R, Cantor J, Fernandez A, Godoy-Garcete G, Marchetti P, Harrison A, Armstrong I, Harrison L, Iverson G, Brinckman D, Ayaz H, Schultheis M, Heinly M, Vitelli K, Russler K, Sanchez I, Jones W, Loe S, Raines T, Hart J, Bene E, Li Y, Irwin C, Baughman B, Rach A, Bravo J, Schilling B, Weiss L, Lange R, Shewchuk J, Heran M, Rauscher A, Jarrett M, Brubacher J, Iverson G, Zink D, Barney S, Gilbert G, Allen D, Martin P, Schroeder R, Klas P, Jeffay E, Zakzanis K, Iverson G, Lanting S, Saffer B, Koehle M, Palmer B, Barrio C, Vergara R, Muniz M, Pinto L, Jeste D, Stenclik J, Lynch J, McCaffrey R, Shultz LS, Pedersen H, Roper B, Crouse E, Crucian G, Dezhkam N, Mulligan K, Singer R, Psihogios A, Davis A, Stephens B, Love C, Mulligan K, Webbe F, West S, McCue R, Goldin Y, Cicerone K, Ruchinskas R, Seidl JT, Massman P, Tam J, Schmitter-Edgecombe M, Baerresen K, Hanson E, Miller K, Miller J, Yeh D, Kim J, Ercoli L, Siddarth P, Small G, Noback M, Noback M, Baldock D, Mahmoud S, Munic-Miller D, Bonner-Jackson A, Banks S, Rabin L, Emerson J, Smith C, Roberts R, Hass S, Duhig A, Pankratz V, Petersen R, Leibson C, Harley A, Melville T, Phoong M, Gill S, Nunan-Saah J, La D, Gomez R, Lindbergh C, Puente A, Gray J, Chu K, Evans S, Sweet L, MacKillop J, Miller L, McAlister C, Schmitter-Edgecombe M, Baldassarre M, Kamm J, Wolff D, Dombrowski C, Bullard S, Edwards M, Hall J, Parsons T, O'Bryant S, Lawson R, Papadakis A, Higginson C, Barnett J, Wills M, Strang J, Dominska A, Wallace G, Kenworthy L, Bott N, Kletter H, Carrion V, Ward C, Getz G, Peer J, Baum C, Edner B, Mannarino A, Casnar C, Janke K, van der Fluit F, Natalie B, Haberman D, Solomon M, Hunter S, Klein-Tasman B, Starza-Smith A, Talbot E, Hart A, Hall M, Baker J, Kral M, Lally M, Zisk A, Lo T, Ross P, Cuevas M, Patel S, Lebby P, Mouanoutoua A, Harrison J, Pollock M, Mathiowetz C, Romero R, Boys C, Vekaria P, Vasserman M, MacAllister W, Stevens S, Van Hecke A, Carson A, Karst J, Schohl K, Dolan B, McKindles R, Remel R, Reveles A, Fritz N, McDonald G, Wasisco J, Kahne J, Hertza J, Tyson K, Northington S, Loughan A, Perna R, Newman A, Garmoe W, Clark J, Loughan A, Perna R, Hertza J, Cohen M, Northington S, Tyson K, Whithers K, Puente A, Dedmon A, Capps J, Lindsey H, Francis M, Weigand L, Steed A, Puente A, Edmed S, Sullivan K, Puente A, Lindsey H, Dedmon A, Capps J, Whithers K, Weigand L, Steed A, Kark S, Lafleche G, Brown T, Bogdanova Y, Strongin E, Spickler C, Drasnin D, Strongin C, Poreh A, Houshyarnejad A, Ellis M, Babikian T, Kernan C, Asarnow R, Didehbani N, Cullum M, Loneman L, Mansinghani S, Hart J, Fischer J. POSTER SESSIONS SCHEDULE. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2013. [DOI: 10.1093/arclin/act054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Beigi R, Noguchi L, Parsons T, Macio I, Kunjara Na Ayudhya RP, Chen J, Hendrix CW, Mâsse B, Valentine M, Piper J, Watts DH. Pharmacokinetics and placental transfer of single-dose tenofovir 1% vaginal gel in term pregnancy. J Infect Dis 2011; 204:1527-31. [PMID: 21930612 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jir562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Tenofovir (TFV) 1% vaginal gel has been found to decrease sexual transmission of human immunodeficiency virus. To initiate investigations during pregnancy, 16 healthy pregnant women scheduled for cesarean delivery received a single application of TFV gel preoperatively. Maternal serum drug concentrations were determined and fetal cord blood, amniotic fluid, placental tissue, and endometrial tissue specimens were collected. The median maternal peak concentration and cord blood TFV concentrations were 4.3 and 1.9 ng/mL, respectively (∼100- and 40-fold lower than after TFV oral dosing, respectively). No adverse events were related to the use of TFV gel. These findings support ongoing and future investigations of TFV gel in pregnancy. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT00572273. http://www.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00540605?term=mtn-002&rank=1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Beigi
- Magee-Womens Hospital of the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Flexner C, Tierney C, Gross R, Andrade A, Lalama C, Eshleman SH, Aberg J, Sanne I, Parsons T, Kashuba A, Rosenkranz SL, Kmack A, Ferguson E, Dehlinger M, Mildvan D. Comparison of once-daily versus twice-daily combination antiretroviral therapy in treatment-naive patients: results of AIDS clinical trials group (ACTG) A5073, a 48-week randomized controlled trial. Clin Infect Dis 2010; 50:1041-52. [PMID: 20192725 DOI: 10.1086/651118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dosing frequency is an important determinant of regimen effectiveness. Methods. To compare efficacy of once-daily (QD) versus twice-daily (BID) antiretroviral therapy, we randomized human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive, treatment-naive patients to lopinavir-ritonavir (LPV/r) administered at a dosage of 400 mg of lopinavir and 100 mg of ritonavir BID (n = 160) or 800 mg of lopinavir and 200 mg of ritonavir QD (n = 161), plus either emtricitabine 200 mg QD and extended-release stavudine at a dosage of 100 mg QD or tenofovir at a dosage of 300 mg QD. Randomization was stratified by screening HIV RNA level <100,000 copies/mL versus > or = 100,000 copies/mL. The primary efficacy end point was sustained virologic response (SVR; defined as reaching and maintaining an HIV RNA level <200 copies/mL) through week 48. RESULTS Subjects were 78% male, 33% Hispanic, and 34% black. A total of 82% of subjects completed the study, and 71% continued to receive the initially assigned dosage schedule. The probability of SVR did not differ significantly for the BID versus QD comparison, with an absolute proportional difference of 0.03 (95% confidence interval [CI], -0.07 to 0.12). The comparison depended on the screening RNA stratum (P=.038); in the higher RNA stratum, the probability of SVR was significantly better in the BID arm than in the QD arm: 0.89 (95% CI, 0.79-0.94) versus 0.76 (95% CI, 0.64-0.84), a difference of 0.13 (95% CI, 0.01-0.25). Lopinavir trough plasma concentrations were higher with BID dosing. Adherence to prescribed doses of LPV/r was 90.6% in the QD arm versus 79.9% in the BID arm (P<.001). Conclusions. Although subjects assigned to QD regimens had better adherence, overall treatment outcomes were similar in the QD and BID arms. Subjects with HIV RNA levels > or =100,000 copies/mL had better SVR with BID regimens at 48 weeks, which suggests a possible advantage in this setting for more frequent dosing. Clinical trial registration. ClinicalTrials.gov registration number: NCT00036452.
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Crawford KW, Spritzler J, Kalayjian RC, Parsons T, Landay A, Pollard R, Stocker V, Lederman MM, Flexner C. Age-related changes in plasma concentrations of the HIV protease inhibitor lopinavir. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2010; 26:635-43. [PMID: 20560793 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2009.0154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The advent of highly active antiretroviral therapy in the treatment of HIV disease has substantially extended the lifespan of individuals infected with HIV resulting in a growing population of older HIV-infected individuals. The efficacy and safety of antiretroviral agents in the population are important concerns. There have been relatively few studies assessing antiretroviral pharmacokinetics in older patients. Thirty-seven subjects aged 18-30 years and 40 subjects aged 45-79 years, naive to antiretroviral therapy, received lopinavir/ritonavir (400/100) bid, emtricitibine 200 mg qd, and stavudine 40 mg bid. Trough lopinavir concentrations were available for 44 subjects, collected at 24, 36, and 96 weeks. At week 24, older age was associated with higher lopinavir trough concentrations, and a trend was observed toward older age being associated with higher lopinavir trough concentrations when all time points were evaluated. In the young cohort, among subjects with two or more measurements, there was a trend toward increasing intrasubject trough lopinavir concentrations over time. Using a nonlinear, mixed-effects population pharmacokinetic model, age was negatively associated with lopinavir clearance after adjusting for adherence. Adherence was assessed by patient self-reports; older patients missed fewer doses than younger patients (p = 0.02). No difference in grade 3-4 toxicities was observed between the two age group. Older patients have higher trough lopinavir concentrations and likely decreased lopinavir clearance. Age-related changes in the pharmacokinetics of antiretroviral drugs may be of increasing importance as the HIV-infected population ages and as older individuals comprise an increasing proportion of new diagnoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith W. Crawford
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
- Howard University College of Medicine, Washington D.C
| | - John Spritzler
- Harvard University School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Robert C. Kalayjian
- MetroHealth Medical Center and Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Teresa Parsons
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Alan Landay
- Rush University Medical College, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Vicki Stocker
- Social and Scientific Systems, Inc., Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Michael M. Lederman
- University Hospitals/Case Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Charles Flexner
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Wright P, Alex A, Nyaruwata T, Parsons T, Pullen F. Using density functional theory to rationalise the mass spectral fragmentation of maraviroc and its metabolites. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2010; 24:1025-1031. [PMID: 20213631 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) is widely used for the identification of metabolites at all stages of the pharmaceutical discovery and development process. The assignment of ions in the product ion spectra can be time-consuming and hence delay feedback of results that may influence the direction of a project. A deeper understanding of the processes involved in generation of the product ions formed via collision-induced dissociation may allow development of chemically intelligent software to aid spectral interpretation. Current commercially available spectral interpretation software takes a mainly arithmetical approach resulting in extensive lists of numerically plausible ions, many of which may not be chemically feasible. In this study, high-resolution MS/MS spectra were obtained for maraviroc and two of its synthetic metabolites, and structures for the product ions proposed. Density functional theory (DFT) based on in silico modelling was undertaken to investigate whether the fragmentation observed was potentially a result of bond lengthening (and hence weakening) as a consequence of protonation of the molecule at the most thermodynamically stable site(s). It was determined that for all three compounds, where the product ions resulted from simple bond cleavages (not rearrangements), the bonds that cleaved had been calculated to elongate after protonation. It was also noted that the protonated molecule may represent a mixture of singly charged protonated species and that the most basic sites in the molecule may not necessarily be the most thermodynamically stable for protonation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Wright
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Sandwich CT13 9NJ1, UK.
