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Arulpriya P, Krishnaveni T, Shanmugasundaram T, Kadirvelu K. Mesoporous TiO2 @ Fe metal organic framework nanocomposite for an efficient chlorpyrifos detection and degradation. J IND ENG CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2022.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Vignesh A, Manigundan K, Santhoshkumar J, Shanmugasundaram T, Gopikrishnan V, Radhakrishnan M, Joseph J, Ayyasamy PM, Kumar GD, Meganathan R, Balagurunathan R. Microbial degradation, spectral analysis and toxicological assessment of malachite green by Streptomyces chrestomyceticus S20. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2020; 43:1457-1468. [PMID: 32249356 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-020-02339-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Malachite green (MG), a triphenylmethane dye is extensively used for coloring silk, aquaculture and textile industries, it has also has been reported toxic to life forms. This study aimed to investigate the biodegradation potential of MG by actinobacteria. The potent actinobacterial strain S20 used in this study was isolated from forest soil (Sabarimala, Kerala, India) and identified as Streptomyces chrestomyceticus based on phenotype and molecular features. Strain S20 degraded MG up to 59.65 ± 0.68% was studied in MSM medium and MG (300 mg l-1) and degradation was increased (90-99%) by additions of 1% glucose and yeast extract into the medium at pH 7. The treated metabolites from MG by S20 characterized by FT-IR and GC-MS. The results showed MG has been degraded into nontoxic compounds evaluated by (1) phytotoxic assay on Vigna radiata, (2) microbial toxicity on Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus luteus, Streptococcus sp. and Escherichia coli, (3) cytotoxicity assay in a human cell line (MCF 7). The toxicity studies demonstrated that the byproducts from MG degradation by S. chrestomyceticus S20 were no toxic to plants and microbes and less toxic to human cells as compared to the parent MG. Perhaps this is the first work reported on biodegradation of MG by S. chrestomyceticus which could be a potential candidate for the removal of MG from various environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angamuthu Vignesh
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Col. Dr. Jeppiaar Research Park, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 600 119, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kaari Manigundan
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Col. Dr. Jeppiaar Research Park, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 600 119, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jayakodi Santhoshkumar
- School of Bioscience and Technology, VIT University, Tamil Nadu, Vellore, 632 014, India
| | | | - Venugopal Gopikrishnan
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Col. Dr. Jeppiaar Research Park, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 600 119, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Manikkam Radhakrishnan
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Col. Dr. Jeppiaar Research Park, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 600 119, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Jerrine Joseph
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Col. Dr. Jeppiaar Research Park, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 600 119, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Govindaraj Dev Kumar
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Ramakodi Meganathan
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Hyderabad Zonal Centre, IICT-Campus, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500 007, India
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Manoj SR, Karthik C, Kadirvelu K, Arulselvi PI, Shanmugasundaram T, Bruno B, Rajkumar M. Understanding the molecular mechanisms for the enhanced phytoremediation of heavy metals through plant growth promoting rhizobacteria: A review. J Environ Manage 2020; 254:109779. [PMID: 31726280 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2019.109779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Rapid industrialization, modern agricultural practices and other anthropogenic activities add a significant quantity of toxic heavy metals into the environment, which induces severe toxic effects on all form of living organisms, alter the soil properties and its biological activity. Remediation of heavy metal contaminated sites has become an urgent necessity. Among the existing strategies, phytoremediation is an eco-friendly and much convincing tool for the remediation of heavy metals. However, the applicability of phytoremediation in contaminated sites is restricted by two prime factors such as i) slow growth rate at higher metal contaminated sites and ii) metal