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González FI, Geist EL, Jaffe B, Kânoğlu U, Mofjeld H, Synolakis CE, Titov VV, Arcas D, Bellomo D, Carlton D, Horning T, Johnson J, Newman J, Parsons T, Peters R, Peterson C, Priest G, Venturato A, Weber J, Wong F, Yalciner A. Probabilistic tsunami hazard assessment at Seaside, Oregon, for near- and far-field seismic sources. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1029/2008jc005132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Phillips M, Haines M, Peck E, Lee H, Phillips B, Wein B, Bekenstein J, O'Grady J, Schoenberg M, Ogrocki P, Maddux B, Whitney C, Gould D, Riley D, Maciunas R, Espe-Pfeifer P, Arguello J, Taber S, Duff K, Fields A, Newby R, Weissgerber K, Epping A, Panepinto J, Scott P, Reesman J, Zabel A, Wodka E, Ferenc L, Comi A, Cohen N, Bigelow S, McCrea Jones L, Sandoval R, Vilar-Lopez R, Puente N, Hidalgo-Ruzante N, Bure A, Ojeda C, Puente A, Zolten A, Mallory L, Heyanka D, Golden C, McCue R, Heyanka D, Mackelprang J, Reuther B, Golden C, Odland A, Scarisbrick D, Heyanka D, Martin P, Golden C, Mazur-Mosiewicz A, Holcomb M, Dean R, Schneider J, Morgan D, Scott J, Leber W, Adams R, Marceaux J, Triebel K, Griffith H, Gifford K, Potter E, Webbe F, Barker W, Loewenstein D, Duara R, Gifford K, Mahaney T, Srinivasan V, Cummings T, Frankl M, Bayan R, Webbe F, Mulligan K, Duncan N, Greenaway M, Sakamoto M, Spiers M, Libon D, Pimontel M, Gavett B, Jefferson A, Nair A, Green R, Stern R, Mahaney T, Frankl M, Cummings T, Mulligan K, Webbe F, Lou K, Gavett B, Jefferson A, Nair A, Green R, Morere D, Gifford K, Ferro J, Ezrine G, Kiefel J, Hinton V, Greco S, Corradino G, Pantone J, MacLeod R, Stern R, Hart J, Lavach J, Pick L, Szymanski C, Ilardi D, Marcus D, Burns T, Mahle W, Jenkins P, Davis A, McDermott A, Pierson E, Freeman Floyd E, McIntosh D, Dixon F, Davis A, Boseck J, Berry K, Whited A, Gelder B, Davis A, Dodd J, Berry K, Boseck J, Koehn E, Gelder B, Riccio C, Kahn D, Perez E, Reynolds C, Scott M, Nguyen-Driver M, Ruchinskas R, Lennen D, Steiner R, Sikora D, Freeman K, Carboni J, Fong G, Fong G, Carboni J, Whigham K, O'Toole K, Schneider B, Burns T, Olivier T, Nemeth D, Whittington L, Moreau A, Webb N, Weimer M, Gontier J, Labrana J, Rioseco F, Lichtenberg P, Puente A, Puente A, Bure A, Buddin H, Teichner G, Golden C, Pacheco E, Chong J, Gold S, Mittenberg W, Miller A, Bruce J, Hancock L, Peterson S, Jacobson J, Guse E, Tyrer J, Lasater J, Fritz J, Lynch S, Yarger L, Bryant K, Zychowski L, Nippoldt-Baca L, Lehman C, Arffa S, Marceaux J, Dilks L, Arthur A, Myers B, Levy J, Blancett S, Martincin K, Thrasher A, Koushik N, McArthur S, Baird A, Foster P, Drago V, Yung R, Crucian G, Heilman K, Castellon S, Livers E, Oppenheim A, Carter C, Ganz P, San Miguel-Montes L, Escabi-Quiles Y, Allen D, Gavett B, Stern R, Nowinski C, Cantu R, Martukovich R, McKee A, Davis A, Roberds E, Lutz J, Williams R, Gupta A, Schoenberg M, Werz M, Maciunas R, Koubeissi M, Poreh A, Luders H, Barwick F, Arnett P, Morse C, Gonzalez-Heydrich J, Luna L, Rao S, McClendon J, Rotelle P, Waber D, Holland A, Boyer K, Faraone S, Whitney J, Guild D, Biederman J, Baerwald J, Ryan G, Baerwald J, Ryan G, Guerrero J, Carmona J, Parsons T, Rizzo A, Lance B, Courtney C, Baerwald J, Ryan G, Perna R, Jackson A, Luton L, O'Toole K, Harrison D, Alosco M, Emerson K, Hill B, Bauer L, Tremont G, Zychowski L, Yarger L, Kegel N, Arffa S, Crockett D, Hunt S, Parks R, Vernon-Wilkinsion R, Hietpas-Wilson T, Zartman A, Gordon S, Krueger K, VanBuren K, Yates A, Hilsabeck R, Campbell J, Riner B, Crowe S, Noggle C, Thompson J, Barisa M, Maulucci A, Noggle C, Thompson J, Barisa M, Maulucci A, Noggle C, Latham K, Thompson J, Barisa M, Maulucci A, Sumowski J, Chiaravalloti N, Lengenfelder J, DeLuca J, Iturriaga L, Henry G, Heilbronner R, Carmona J, Mittenberg W, Enders C, Stevens A, Dux M, Henry G, Heilbronner R, Mittenberg W, Enders C, Myers A, Arffa S, Holland A, Nippoldt-Baca L, Yarger L, Acocella-Stollerman J, Lee E, Peck E, Lee H, Khawaja S, Phillips B, Crockett A, Greve K, Comer C, Ord J, Etherton J, Bianchini K, Curtis K, Harrison A, Edwards M, Harrison A, Edwards M, Cottingham M, Goldberg H, Harrison D, Victor T, Perry L, Pazienza S, Boone K, Bowers T, Triebel K, Denney R, Halfaker D, Tussey C, Barber A, Martin P, Denney R, Deal W, Bailey C, Denney R, Marcopulos B, Schaefer L, Rabin L, Kakkanatt T, Popalzai A, Chantasi K, Heyanka D, Magyar Y, Cruz R, Weiss L, Schatz P, Gibney B, Lietner D, Koushik N, Brooks B, Iverson G, Horton A, Odland A, Reynolds C, Horton A, Reynolds C, Davis A, Finch W, Skierkiewicz A, Rothlisberg B, McIntosh D, Davis A, Finch W, Golden C, Chang M, McIntosh D, Rothlisberg B, Paulson S, Davis A, Starling J, Whited A, Chang M, Roberds E, Dodd J, Martin P, Goldstein G, DeFilippis N, Carlozzi N, Tulsky D, Kurkowski R, Browne K, Wortman K, Gershon R, Heyanka D, Odland A, Golden C, Rodriguez M, Myers A, West S, Golden C, Holster J, Bolanos J, Corsun-Ascher C, Golden C, Robbins J, Restrepo L, Prinzi L, Garcia J, Golden C, Holster J, Bolanos J, Garcia J, Golden C, Osgood J, Trice A, Ernst W, Mahaney T, Gifford K, Oelschlager J, Gurrea J, Tourgeman I, Odland A, Golden C, Tourgeman I, Gurrea J, Stack M, Boddy R, Demsky Y, Golden C, Judd T, Jurecska D, Holmes J, Aguerrevere L, Greve K, Capps D, Izquierdo R, Feldman C, Boddy R, Scarisbrick D, Rice J, Tourgeman I, Golden C, Scarisbrick D, Boddy R, Corsun-Ascher C, Heyanka D, Golden C, Woon F, Hedges D, Odland A, Heyanka D, Martin P, Golden C, Yamout K, Heinrichs R, Baade L, Soetaert D, Perle J, Odland A, Martin P, Golden C, Armstrong C, Bello D, Randall C, Allen D, McLaren T, Konopacki K, Peery S, Miranda F, Saleh M, Moise F, Mendoza J, Mak E, Gomez R, Mihaila E, Parrella M, White L, Harvey P, Marshall D, Gomez R, Keller J, Rogers E, Misa J, Che A, Tennakoon L, Schatzberg A, Sutton G, Allen D, Strauss G, Bello D, Armstrong C, Randall C, Duke L, Ross S, Randall C, Bello D, Armstrong C, Sutton G, Ringdahl E, Thaler N, McMurray J, Sanders L, Isaac H, Allen D, Rumble S, Klonoff P, Wilken J, Sullivan C, Fratto T, Sullivan A, McKenzie T, Ensley M, Saunders C, Quig M, Kane R, Simsarian J, Restrepo L, Rodriguez M, Robbins J, Morrow J, Golden C, Yung R, Sullivan W, Stringer K, Ferguson B, Drago V, Foster P, Lanting S, Brooks B, Iverson G, Horton A, Reynolds C, Scarisbrick D, Odland A, Perle J, Golden C, West S, Collins K, Frisch D, Golden C, Guerrero J, Baerwald J, Yung R, Sullivan W, Stringer K, Ferguson B, Drago V, Foster P, Mackelprang J, Heyanka D, Lennertz L, Morin I, Marker C, Collins M, Dodd J, Goldstein G, DeFilippis N, Holcomb M, Kimball T, Luther E, Belsher B, Botelho V, Reed R, Hernandez B, Noda A, Yesavage J, Kinoshita L, Kakos L, Gunstad J, Hughes J, Spitznagel M, Potter V, Stanek K, Szabo A, Waechter D, Josephson R, Rosneck J, Schofield H, Getz G, Magnuson S, Bryant K, Miller A, Martincin K, Pastel D, Poreh A, Davis J, Ramos C, Sherer C, Bertram D, Wall J, Bryant K, Poreh A, Magnuson S, Miller A, Martincin K, Pastel D, Gow C, Francis J, Olson L, Sautter S, Ord J, Capps D, Greve K, Bianchini K, Stettler T, Daniel M, Kleman V, Etchells M, Rabinowitz A, Barwick F, Arnett P, Proto D, Barker A, Gouvier W, Jones K, Williams J, Lockwood C, Mansoor Y, Homer-Smith E, Moses J, Stolberg P, Jones W, Krach S, Loe S, Mortimer J, Avirett E, Maricle D, Miller D, Avirett E, Mortimer J, Maricle D, Miller D, Avirett E, Mortimer J, Miller D, Maricle D, McGill C, Moneta L, Gioia G, Isquith P, Lazarus G, Puente A, Ahern D, Faust D, Bridges A, Ahern D, Faust D, Bridges A, Hobson V, Hall J, Harvey M, Spering C, Cullum M, Lacritz L, Massman P, Waring S, O'Bryant S, Frisch D, Morrow J, West S, Golden C, West S, Dougherty M, Rice J, Golden C, Morrow J, Frisch D, Pearlson J, Golden C, Thorgusen S, Watson J, Miller A, Kesner R, Levy J, Lambert A, Fazeli P, Marceaux J, Vance D, Marceaux J, Fazeli P, Vance D, Frankl M, Cummings T, Mahaney T, Webbe F, Spering C, Cooper J, Hobson V, O'Bryant S, Bolanos J, Holster J, Metoyer K, Garcia J, Golden C, Brown C, O'Toole K, Brown C, O'Toole K, Granader Y, Keller S, Bender H, Rathi S, Nass R, MacAllister W, Maehr A, Kiefel J, Bigras C, Slick D, Dewey L, Tao R, Motes M, Emslie G, Rypma B, Kahn D, Riccio C, Reynolds C, Eberle N, Mucci G, Chase A, Boyle M, Gallaway M, Bowyer S, Lajiness-O'Neill R, Gifford K, Mahaney T, Cohen R, Gorman P, Levin Allen S, O'Hara E, LeGoff D, Chute D, Barakat L, Laboy G, San Miguel-Montes L, Rios-Motta M, Pita-Garcia I, Van Horn H, Cuevas M, Ross P, Kinjo C, Basanez T, Patel S, Dinishak D, Zhou W, Ortega M, Zareie R, Lane B, Rosen A, Myers A, Domboski K, Ireland S, Mittenberg W, Mazur-Mosiewicz A, Holcomb M, Dean R, Myerson C, Katzen H, Mittel A, McClendon M, Guevara A, Nahab F, Gallo B, Levin B, Fay T, Brooks B, Sherman E, Szabo A, Gunstad J, Spitznagel M, McCaffery J, McGeary J, Paul R, Sweet L, Cohen R, Hancock L, Bruce J, Peterson S, Jacobson J, Tyrer J, Guse E, Lasater J, Fritz J, Lynch S, O'Rourke J, Queller S, Whitlock K, Beglinger L, Stout J, Duff K, Paulsen J, Kim M, Jang J, Chung J, Zukerman J, Miller S, Waterman G, Sadek J, Singer E, Heaton R, van Gorp W, Castellon S, Hinkin C, Yamout K, Baade L, Panos S, Becker B, Kim M, Foley J, Jang J, Chung J, Castellon S, Hinkin C, Kim M, Jang J, Foley J, Chung J, Miller S, Castellon S, Marcotte T, Hinkin C, Merrick E, Kazakov D, Duke L, Field R, Allen D, Mayfield J, Barney S, Thaler N, Allen D, Donohue B, Mayfield J, Mauro C, Shope C, Riber L, Dhami S, Citrome L, Tremeau F, Heyanka D, Corsun-Ascher C, Englebert N, Golden C, Block C, Sautter S, Stolberg P, Terranova J, Jones W, Allen D, Mayfield J, Ramanathan D, Medaglia J, Chiou K, Wardecker B, Slocomb J, Vesek J, Wang J, Hills E, Good D, Hillary F, Kimpton T, Kirshenbaum A, Madathil R, Trontel H, Hall S, Chiou K, Slocomb J, Ramanathan D, Medaglia J, Wardecker B, Vesek J, Wang J, Hills E, Good D, Hillary F, Salinas C, Tiedemann S, Webbe F, Williams C, Wood R, Ringdahl E, Thaler N, Hodges T, Mayfield J, Allen D, Kazakov D, Haderlie M, Terranova J, Martinez A, Allen D, Mayfield J, Medaglia J, Ramanathan D, Chiou K, Wardecker B, Franklin R, Genova H, Deluca J, Hillary F, Pastrana F, Wurst L, Zeiner H, Garcia A, Bender H, Rice J, West S, Dougherty M, Boddy R, Golden C, Tyrer J, Bruce J, Hancock L, Guse E, Jacobson J, Lynch S, Yung R, Sullivan W, Stringer K, Ferguson B, Drago V, Foster P, Scarisbrick D, Heyanka D, Frisch D, Golden C, Prinzi L, Morrow J, Robbins J, Golden C, Fallows R, Amin K, Virden T, Borgaro S, Hubel K, Miles G, Gomez R, Nazarian S, Mucci G, Moreno-Torres M, San Miguel-Montes L, Otero-Zeno T, Rios M, Douglas K, McGhee R, Sakamoto M, Spiers M, Vanderslice-Barr J, Elbin R, Covassin T, Kontos A, Larson E, Stiller-Ostrowski J, McLain M, Serina N, John S, Rautiola M, Waldstein S, Che A, Gomez R, Keller J, Tennakoon L, Marshall D, Rogers E, Misa J, Schatzberg A, Stiles M, Ericson R, Earleywine M, Ericson R, Earleywine M, Tourgeman I, Boddy R, Gurrea J, Buddin H, Golden C, Holcomb M, Mazur-Mosiewicz A, Dean R, Miele A, Lynch J, McCaffrey R, Miele A, Vanderslice-Barr J, Lynch J, McCaffrey R, Wershba R, Stevenson M, Thomas M, Sturgeon J, Youngjohn J, Morgan D, Bello D, Hollimon M, Schneider J, Edgington C, Scott J, Adams R, Morgan D, Bello D, Hollimon M, Schneider J, Edgington C, Scott J, Adams R, Heinrichs R, Baade L, Soetaert D, Barisa M, Noggle C, Thompson J, Barisa M, Noggle C, Thompson J, Barisa M, Noggle C, Thompson J, Pimental P, Riedl K, Kimsey M, Sartori A, Griffith H, Okonkwo O, Marson D, Bertisch H, Schaefer L, McKenzie S, Mittelman M, Hibbard M, Sherr R, Diller L, McTaggart A, Williams R, Troster A, Clark J, Owens T, O'Jile J, Schmitt A, Livingston R, Smernoff E, Galusha J, Piazza J, Gutierrez M, Yeager C, Hyer L, Vaughn E, LaPorte D, Schoenberg M, Werz M, Pedigo T, Lavach J, Hart J, Vyas S, Dorta N, Granader Y, Roberts E, Hill B, Musso M, Pella R, Barker A, Proto D, Gouvier W, Gibson K, Bowers T, Bowers T, Gibson K, Hinkle S, Barisa M, Noggle C, Thompson J, Thompson J, Noggle C, Barisa M, Maulucci A, Thompson J, Noggle C, Barisa M, Maulucci A, Thompson J, Noggle C, Barisa M, Maulucci A, Benitez A, Gunstad J, Spitznagel M, Szabo A, Rogers E, Gomez R, Keller J, Marshall D, Tennakoon L, Che A, Misa J, Schatzber A, Strauss G, Ringdahl E, Barney S, Jetha S, Duke L, Ross S, Watrous B, Allen D, Maucieri L, Noggle C, Barisa M, Thompson J, Maulucci A, Noggle C, Barisa M, Thompson J, Maulucci A, Noggle C, Barisa M, Thompson J, Maulucci A, Noggle C, Thompson J, Barisa M, Maulucci A, Noggle C, Thompson J, Barisa M, Maulucci A, Getz G, Dandridge A, Klein R, La Point S, Holcomb M, Mazur-Mosiewicz A, Dean R, Bailey C, Samples H, Broshek D, Barth J, Freeman J, Schatz P, Neidzwski K, Moser R, Reesman J, Suli-Moci E, Wells C, Moneta L, Dean P, Gioia G, Belsher B, Hutson L, Greenberg L, Sullivan C, Hull A, Poole J, Schatz P, Pardini J, Lovell M, Strauser E, Parish R, Carr W, Paggi M, Anderson-Barnes V, Kelly M, Hutson L, Loughlin J, Sullivan C, Kelley E, Poole J, Hutson L, Loughlin J, Sullivan C, Belsher B, Hull A, Greenberg L, Poole J, Carr W, Parish R, Paggi M, Anderson-Barnes V, Ahlers S, Roebuck Spencer T, O'Neill D, Carter J, Bleiberg J, Lange R, Brubacher J, Iverson G, Madler B, Heran M, MacKay A, Andolfatto G, Krol A, Mrazik M, Lebby P, Johnson W, Sweatt J, Turitz M, Greenawald K, Lesser S, Ormonde A, Lavach J, Hart J, Demakis G, Rimland C, Lengenfelder J, Sumowski J, Smith A, Chiaravalloti N, DeLuca J, Pierson E, Koehn E, Lajiness-O'Neill R, Hyer L, Yeager C, Manatan K, Sherman S, Atkinson M, Massey-Connolly S, Gugnani M, Stack R, Carson A, Mirza N, Johnson E, Lovell M, Perna R, Jackson A, Roy S, Zebeigly A, Larochette A, Bowie C, Harrison A, Nippoldt-Baca L, Bleil J, Arffa S, Thompson J, Noggle C, Mark B, Maulucci A, Umaki T, Denney R, Greenberg L, Hull A, Belsher B, Lee H, Sullivan C, Poole J, Abrigo E, Hurewitz F, Kounios J, Noggle C, Barisa M, Thompson J, Maulucci A, Greve K, Aguerrevere L, Bianchini K, Etherton J, Heinly M, Kontos A, Covassin T, Elbin R, Larson E, Stearne D, Johnson D, Gilliland K, Vincent A, Chafetz M, Herkov M, Morais H, Schwait A, Mangiameli L, Greenhill T. Grand Rounds. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2009. [DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acp045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Haynes J, Parsons T. Families in transit. Community Pract 2009; 82:16. [PMID: 19788118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