bioavailability. This circumstance could be minimized and accelerate the phytoremediation efficiency by incorporating the potential plant growth promoting rhizobacterial (PGPR) as a combined approach. PGPR inoculation might improve the plant growth through the production of plant growth promoting substances and improve the heavy metal remediation efficiency by the secretion of chelating agents, acidification and redox changes. Moreover, rhizobacterial inoculation consolidates the metal tolerance and uptake by regulating the expression of various metal transporters, tolerant and metal chelator genes. However, the exact underlying molecular mechanism of PGPR mediated plant growth promotion and phytoremediation of heavy metals is poorly understood. Thus, the present review provides clear information about the molecular mechanisms excreted by PGPR strains in plant growth promotion and phytoremediation of heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Ravi Manoj
- Plant and Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, Periyar University, Salem, 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Chinnannan Karthik
- DRDO - BU - Centre for Life Sciences, Bharathiar University Campus, Coimbatore, 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Krishna Kadirvelu
- DRDO - BU - Centre for Life Sciences, Bharathiar University Campus, Coimbatore, 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Padikasan Indra Arulselvi
- Plant and Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Biosciences, Periyar University, Salem, 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Thangavel Shanmugasundaram
- DRDO - BU - Centre for Life Sciences, Bharathiar University Campus, Coimbatore, 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Benedict Bruno
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mani Rajkumar
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
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Ramya S, Shanmugasundaram T, Balagurunathan R. Actinobacterial enzyme mediated synthesis of selenium nanoparticles for antibacterial, mosquito larvicidal and anthelminthic applications. Particulate Science and Technology 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/02726351.2018.1508098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Suseenthar Ramya
- Actinobacterial Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Biosciences, Periyar University, Periyar Palkalai Nagar, Salem, India
| | | | - Ramasamy Balagurunathan
- Actinobacterial Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Biosciences, Periyar University, Periyar Palkalai Nagar, Salem, India
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Shanmugasundaram T, Radhakrishnan M, Gopikrishnan V, Kadirvelu K, Balagurunathan R. Biocompatible silver, gold and silver/gold alloy nanoparticles for enhanced cancer therapy: in vitro and in vivo perspectives. Nanoscale 2017; 9:16773-16790. [PMID: 29072767 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr04979j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The aims of nano oncology are to detect, target and treat cancer cells without any side effects. The present study describes the microbial synthesis of biocompatible nanoparticles of silver (AgNPs), gold (AuNPs) and their alloy (Ag/AuNPs) for hepatoprotective activity against diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced liver cancer in a Sprague Dawley (SD) rat model. The crystalline nature and physicochemical features of the nanoparticles were identified by Fourier transform infra-red (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) analysis. Based on the instrumental analysis, the synthesised nanomaterials were found to be spherical in shape and have an average size in the nano region. Nitrate reductase was characterized after partial purification of the culture filtrate via polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and its molecular weight was determined as ∼45 kDa. Furthermore, the IC50 values of the AgNPs, AuNPs and Ag/AuNPs on HepG2 cells were determined as 38.42 μg ml-1, 43.25 μg ml-1 and 39.20 μg ml-1, respectively, and the antioxidant potential of the nanoparticles was also systematically analyzed. The No-Observed-Adverse-Effect-Level (NOAEL) for the AgNPs was determined to be 2000 mg per kg of body weight (bw) from an acute toxicity test. Similarly, the NOAEL of AuNPs and Ag/AuNPs were calculated as 1000 mg per kg bw. Based on the in vivo studies, a significant tumour reduction (∼45 to 65%) was observed in the nanoparticle-treated animals, which was further confirmed by hematological, biochemical, TEM and histopathological analysis. Immunohistochemistry analysis confirmed the presence of BAX antibodies, up to immunoreactive (3+) level in treated animals. These results strongly suggest the potential anticancer activities of AgNPs, AuNPs and Ag/AuNPs against DEN-induced liver cancer and they could be potential candidates for effective nano drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thangavel Shanmugasundaram