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Alex A, Harvey S, Parsons T, Pullen FS, Wright P, Riley JA. Can density functional theory (DFT) be used as an aid to a deeper understanding of tandem mass spectrometric fragmentation pathways? Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2009; 23:2619-2627. [PMID: 19637184 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Prediction of tandem mass spectrometric (MS/MS) fragmentation for non-peptidic molecules based on structure is of immense interest to the mass spectrometrist. If a reliable approach to MS/MS prediction could be achieved its impact within the pharmaceutical industry could be immense. Many publications have stressed that the fragmentation of a molecular ion or protonated molecule is a complex process that depends on many parameters, making prediction difficult. Commercial prediction software relies on a collection of general heuristic rules of fragmentation, which involve cleaving every bond in the structure to produce a list of 'expected' masses which can be compared with the experimental data. These approaches do not take into account the thermodynamic or molecular orbital effects that impact on the molecule at the point of protonation which could influence the potential sites of bond cleavage based on the structural motif. A series of compounds have been studied by examining the experimentally derived high-resolution MS/MS data and comparing it with the in silico modelling of the neutral and protonated structures. The effect that protonation at specific sites can have on the bond lengths has also been determined. We have calculated the thermodynamically most stable protonated species and have observed how that information can help predict the cleavage site for that ion. The data have shown that this use of in silico techniques could be a possible way to predict MS/MS spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Alex
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Ramsgate Road, Sandwich CT13 9NJ, UK
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Ma D, Zhang H, Kennedy B, Parsons T, Olson WC. Antitumor activity of PSMA ADC after progression on docetaxel in a mouse xenograft model of human prostate cancer. J Clin Oncol 2009. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2009.27.15_suppl.3030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
3030 Background: Currently, there are no approved therapies for castration-resistant metastatic prostate cancer that has progressed following docetaxel therapy. Prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) is an attractive target for antibody-targeted therapy of prostate cancer due to its abundant and restricted expression on the surface of prostate cancer cells. We have developed a novel antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) by linking a fully human PSMA monoclonal antibody to monomethylauristatin E (MMAE), a potent tubulin inhibitor. Here, we describe the use of PSMA ADC in a mouse model to treat xenografted human prostate tumors that have progressed following docetaxel therapy. Methods: Nude mice were implanted subcutaneously with 5 x 106 C4–2 human prostate cancer cells. Animals were first randomized to receive weekly intravenous (IV) doses of either 2 mg/kg docetaxel (n = 50) or vehicle (n = 10). Docetaxel significantly reduced tumor growth (p = 0.025) during the initial phase of the study; however, most of the tumors later progressed. When the tumor volume of an animal in the docetaxel group exceeded 400 mm3, the animal was rerandomized to receive continued docetaxel therapy (n = 18) or weekly IV doses of 6 mg/kg PSMA ADC (n = 18). Treatment effects were assessed by measuring tumor volume and overall survival. When tumor volume was assessed to be ≥2,000 mm3, animals would be sacrificed. Results: At 134 days following tumor implantation, the survival rate was 100% for animals in the PSMA ADC treatment group; 94% of these mice had tumor sizes <100 mm3. In the continued docetaxel treatment group, 14 of 18 animals that were sacrificed when their tumors exceeded 2,000 mm3; the survival rate was 22%. Therefore, PSMA ADC treatment significantly shrank tumors and increased overall survival of animals compared to continued docetaxel treatment (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: PSMA ADC had antitumor activity in mice to xenografted human prostate tumors that had progressed following docetaxel treatment. Treatment with PSMA ADC significantly extended survival in this setting. [Table: see text]
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Ma
- PSMA Development Company, LLC, Tarrytown, NY
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- PSMA Development Company, LLC, Tarrytown, NY
| | - B. Kennedy
- PSMA Development Company, LLC, Tarrytown, NY
| | - T. Parsons
- PSMA Development Company, LLC, Tarrytown, NY
| | - W. C. Olson
- PSMA Development Company, LLC, Tarrytown, NY
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Atherton K, Berry DJ, Parsons T, Macfarlane GJ, Power C, Hypponen E. Vitamin D and chronic widespread pain in a white middle-aged British population: evidence from a cross-sectional population survey. Ann Rheum Dis 2008; 68:817-22. [DOI: 10.1136/ard.2008.090456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Mirochnick M, Nielsen-Saines K, Pilotto JH, Pinto J, Jiménez E, Veloso VG, Parsons T, Watts DH, Moye J, Mofenson LM, Camarca M, Bryson Y. Nevirapine concentrations in newborns receiving an extended prophylactic regimen. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2008; 47:334-337. [PMID: 18398973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The optimal neonatal antiretroviral (ARV) regimen for prevention of HIV mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) is unknown for infants born to mothers who receive no ARVs during pregnancy. METHODS As part of a protocol comparing the efficacy of 3 neonatal ARV regimens in preventing HIV-1 MTCT in neonates born to mothers who receive no prenatal treatment with ARVs, we devised a 3-dose nevirapine (NVP) regimen with the goal of maintaining the NVP plasma concentration >100 ng/mL (10 times the in vitro median inhibitory concentration of 10 ng/mL) during the first 2 weeks of life. NVP concentrations were measured in 14 newborns participating in a pharmacokinetics substudy during the second week of life and in single samples from 30 more newborns on day 10 to 14. RESULTS The median NVP elimination half-life was 30.2 hours (range: 17.8 to 50.3 hours). The NVP concentration remained greater than the target of 100 ng/mL in all samples collected through day 10 of life. By day 14, more than half of the newborns in the pharmacokinetic substudy had NVP levels <100 ng/mL, although only 1 neonate had no detectable NVP. CONCLUSION Although this regimen failed to meet our 100-ng/mL target, it did maintain detectable NVP concentrations in nearly all newborns through the end of the second week of life and is to be used in the parent efficacy protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Mirochnick
- Department of Pediatrics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA.