- Actinobacterial Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Periyar University, Periyar Palkalai Nagar, Salem 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Gopikrishnan V, Radhakrishnan M, Pazhanimurugan R, Shanmugasundaram T, Balagurunathan R. Antimicrobial, antitubercular and antiproliferative activities of quercetin isolated from the marine Streptomyces fradiae. BANGL J PHARMACOL 2017. [DOI: 10.3329/bjp.v12i3.33208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Shanmugasundaram T, Radhakrishnan M, Gopikrishnan V, Kadirvelu K, Balagurunathan R. In vitro antimicrobial and in vivo wound healing effect of actinobacterially synthesised nanoparticles of silver, gold and their alloy. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra08483h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibacterial, antifungal and wound healing potential of actinobacterially synthesised Ag, Au and Ag/Au nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Krishna Kadirvelu
- DRDO-BU Centre for Life Sciences
- Bharathiar University Campus
- Coimbatore 641 046
- India
| | - Ramasamy Balagurunathan
- Actinobacterial Research Laboratory
- Department of Microbiology
- Periyar University
- Salem 636 011
- India
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Shanmugasundaram T, Balagurunathan R. Bio-medically active zinc oxide nanoparticles synthesized by using extremophilic actinobacterium, Streptomyces sp. (MA30) and its characterization. Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology 2016; 45:1521-1529. [DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2016.1260577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thangavel Shanmugasundaram
- Actinobacterial Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Biosciences, Periyar University, Salem, India
| | - Ramasamy Balagurunathan
- Actinobacterial Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Biosciences, Periyar University, Salem, India
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Pazhanimurugan R, Radhakrishnan M, Shanmugasundaram T, Gopikrishnan V, Balagurunathan R. Terpenoid bioactive compound from Streptomyces rochei (M32): taxonomy, fermentation and biological activities. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 32:161. [PMID: 27562595 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-016-2121-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The present study emphasized the production of biologically active terpenoid compound from Streptomyces rochei M32, which was isolated from Western Ghats ecosystem, South India. The presence of resistant genes like mecA, vanA of Staphylococcus aureus and bla SHV, bla TEM of Pseudomonas aeruginosa was confirmed by molecular studies. The isolated compound from Streptomyces rochei M32 inhibited wide range of standard and clinical drug resistant pathogens and enteric pathogens. The rice bran supplemented basal medium influenced the active compound production on 8th day of fermentation and yielded 1875 mg of crude extract from 10 g of rice bran substrate. Purification and characterization of crude ethyl acetate extract was achieved by preparative thin layer chromatography. The active fraction was identified as terpenoid class compound by chemical screening. Based on the results of spectral studies (NMR, LC-MS, FTIR, etc.), the active compound was tentatively identified as 1, 19-bis (3-hydroxyazetidin-1-yl) nonadeca-5, 14-diene-1, 8, 12, 19-tetraone with molecular weight 462.41 g/mol. Minimum inhibitory concentration value ranges between 7.6 and 31.2 µg/mL against test organisms was observed. The cytotoxicity results on cervical cancer (HeLa) cell line showed IC50 value of 2.034 µg/mL. The corresponding compound is not previously reported from any microbial resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raasaiyah Pazhanimurugan
- Actinobacterial Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Periyar University, Periyar Palkalai Nagar, Salem, Tamil Nadu, 636 011, India
| | - Manikkam Radhakrishnan
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Sathyabama University, Jeppiar Nagar, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 119, India
| | - Thangavel Shanmugasundaram
- Actinobacterial Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Periyar University, Periyar Palkalai Nagar, Salem, Tamil Nadu, 636 011, India
| | - Venugopal Gopikrishnan
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Sathyabama University, Jeppiar Nagar, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600 119, India
| | - Ramasamy Balagurunathan
- Actinobacterial Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Periyar University, Periyar Palkalai Nagar, Salem, Tamil Nadu, 636 011, India.