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Pham PA, Hendrix CW, Barditch-Crovo P, Parsons T, Khan W, Parish M, Radebaugh C, Carson KA, Pakes GE, Qaqish R, Flexner C. Amprenavir and Lopinavir Pharmacokinetics following Coadministration of Amprenavir or Fosamprenavir with Lopinavir/Ritonavir, with or without Efavirenz. Antivir Ther 2007. [DOI: 10.1177/135965350701200614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Amprenavir (APV), fosamprenavir (FPV), lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir (RTV) and efavirenz (EFV) are to varying degrees substrates, inducers and inhibitors of CYP3A4. Coadministration of these drugs might result in complex pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions. Methods Two prospective, open-label, non-randomized studies evaluated APV and LPV steady-state pharmacokinetics in HIV-infected patients on APV 750 mg twice daily + LPV/RTV 533/133 mg twice daily with EFV ( n=7) or without EFV ( n=12) + background nucleosides (Study 1) and after switching FPV 1,400 mg twice daily for APV ( n=10) (Study 2). Results In Study 1 EFV and non-EFV groups did not differ in APV minimum plasma concentration (Cmin; 1.10 versus 1.06μg/ml, P=0.89), area under the concentration-time curve (AUC; 17.46 versus 24.34μg•h/ml, P=0.22) or maximum concentration (Cmax; 2.61 versus 4.33 μg/ml, P=0.08); for LPV there was no difference in Cmin (median: 3.66 versus 6.18μg/ml, P=0.20), AUC (81.84 versus 93.75 μg•h/ml, P=0.37) or Cmax (10.36 versus 10.93 μg/ml, P=0.61). In Study 2, after switching from APV to FPV, APV Cmin increased by 58% (0.83 versus 1.30 μg/ml, P=0.0001), AUC by 76% (19.41 versus 34.24 μg•h/ml, P=0.0001), and Cmax by 75% (3.50 versus 6.14, P=0.001). Compared with historical controls, LPV and RTV pharmacokinetics were not changed. All treatment regimens were well tolerated. Seven of eight completers (88%) maintained HIV-1 RNA <400 copies/ml 12 weeks after the switch (1 lost to follow up). Conclusions EFV did not appear to significantly alter APV and LPV pharmacokinetic parameters in HIV-infected patients taking APV 750 mg twice daily + LPV 533/133 mg twice daily. Switching FPV 1,400 mg twice daily for APV 750 mg twice daily resulted in an increase in APV Cmin, AUC, and Cmax without changing LPV or RTV pharmacokinetics or overall tolerability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Wasif Khan
- Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | - Gary E Pakes
- GlaxoSmithKline, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
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Hope R, Parsons T, Mushtaq S, James D, Livermore DM. Determination of disc breakpoints and evaluation of Etests for tigecycline susceptibility testing by the BSAC method. J Antimicrob Chemother 2007; 60:770-4. [PMID: 17704517 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkm297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tigecycline has been recently licensed in Europe for intra-abdominal and complicated skin and soft tissue infections. We determined zone breakpoints for use with 15 microg tigecycline discs and evaluated Etests for the routine determination of tigecycline susceptibility by BSAC methods. METHODS Disc zones for 2236 isolates and MICs by Etest for 531 isolates were compared with MICs obtained by the BSAC agar dilution method. RESULTS Based on error minimization, we propose zone breakpoints for 15 microg tigecycline discs as follows: alpha/beta-haemolytic streptococci, S > or = 25 mm, R < or = 19 mm; Acinetobacter spp. and Enterobacteriaceae, S > or = 24 mm, R < or = 19 mm; Enterococcus spp., S > or = 21 mm, R < or = 20 mm; Haemophilus spp., S > or = 28 mm, R < or = 27; Streptococcus pneumoniae, S > or = 24 mm, R < or = 23 mm; and staphylococci, S > or = 26 mm, R < or = 25 mm. These criteria gave overall false resistance rates of < or =0.8% and false susceptibility rates of < or =0.7%. Tigecycline Etests, used on Iso-Sensitest agar, gave MICs within one doubling dilution of those by agar dilution in 97% of cases. Categorization agreement was good for isolates with borderline susceptibility or resistance-a group where Etests are likely to be used in order to verify disc-based results. MICs for highly susceptible alpha-haemolytic streptococci were underestimated by Etest, but this seems unlikely to be significant. CONCLUSIONS Disc breakpoints corresponding to BSAC MIC breakpoints were defined for 15 microg tigecycline discs and have been adopted by the BSAC. Tigecycline Etest gave results in good agreement with agar dilution.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hope
- Antibiotic Resistance and Monitoring Reference Laboratory, Centre for Infections, Health Protection Agency, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5EQ, UK.
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Pham PA, Flexner C, Parsons T, Vasist L, Fuchs E, Carson K, Agarwala S, Barditch-Crovo P. Beneficial Pharmacokinetic Interaction Between Atazanavir and Lopinavir/Ritonavir. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2007; 45:201-5. [PMID: 17414932 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0b013e318050d632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The combination of lopinavir/ritonavir (LPV/r) and atazanavir (ATV) with nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors has been used as a salvage regimen in HIV-infected patients. Because these agents, to various degrees, are substrates, inducers, and inhibitors of CYP450 3A4, there is concern for alterations in the pharmacokinetics (PK) of these combined agents. OBJECTIVE To determine the steady-state PK interactions between ATV, ritonavir (RTV), and LPV when coadministered at various doses. METHODS HIV-negative subjects (n = 15) received a combination of ATV, RTV, and LPV in the following sequence: period I (days 1-10), ATV/r at a dose of 300/100 mg once daily; period II (days 11-24), ATV at a dose of 300 mg once daily plus LPV/r at a dose of 400/100 mg twice daily; and period III (days 25-34), ATV/r at a dose of 300/100 mg once daily plus LPV/r at a dose of 400/100 mg twice daily. Intensive PK analysis was performed on days 10, 24, and 34. A paired t test was used for pairwise comparison of log-transformed PK parameters of ATV and LPV. RESULTS In period II, the ATV minimum concentration (Cmin) geometric mean (GM) was higher compared with period I (GM: 0.75 vs. 0.51 microg/mL, geometric mean ratio (GMR) = 1.45, 90% confidence interval [CI]: 1.19 to 1.77; P = 0.006). The ATV area under the concentration-time curve from dosing to 24 hours after the dose (AUC0-24; GM: 36.40 vs. 39.62 microg.h/mL, GMR = 0.92, 90% CI: 0.80 to 1.05; P = 0.28) did not differ, however. The addition of 100 mg of RTV in period III did not significantly increase the ATV Cmin (GM: 0.84 vs. 0.75 microg/mL, GMR = 1.13, 90% CI: 0.91 to 1.40; P = 0.34) or ATV AUC0-24 (GM: 39.59 vs. 36.40 microg.h/mL, GMR = 1.09, 90% CI: 0.99 to 1.20; P = 0.14) compared with period II. The additional RTV in period III resulted in a higher LPV Cmin (GM: 5.12 vs. 3.99 microg/mL, GMR = 1.28, 90% CI: 1.15 to 1.43; P = 0.001), but the LPV areas under the concentration-time curve from dosing to 12 hours after the dose and maximum concentration were not significantly different. LPV PK parameters in period II were comparable to those of historical control subjects receiving LPV/r at a dose of 400/100 mg twice daily. All studied regimens were well tolerated. Indirect hyperbilirubinemia was the only grade 3 and 4 abnormality reported, which was expected given that ATV competitively inhibits UGTIA1 and has not been shown to result in other hepatic abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS The combination of ATV at a dose of 300 mg once daily plus LPV/r at a dose of 400/100 mg twice daily resulted in an appropriate PK profile for ATV and LPV and could be further evaluated in treatment-experienced patients requiring a dual-boosted protease inhibitor-containing regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Pham
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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Ndovi TT, Parsons T, Choi L, Caffo B, Rohde C, Hendrix CW. A new method to estimate quantitatively seminal vesicle and prostate gland contributions to ejaculate. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2007; 63:404-20. [PMID: 17076697 PMCID: PMC2203235 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2006.02791.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2005] [Accepted: 05/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS We sought to optimize a quantitative noninvasive method to determine the concentration in their glands of origin of biochemical markers of compartments of the male genital tract as the first step towards validation of a novel method for estimation of drug concentrations in these male genital tract compartments. METHODS Sixty-eight men participated. We compared four collection devices to split ejaculate into fractions. Fractions were assayed for fructose and prostate specific antigen (PSA) as unique markers of the seminal vesicle and prostate, respectively. Seminal vesicle fructose and prostatic PSA were estimated using a linear regression method, based on fructose-PSA axis intercepts, and compared with an older method which solves a simultaneous series of equations. RESULTS A five-compartment collection device performed best with mean (95% confidence interval) PSA vs. fructose r(2) of 0.84 (0.71, 0.98, P < 0.001). Using resampling simulations, glandular PSA and fructose estimates were highly variable and often implausible when using only two fractions. Using our method, the prostate contributed 37-44% to the whole ejaculate and the seminal vesicle contributed 55-61%. The novel regression method was highly correlated (r(2) > or = 0.98) with older methods. CONCLUSIONS We developed a noninvasive quantitative method of male genital tract biochemical marker estimation using a five-compartment tray to collect three to five ejaculate fractions. Our novel regression method is quantitative and more fully developed than older methods. This noninvasive method for determining glandular marker concentrations should be useful to provide quantitative estimates of drug concentrations in these glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Themba T Ndovi
- School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Illness-related malnutrition has been reported in 10% to 55% of ill people in hospital and the community in areas of food sufficiency. Dietary advice encouraging the use of energy- and nutrient-rich foods rather than oral nutritional supplements has been suggested for managing illness-related malnutrition. OBJECTIVES To examine evidence that dietary advice to improve nutritional intake in adults with illness-related malnutrition improves survival, weight and anthropometry; to estimate the size of any additional effect of nutritional supplements given in combination with dietary advice. SEARCH STRATEGY Relevant publications were identified from comprehensive electronic database searches and handsearches of relevant journals and abstract books of conference proceedings. Additional studies were sought by contacting dietitians, clinicians and the manufacturers of nutritional supplements. Last search: October 2006 SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials of dietary advice in people with illness-related malnutrition compared with:(1) no advice;(2) oral nutritional supplements; and(3) dietary advice plus oral nutritional supplements. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two authors independently assessed trial eligibility, methodological quality and extracted data. MAIN RESULTS Thirty-five studies (37 comparisons) met the inclusion criteria with 2648 randomised participants. Twelve trials (comparing dietary advice plus supplements if required with no advice) identified during searching are included as a separate comparison. Follow up ranged from 18 days to 24 months. No comparison showed a significant difference in mortality. Significant improvements in weight at three months were found for groups receiving dietary advice plus nutritional supplements compared with dietary advice alone, WMD 1.68 kg (95% CI 0.14 to 3.21) or no additional advice, WMD 1.97 (95% CI 0.07 to 3.86). There were significant improvements in grip strength and mid-arm muscle circumference in the advice plus supplement groups compared with dietary advice alone. It is uncertain whether nutritional supplements and dietary advice produce the same effects. No significant differences were found between groups for clinical outcomes. Few data were available for other outcomes. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS This review highlights the lack of evidence for the provision of dietary advice in managing illness-related malnutrition. Dietary advice plus nutritional supplements may be more effective than dietary advice alone or no advice in enhancing short-term weight gain, but whether this is sustainable, or whether survival and morbidity are improved remains uncertain. A large adequately-powered randomised controlled trial is needed comparing the efficacy of different therapies to increase dietary intake in people with illness-related malnutrition and examining the impact of this on clinical function and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Baldwin
- Institute of Child Health, c/o Cochrane CF & Genetic Disorders Group, University of Liverpool, RLCH NHS Trust, Eaton Road, Liverpool, UK, L12 2AP.
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Pham PA, Hendrix CW, Barditch-Crovo P, Parsons T, Khan W, Parish M, Radebaugh C, Carson KA, Pakes GE, Qaqish R, Flexner C. Amprenavir and lopinavir pharmacokinetics following coadministration of amprenavir or fosamprenavir with lopinavir/ritonavir, with or without efavirenz. Antivir Ther 2007; 12:963-969. [PMID: 17926651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amprenavir (APV), fosamprenavir (FPV), lopinavir (LPV), ritonavir (RTV) and efavirenz (EFV) are to varying degrees substrates, inducers and inhibitors of CYP3A4. Coadministration of these drugs might result in complex pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions. METHODS Two prospective, open-label, non-randomized studies evaluated APV and LPV steady-state pharmacokinetics in HIV-infected patients on APV 750 mg twice daily + LPV/RTV 533/133 mg twice daily with EFV (n=7) or without EFV (n=12) + background nucleosides (Study 1) and after switching FPV 1,400 mg twice daily for APV (n=10) (Study 2). RESULTS In Study 1 EFV and non-EFV groups did not differ in APV minimum plasma concentration (Cmin; 1.10 versus 1.06 microg/ml, P = 0.89), area under the concentration-time curve (AUC; 17.46 versus 24.34 microg x h/ml, P = 0.22) or maximum concentration (Cmax; 2.61 versus 4.33 microg/ml, P = 0.08); for LPV there was no difference in Cmin, (median: 3.66 versus 6.18 microg/ml, P = 0.20), AUC (81.84 versus 93.75 microg x h/ml, P = 0.37) or Cmax (10.36 versus 10.93 microg/ml, P = 0.61). In Study 2, after switching from APV to FPV, APV Cmin increased by 58% (0.83 versus 1.30 microg/ml, P = 0.0001), AUC by 76% (19.41 versus 34.24 micorg x h/ml, P = 0.0001), and Cmax by 75% (3.50 versus 6.14, P = 0.001). Compared with historical controls, LPV and RTV pharmacokinetics were not changed. All treatment regimens were well tolerated. Seven of eight completers (88%) maintained HIV-1 RNA <400 copies/ml 12 weeks after the switch (1 lost to follow up). CONCLUSIONS EFV did not appear to significantly alter APV and LPV pharmacokinetic parameters in HIV-infected patients taking APV 750 mg twice daily + LPV 533/133 mg twice daily. Switching FPV 1400 mg twice daily for APV 750 mg twice daily resulted in an increase in APV Cmin, AUC, and Cmax without changing LPV or RTV pharmacokinetics or overall tolerability.
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Ndovi TT, Choi L, Caffo B, Parsons T, Baker S, Zhao M, Rohde C, Hendrix CW. Quantitative assessment of seminal vesicle and prostate drug concentrations by use of a noninvasive method. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2006; 80:146-58. [PMID: 16890576 DOI: 10.1016/j.clpt.2006.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2005] [Accepted: 04/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The male genital tract is a complex collection of anatomically and biochemically distinct compartments that contribute to the ejaculate. Understanding the pharmacokinetics in these compartments should inform rational therapeutics involving these glands. METHODS Nineteen men were administered a single dose of 600 mg chloroquine (base) and 975 mg aspirin before providing a semen sample by masturbation with fractionation into a 5-compartment collection device. Fractions were assayed for fructose (unique seminal vesicle marker), prostate-specific antigen (unique prostate marker), salicylate, and chloroquine. Seminal vesicle and prostate concentrations of salicylate and chloroquine were estimated via a novel analytic method involving a multilevel latent-variable model implemented by use of Bayesian methods. RESULTS The geometric mean chloroquine semen/blood ratio was 4.02 (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.36-6.86); for salicylate, the primary metabolite of aspirin, the semen/blood ratio was 0.10 (95% CI, 0.08-0.14). The estimated mean prostate/seminal vesicle ratio for salicylate, 0.38 (95% CI by Bayesian methods, 0.12-0.73), was consistent with our hypothesis that salicylate would achieve higher concentrations in the seminal vesicle than in the prostate. Chloroquine, however, did not demonstrate a statistically significant seminal vesicle/prostate difference (4.41; 95% CI by Bayesian methods, 0.14-30.52). CONCLUSIONS We successfully demonstrated the quantitative, noninvasive estimation of drug concentrations in the prostate gland fluid distinct from the seminal vesicle fluid using our optimized method of split-ejaculate collection and a novel mixed-effects model with Bayesian estimation. Our methods can be applied to gland-specific quantitation of drugs and other substances of interest, thus enabling pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic, and pathophysiologic studies to inform rational therapeutics within different glands of the male genital tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Themba T Ndovi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Nettles RE, Kieffer TL, Parsons T, Johnson J, Cofrancesco J, Gallant JE, Carson KA, Siliciano RF, Flexner C. Marked Intraindividual Variability in Antiretroviral Concentrations May Limit the Utility of Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 42:1189-96. [PMID: 16575741 DOI: 10.1086/501458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2005] [Accepted: 12/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Effective therapeutic drug monitoring for antiretrovirals requires a better understanding of intraindividual variability in pharmacokinetics. METHODS We determined concentrations of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) protease and nonnucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors for 10 patients with undetectable plasma HIV RNA levels who had been receiving stable regimens for > or = 11 months. Plasma samples were collected at the same time of day 3 times per week for up to 4 months. Patients were instructed to take their antiretrovirals at the same time every day. Plasma protease and nonnucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor concentrations were determined using high-performance liquid chromatographic methods. Pharmacokinetic variability was expressed as intraindividual percentage coefficient of variation (ICV), which was calculated as the patient's standard deviation divided by the mean drug concentration for that patient. RESULTS ICV was determined for 6 drugs for 10 patients, for a total of 17 different patient-drug combinations, using 600 total samples. ICV was unexpectedly high for most patients who were receiving protease inhibitors (ICVs for individual patients taking lopinavir/ritonavir were 24%, 33%, 51%, and 92%; for patients taking nelfinavir/M8 metabolite, they were 30%/44% and 39%/54%; for patients taking ritonavir, they were 34% and 43%; for patients taking saquinavir, they were 52% and 55%). ICVs for patients receiving nonnucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors were lower (for patients receiving efavirenz, they were 7%, 13%, 29%, and 51%; for a patient receiving nevirapine, it was 25%). The median ICV for all patients receiving protease inhibitors (n = 12) was 43.5%, and for all patients receiving nonnucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors (n = 5), the median ICV was 25%. CONCLUSIONS Intraindividual variability in concentrations of antiretrovirals was surprisingly high in virologically suppressed patients. Possible contributors include food effects, concomitant use of prescription and herbal medications, assay variability, or medication timing, which was assessed by self-report. High intraindividual pharmacokinetic variability may limit the utility of single measurements in therapeutic drug monitoring for some antiretroviral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Nettles
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Jackson JB, Parsons T, Musoke P, Nakabiito C, Donnell D, Fleming T, Mirochnick M, Mofenson L, Fowler MG, Mmiro F, Guay L. Association of cord blood nevirapine concentration with reported timing of dose and HIV-1 transmission. AIDS 2006; 20:217-22. [PMID: 16511414 DOI: 10.1097/01.aids.0000198089.93196.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To correlate nevirapine presence and concentration in cord bloods of infants born to HIV-1 infected women with report of timing of dose and HIV-1 transmission at 6 weeks of age. METHODS All available cord blood samples from the infants of mothers enrolled in the HIVNET 012 trial who were randomly assigned to receive either nevirapine or zidovudine at the onset of labor were tested for a nevirapine concentration. RESULTS Nevirapine was detected in the cord blood of 244 of 259 (94%) infants whose mothers reported they took nevirapine in labor more than 1 h before delivery and in 12 of 13 (92%) infants whose mothers reported they took nevirapine less than 1 h before delivery. The median nevirapine cord blood concentration was 1238 ng/ml [interquartile range (IQR), 905-1474 ng/ml] and 122 ng/ml (IQR, 64-321 ng/ml) for women who reported taking nevirapine more or less than 1 h before delivery, respectively (P < 0.001). The median nevirapine cord blood concentration of infants who were HIV-1 negative at birth, but positive at 6-8 weeks of age (n = 11), was 916 ng/ml (IQR, 737-1245 ng/ml) compared with 1192 ng/ml (IQR, 875-1471 ng/ml) for uninfected infants (n = 236). CONCLUSIONS Cord blood nevirapine concentration correlated well with report of nevirapine administration and timing of dose before delivery. The nevirapine cord blood concentration was modestly lower in infected infants, although the number of infants infected between birth and 6-8 weeks of age was small (n = 11). The high adherence rate in the HIVNET 012 study supports the efficacy, simplicity and deliverability of this regimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Brooks Jackson
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, USA.