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Gopikrishnan V, Radhakrishnan M, Shanmugasundaram T, Pazhanimurugan R, Balagurunathan R. Antibiofouling potential of quercetin compound from marine-derived actinobacterium, Streptomyces fradiae PE7 and its characterization. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int 2016; 23:13832-13842. [PMID: 27032633 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6532-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
An attempt has been made to isolate, purify and characterize antifouling compound from Streptomyces fradiae PE7 isolated from Vellar estuarine sediment, Parangipettai, South India. The microbial identification was done at species level based on its phenotypic, cell wall and molecular characteristics. Strain PE7 produced high quantity of antifouling compounds in agar surface fermentation when compared to submerged fermentation. In fermentation optimization, wide range of sugars, amino acids, minerals, pH, temperature and NaCl concentration was found to influence the antifouling compound production from the strain PE7. Antifouling compound PE7-C was purified from the crude extract by preparative TLC, and its activity against biofouling bacteria was confirmed by bioautography. Based on the physico-chemical characteristics, the chemical structure of the antifouling compound PE7-C was identified as quercetin (C15H10O7), a flavonoid class of compound with the molecular weight 302.23 g/mol. The purified quercetin was active against 18 biofouling bacteria with MIC range between 1.6 and 25 μg/ml, algal spore germination and mollusc foot adherence found at 100 μg/ml and 306 ± 19.6 μg ml(-1) respectively. The present study, for the first time, reported quercetin from marine-derived Streptomyces sp. PE7 with antifouling activity. This also leads to the repurposing of quercetin for the development of antifouling agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venugopal Gopikrishnan
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Sathyabama University, Jeppiar Nagar, Chennai, 600 119, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Manikkam Radhakrishnan
- Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Sathyabama University, Jeppiar Nagar, Chennai, 600 119, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Thangavel Shanmugasundaram
- Actinobacterial Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Periyar University, Periyar Palkalai Nagar, Salem, 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Raasaiyah Pazhanimurugan
- Actinobacterial Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Periyar University, Periyar Palkalai Nagar, Salem, 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramasamy Balagurunathan
- Actinobacterial Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Periyar University, Periyar Palkalai Nagar, Salem, 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Gopikrishnan V, Radhakrishnan M, Pazhanimurugan R, Shanmugasundaram T, Balagurunathan R. In vitro antimicrobial activity of actinobacteria from South East Coast of Tamil Nadu, India. BANGL J PHARMACOL 2016. [DOI: 10.3329/bjp.v11i1.26329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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Ramya S, Shanmugasundaram T, Balagurunathan R. Biomedical potential of actinobacterially synthesized selenium nanoparticles with special reference to anti-biofilm, anti-oxidant, wound healing, cytotoxic and anti-viral activities. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2015; 32:30-9. [PMID: 26302909 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Revised: 05/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Currently, there is an ever-increasing need to develop environmentally benign processes in place of synthetic protocols. As a result, researchers in the field of nanoparticle synthesis are focusing their attention on microbes from rare biological ecosystems. One potential actinobacterium, Streptomyces minutiscleroticus M10A62 isolated from a magnesite mine had the ability to synthesize selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs), extracellularly. Actinobacteria mediated SeNP synthesis were characterized by UV-visible, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) analysis. The UV-spectral analysis of SeNPs indicated the maximum absorption at 510nm, FT-IR spectral analysis confirms the presence of capping protein, peptide, amine and amide groups. The selenium signals confirm the presence of SeNPs. All the diffraction peaks in the XRD pattern and HR-TEM confirm the size of SeNPs in the range of 10-250nm. Further, the anti-biofilm and antioxidant activity of the SeNPs increased proportionally with rise in concentration, and the test strains reduced to 75% at concentration of 3.2μg. Selenium showed significant anti-proliferative activity against HeLa and HepG2 cell lines. The wound healing activity of SeNPs reveals that 5% selenium oinment heals the excision wound of Wistar rats up to 85% within 18 days compared to the standard ointment. The biosynthesized SeNPs exhibited good antiviral activity against Dengue virus. The present study concludes that extremophilic actinobacterial strain was a novel source for SeNPs with versatile biomedical applications and larger studies are needed to quantify these observed effects of SeNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suseenthar Ramya
- Actinobacterial Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Biosciences, Periyar University, Periyar Palkalai Nagar, Salem 636011, Tamil Nadu, India; Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Periyar University, Periyar Palkalai Nagar, Salem 636011, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Thangavel Shanmugasundaram
- Actinobacterial Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Biosciences, Periyar University, Periyar Palkalai Nagar, Salem 636011, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramasamy Balagurunathan