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Hope R, Warner M, Mushtaq S, Ward ME, Parsons T, Livermore DM. Effect of medium type, age and aeration on the MICs of tigecycline and classical tetracyclines. J Antimicrob Chemother 2005; 56:1042-6. [PMID: 16286361 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dki386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tigecycline is a minocycline derivative, belonging to a chemical class prone to oxidation and to medium-related effects on susceptibility. We therefore studied the effect of medium type and age on the tigecycline MICs found in broth and on agar by the Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute and British Society for Applied Chemotherapy methods. METHODS MICs of tigecycline, minocycline and tetracycline were determined for 96 non-fastidious bacteria and 20 streptococci using Mueller-Hinton broth (MHB), Mueller-Hinton agar (MHA), Iso-Sensitest broth (ISB) and Iso-Sensitest agar (ISA) as: (i) freshly-prepared media; (ii) fresh media but with the antibiotic added 1 day before inoculation and (iii) media stored for 7 days before antibiotic addition and use. RESULTS MICs of tigecycline in fresh MHB were up to two doubling dilutions higher than on or in MHA, ISA or ISB. Media with tigecycline or classical tetracyclines added a day before use gave raised MICs, though rarely by more than one dilution. MICs of tigecycline (less so classical tetracyclines) were increased in 7-day-old MHB or ISB, even though the antibiotic was freshly added. This latter effect was greatest for the most susceptible strains and was absent or much reduced for organisms with MICs > or = 8 mg/L; it did not occur in the corresponding agar dilution tests. Addition of blood to MHB largely abrogated the effect, as did steaming the broth before adding the antibiotic. CONCLUSIONS The raised MICs of tigecycline in aged broth probably reflect inactivation by dissolved oxygen. This accords with the lack of any MIC increase in newly-steamed (i.e. degassed) MHB or on aged agar (which is melted at 100 degrees C before use). Blood, which also abrogated the effect, may increase reducing capacity, protecting the tigecycline. At a practical level, broth MIC determinations for tigecycline should always employ fresh media.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Hope
- Antibiotic Resistance Monitoring Reference Laboratory, Centre for Infections, Heath Protection Agency, 61 Colindale Avenue, London NW9 5HT, UK
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Nettles RE, Kieffer TL, Kwon P, Monie D, Han Y, Parsons T, Cofrancesco J, Gallant JE, Quinn TC, Jackson B, Flexner C, Carson K, Ray S, Persaud D, Siliciano RF. Intermittent HIV-1 viremia (Blips) and drug resistance in patients receiving HAART. JAMA 2005; 293:817-29. [PMID: 15713771 DOI: 10.1001/jama.293.7.817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Many patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy experience intermittent episodes of detectable viremia ("blips"), which may raise concerns about drug resistance, lead to costly repeat measurements of viral RNA, and sometimes trigger alterations in therapy. OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that blips represent random biological and statistical variation around mean steady-state HIV-1 RNA levels slightly below 50 copies/mL rather than biologically significant elevations in viremia. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PATIENTS Between June 19, 2003, and February 9, 2004, patients receiving therapy underwent intensive sampling (every 2-3 days) over 3 to 4 months to define the frequency, magnitude, and duration of blips and their association with drug levels and other clinical variables. Blips were defined as HIV-1 RNA measurements greater than or equal to 50 copies/mL preceded and followed by measurements less than 50 copies/mL without a change in treatment. To determine whether blips result from or lead to drug resistance, an ultrasensitive genotyping assay was used to detect drug resistance mutations before, during, and after blips. Patients were 10 HIV-1-infected asymptomatic adults recruited by clinicians and followed up in the Moore Clinic at the Johns Hopkins Hospital. Patients had suppression of viremia to below 50 copies/mL while receiving a stable antiretroviral regimen for 6 months or longer. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES At each time point, plasma HIV-1 RNA levels were measured in 2 independent laboratories and drug resistance mutations were analyzed by clonal sequencing. RESULTS With the intensive sampling, blips were detected in 9 of 10 patients. Statistical analysis was consistent with random assay variation around a mean viral load below 50 copies/mL. Blips were not concordant on independent testing and had a short duration (median, <3 days) and low magnitude (median, 79 copies/mL). Blip frequency was not associated with demographic, clinical, or treatment variables. Blips did not occur in relation to illness, vaccination, or directly measured antiretroviral drug concentrations. Blips were marginally associated (P = .08) with reported episodes of nonadherence. Most importantly, in approximately 1000 independent clones sequenced for both protease and reverse transcriptase, no new resistance mutations were seen before, during, or shortly after blips. CONCLUSION Most blips in this population appear to represent random biological and statistical variation around mean HIV-1 levels below 50 copies/mL rather than clinically significant elevations in viremia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Nettles
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md 21205, USA
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Parsons T, Spendlove I, Nirula R, Writer M, Carter G, Carr F, Durrant LG. A novel CEA vaccine stimulates T cell proliferation, γIFN secretion and CEA specific CTL responses. Vaccine 2004; 22:3487-94. [PMID: 15308376 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.01.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2003] [Accepted: 01/20/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a cell surface protein over-expressed by a wide range of tumours. The mouse anti-idiotypic antibody, 708, mimics CEA and can induce both antibody and T cell responses that specifically recognise this antigen. Sequence analysis of 708 revealed homology with a previously identified HLA-A3 T cell epitope in CEA but not to other closely related molecules. 708 was chimerised to a human IgG1 to allow Fc targeting of APCs and was deimmunised to remove unwanted T cell epitopes. The chimerised and deimmunised, but not the mouse 708, could stimulate CTL, proliferation and gammaIFN responses in vitro in normal (HLA-A3, DR1) individuals. Furthermore, the CTLs killed tumour cells expressing CEA suggesting that this deimmunised antibody could be a useful vaccine for solid tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Parsons
- CRC Academic Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Nottingham, City Hospital, Hucknall Road, Nottingham NG5 1PB, UK
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Achard T, Belokon' YN, Fuentes JA, North M, Parsons T. Influence of aromatic substituents on metal(II)salen catalysed, asymmetric synthesis of α-methyl α-amino acids. Tetrahedron 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2004.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Ceron P, Finch A, Frey J, Kerrigan J, Parsons T, Urry G, Schlesinger H. Diboron Tetrachloride and Tetrafluoride as Reagents for the Synthesis of Organoboron Compounds. II. The Behavior of the Diboron Tetrahalides toward Unsaturated Organic Compounds1. J Am Chem Soc 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ja01533a007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Durrant LG, Parsons T, Moss R, Spendlove I, Carter G, Carr F. Human anti-idiotypic antibodies can be good immunogens as they target FC receptors on antigen-presenting cells allowing efficient stimulation of both helper and cytotoxic T-cell responses. Int J Cancer 2001; 92:414-20. [PMID: 11291080 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.1194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Anti-idiotypic antibodies that mimic tumour-associated antigens can stimulate anti-tumour T-cell responses. In this article, we have studied the role of Fc in the presentation of T-cell epitopes by 2 anti-idiotypic antibodies, 105AD7 and 708. The human monoclonal antibody 105AD7, which mimics CD55, stimulated strong in vitro T-cell proliferation, gammaIFN secretion and redirected cytotoxicity in unprimed T cells from healthy donors. However, removal of the Fc region of the anti-idiotype reduced the sensitivity of the assay 1,000-fold, as did inhibiting Fc uptake of the anti-idiotype by an excess of human IgG. The mouse anti-idiotype 708, which mimics CEA, failed to stimulate in vitro T-cell responses on unprimed T cells from healthy donors. However, when a human IgG1 Fc region replaced its mouse Fc region, the anti-idiotype induced T-cell proliferation, gammaIFN secretion and redirected cytotoxicity in lymphocytes from unimmunised donors. Human anti-idiotypes are therefore good immunogens since they target Fc receptors on antigen-presenting cells, allowing efficient stimulation of both helper and cytotoxic T-cell responses. The immunogenicity of other anti-idiotypes may therefore be enhanced by human Fc targeting of antigen-presenting cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- L G Durrant
- CRC Academic Unit of Clinical Oncology, University of Nottingham, City Hospital, Nottingham, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The increasing popularity of the use of complementary and alternative interventions or treatments appears to be particularly evident amongst people with chronic disease. In the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, one therapy that has been identified as having potential benefit, is herbal medicine (phytotherapy). OBJECTIVES To assess the effectiveness of herbal therapies in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. SEARCH STRATEGY We developed a search strategy using terms to include all forms of arthritis combined with herbal medicine. We searched the following electronic databases from 1966 to 2000: MEDLINE, EMBASE, CISCOM, AMED, CINAHL, Cochrane Controlled Trials Register (CCTR), Cochrane Musculoskeletal specialized register, Dissertation Abstracts, BIDS ISI and the Cochrane Complementary Medicine Fields Specialized Register. This was supplemented by searching the reference lists from retrieved trials. SELECTION CRITERIA All randomized trials of herbal interventions in rheumatoid arthritis, compared to placebo. Two reviewers independently read and selected each potential study according to the criteria published in an a priori protocol. Papers of any language were included. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Data were extracted independently by the same two reviewers and an assessment of methodological quality was conducted. MAIN RESULTS Eleven studies met the inclusion criteria. Seven of the studies compared gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) to placebo although three of these were not suitable for data pooling. The remaining studies considered four different herbal interventions and were assessed individually. All of the GLA studies found some improvement in clinical outcomes but methodology and study quality was variable, making it difficult to draw conclusive results. However, the better quality studies suggest potential relief of pain, morning stiffness and joint tenderness. With the exception of one intervention (Tripterygium wilfordii hook F), no serious side effects were reported. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS There appears to be some potential benefit for the use of GLA in rheumatoid arthritis although further studies are required to establish optimum dosage and duration of treatment. The single studies are inconclusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Little
- Institute of Health & Community Studies, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth House, Bournemouth University, 17 Christchurch Road, Bournemouth, Dorset, UK, BH1 3LG.
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Belokon’ YN, Green B, Ikonnikov NS, North M, Parsons T, Tararov VI. Optimized catalysts for the asymmetric addition of trimethylsilyl cyanide to aldehydes and ketones. Tetrahedron 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(00)01053-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The increasing popularity of complementary and alternative medicine appears to be particularly evident amongst people with chronic disease. In the treatment of osteoarthritis, one therapy that has been identified as having potential benefit, is herbal medicine (phytotherapy). OBJECTIVES To determine the effectiveness of herbal therapies in treating osteoarthritis. SEARCH STRATEGY Databases for mainstream and complementary medicine were searched using terms to include all forms of arthritis combined with herbal medicine. We searched the following electronic databases: MEDLINE, EMBASE, CISCOM, AMED, CINAHL, Cochrane Controlled Trials Register (CCTR), Cochrane Musculoskeletal specialized register, Dissertation Abstracts, BIDS ISI and the Cochrane Complementary Medicine Fields Specialized Register. We also searched the reference lists from retrieved trials. SELECTION CRITERIA All randomized trials of herbal interventions in osteoarthritis, compared to placebo. Studies were included according to the a priori protocol and agreement between two reviewers who independently read each selected paper for content and for assessment of quality. Papers of any language were included. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Data were extracted independently by the same two reviewers. MAIN RESULTS Five studies (four different herbal interventions) met the review criteria. Two studies were suitable for data pooling. It was not possible to draw firm conclusions from the single studies but two studies of avocado/soybean unsaponifiables showed beneficial effects on functional index, pain, intake of NSAIDs and global evaluation. No serious side effects were reported. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS The evidence for avocado-soybean unsaponifiables in the treatment of osteoarthritis is convincing but evidence for the other herbal interventions is insufficient to either recommend or discourage their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- C V Little
- Institute of Health & Community Studies, Bournemouth University, Bournemouth House, Bournemouth University, 17 Christchurch Road, Bournemouth, Dorset, UK, BH1 3LG.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Illness-related malnutrition has been reported in 10-55% of people in hospital and in ill people in the community in areas of food sufficiency. It has been suggested that dietary counseling to encourage the use of energy- and protein-rich foods should be used in preference to oral nutritional supplements in the management of illness-related malnutrition. OBJECTIVES To examine the evidence that dietary advice, to improve nutritional intake, in adults with illness-related malnutrition can improve survival, weight and anthropometry and to estimate the size of any additional effect of whole protein nutritional supplements when given in combination with dietary advice. SEARCH STRATEGY Six electronic databases were searched (Cochrane Library, Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL, ERIC and Dissertation Abstracts). Additional studies were sought by contacting dietitians, clinicians and the manufacturers of nutritional supplements. SELECTION CRITERIA All randomised controlled trials of dietary advice compared with no advice, oral nutritional supplements and dietary advice plus oral nutritional supplements in people with illness-related malnutrition. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two reviewers independently assessed the trial eligibility, methodological quality and extracted the data. MAIN RESULTS Fifteen trials (16 comparisons) met the inclusion criteria. An additional group of six trials were identified during searching which compared dietary advice plus supplements if required with no advice. These trials have been included in the review as an additional comparison. The review includes 1185 randomised participants from a variety of clinical backgrounds. The duration of follow-up was from six weeks to 12 months. Nine trials reported clearly concealed randomisation and allocation and two trials reported blinding of outcome assessment. Nine trials reported outcomes in an unusable format. Gain in weight was significantly higher for groups consuming supplements with or without advice, compared with advice alone. Energy intake was significantly improved in those consuming supplements compared with those receiving advice alone. There was insufficient data on group differences in functional outcomes and mortality. REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS This review highlights the lack of evidence for the provision of dietary advice in the management of illness-related malnutrition. The available data suggest that oral nutritional supplements have a greater role than dietary advice in the improvement of body weight and energy intake. A large adequately powered randomised controlled trial is needed to compare the efficacy of different forms of therapy to increase dietary intake in people with illness-related malnutrition and to examine the impact of this on clinical function and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Baldwin
- Systematic Reviews Training Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London, UK, WC1N 1EH.
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Farrow NA, Archer SJ, Wu ZJ, Camac DM, Parsons T, Rolfe M, Domaille PJ. Backbone resonance assignment of human UBC4. J Biomol NMR 2000; 18:363-364. [PMID: 11200532 DOI: 10.1023/a:1026525817687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Strack P, Caligiuri M, Pelletier M, Boisclair M, Theodoras A, Beer-Romero P, Glass S, Parsons T, Copeland RA, Auger KR, Benfield P, Brizuela L, Rolfe M. SCF(beta-TRCP) and phosphorylation dependent ubiquitinationof I kappa B alpha catalyzed by Ubc3 and Ubc4. Oncogene 2000; 19:3529-36. [PMID: 10918611 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1203647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
NF kappa B is an important transcriptional regulator of multiple pro-inflammatory genes. In non-stimulated cells NF kappa B is anchored in the cytoplasm via the inhibitory protein I kappa B alpha. Following exposure to diverse pro-inflammatory signals (e.g. TNF alpha, IL1, LPS) various signal transduction cascades are initiated converging on the I kappa B kinase (IKK). IKK phosphorylates I kappa B alpha on serines 32 and 36 signaling the inhibitory protein for ubiquitin-mediated degradation. The SCF beta-TRCP complex is the ubiquitin ligase responsible for mediating phosphorylation dependent ubiquitination of I kappa B alpha. Here we reconstitute phosphorylation dependent ubiquitination of I kappa B alpha using recombinant components. Our results suggest that the cullin specificity of the SCF complex may reflect its ability to associate with Rbx1. We demonstrate specific ubiquitination of I kappa B alpha by Ubc3 and Ubc4 in a phosphorylation and SCF beta-TRCP dependent manner and that both are capable of associating with the SCF beta-TRCP complex isolated from human cells. Finally, we show that Ubc4 is in excess to Ubc3 in THP.1 cells and 19 times more efficient in catalyzing the reaction, suggesting that Ubc4 is the preferentially used Ubc in this reaction in vivo. Our results also suggest that ubiquitin is transferred directly from the Ubc to phospho-I kappa B alpha in a SCF beta-TRCP dependent reaction. Oncogene (2000) 19, 3529 - 3536
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Affiliation(s)
- P Strack
- Mitotix, Inc., One Kendall Square, Building 600, Suite 622, Cambridge, Massachusetts, MA 02139, USA
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Abstract
It has been proposed that there are critical periods during childhood that influence the development of obesity, including gestation and early infancy, the period of adiposity rebound that occurs between ages 5 and 7 years, and adolescence. Despite an extensive literature, there is to date only modest evidence for most of the factors such as nutrition, physical activity and other behavioural factors that are suspected as playing a role in the development of obesity. A recent review of this evidence (Parsons et al. 1999) showed, however, a consistent relationship between socio-economic status (SES) of origin and adult obesity, whereby those from lower SES backgrounds were fatter subsequently in adulthood. This association appeared to apply to both men and women, a finding that contrasts with the trends observed in cross-sectional studies, of an association with SES for women only. There are several potential explanations for the SES of origin-adult obesity relationship. SES of origin may be confounded by parental body size; studies to date provide insufficient evidence of an independent association with SES after allowing for parental body size. Alternatively, environment in early life (for which SES of origin is a proxy measure) may have a long-term impact on obesity later in adulthood, through one or more of several processes. Three major potential explanations can be identified: (1) nutrition in infancy and childhood, either over- or undenutrition, followed subsequently by overnutrition; (2) psychological factors, possibly involving emotional deprivation in childhood; (3) cultural or social norms regarding dietary restraint and attitudes to fatness that may be acquired during childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Power
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Institute of Child Health, London, UK.
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Parsons T, Toda S, Stein RS, Barka A, Dieterich JH. Heightened odds of large earthquakes near istanbul: An interaction-based probability calculation. Science 2000; 288:661-5. [PMID: 10784447 DOI: 10.1126/science.288.5466.661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 349] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
We calculate the probability of strong shaking in Istanbul, an urban center of 10 million people, from the description of earthquakes on the North Anatolian fault system in the Marmara Sea during the past 500 years and test the resulting catalog against the frequency of damage in Istanbul during the preceding millennium. Departing from current practice, we include the time-dependent effect of stress transferred by the 1999 moment magnitude M = 7.4 Izmit earthquake to faults nearer to Istanbul. We find a 62 +/- 15% probability (one standard deviation) of strong shaking during the next 30 years and 32 +/- 12% during the next decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Parsons
- U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA. Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, 113-0032 Japan. Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, 80626 Turkey
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Fisher MA, Brocher TM, Hyndman RD, Trehu AM, Weaver CS, Creager KC, Crosson RS, Parsons T, Cooper AK, Mosher D, Spence G, Zelt BC, Hammer PT, ten Brink U, Pratt TL, Miller KC, Childs JR, Cochrane GR, Chopra S, Walia R. Seismic survey probes urban earthquake hazards in Pacific Northwest. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1029/99eo00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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