- Actinobacterial Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, School of Biosciences, Periyar University, Periyar Palkalai Nagar, Salem 636011, Tamil Nadu, India; Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Periyar University, Periyar Palkalai Nagar, Salem 636011, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Shanmugasundaram T, Balagurunathan R. Mosquito larvicidal activity of silver nanoparticles synthesised using actinobacterium, Streptomyces sp. M25 against Anopheles subpictus, Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti. J Parasit Dis 2013; 39:677-84. [PMID: 26688633 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-013-0412-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 11/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work reports the larvicidal potential of microbially synthesised silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by using an actinobacterium, Streptomyces sp. M25 isolated from Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu, India. The biomass of Streptomyces sp. was exposed to 1 mM silver nitrate (AgNO3) solution. The synthesis of AgNPs was confirmed by visual inspection followed by instrumental analysis such as UV-vis spectroscopy, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with selected area electron diffraction. Based on the TEM and XRD analysis, the average size of the AgNPs was determined to be 10-35 nm. The biosynthesised AgNPs exhibited significant larvicidal activity against malarial vector, Anopheles subpictus (LC50 51.34 mg/L and χ (2) value of 8.228), filarial vector, Culex quinquefasciatus (LC50 48.98 mg/L and χ (2) value of 14.307) and dengue vector, Aedes aegypti (LC50 60.23 mg/L and χ (2) value of 4.042), respectively. Similarly, AgNO3 had larvicidal activity against malarial vector, A. subpictus (LC50 42.544 mg/L and χ (2) value of 2.561), filarial vector, C. quinquefasciatus (LC50 44.922 mg/L and χ (2) value of 1.693) and dengue vector, A. aegypti (LC50 39.664 mg/L and χ (2) value of 5.724), respectively. The current study is a rapid, cost effective, eco-friendly and single step approach. The Streptomyces sp. M25 is a newly added source for the synthesis of AgNPs with improved larvicidal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Shanmugasundaram
- Actinobacterial Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Periyar University, Periyar Palkalai Nagar, Salem, 636 011 Tamil Nadu India
| | - R Balagurunathan
- Actinobacterial Research Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Periyar University, Periyar Palkalai Nagar, Salem, 636 011 Tamil Nadu India
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Shanmugasundaram T, Sundaresh CS, Kumar GK. Identification of a cysteine involved in the interaction between carbon monoxide dehydrogenase and corrinoid/Fe-S protein from Clostridium thermoaceticum. FEBS Lett 1993; 326:281-4. [PMID: 8325380 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(93)81808-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In Clostridium thermoaceticum, the synthesis of acetyl-CoA from methyl tetrahydrofolate occurs via a series of enzymatic reactions involving methyl transferase, corrinoid/Fe-S protein (corrinoid), carbon monoxide dehydrogenase (CODH) and ferredoxin. We have investigated the possibility of one or more of these proteins existing as multi-enzyme complexes in vivo with higher catalytic activity. A protein complex consisting of CODH and corrinoid was isolated from the cell-free extracts of Clostridium thermoaceticum. The acetyl-CoA synthesis was found to be approximately 1.8-fold higher with the complex than that observed with the isolated protein components. HPLC gel filtration analyses of the native and DTE reduced complex suggested that the CODH:corrinoid complex is held together primarily by an inter disulfide bond. By differential labeling of thiols with [14C]N-ethylmaleimide it was found that Cys-506 of the alpha subunit of CODH was involved in the disulfide linkage with the corrinoid of the complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Shanmugasundaram
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
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Shanmugasundaram T, Wood HG. Interaction of ferredoxin with carbon monoxide dehydrogenase from Clostridium thermoaceticum. J Biol Chem 1992; 267:897-900. [PMID: 1730678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetogenic bacteria, as determined with Clostridium thermoaceticum, synthesize acetate by the acetyl-CoA pathway which involves the reduction of CO2 to a methyl group and then combination of the methyl with CoA and a carbonyl group formed from CO or CO2 (Wood, H.G., Ragsdale, S.W., and Pezacka, E. (1986) Trends Biochem. Sci. 11, 14-18). Carbon monoxide dehydrogenase (CODH), the key enzyme in this pathway not only catalyzes the oxidation of CO to CO2 but also the final step, the synthesis of acetyl-CoA from a methyl group, CO, and CoA. Previously, it has been shown that ferredoxin can stimulate exchange of CO with CH3 14COSCoA (Ragsdale, S.W., and Wood, H.G. (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260, 3970-3977). In the present study, it has been observed that ferredoxin and CODH can form an electrostatically stabilized complex. In order to identify the ferredoxin binding region on CODH, the ferredoxin and CODH were cross-linked by using 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide. The cross-linked CODH-ferredoxin adduct was enzymatically as active as the uncross-linked complex. The native CODH and cross-linked CODH-ferredoxin complex were subjected to cyanogen bromide cleavage. By comparison of the high-performance liquid chromatography peptide profiles, it was observed that the mobility of at least one peptide is altered in the CODH-ferredoxin cross-linked complex. The peptide was identified with residues 229-239 of the alpha-subunit of CODH.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Shanmugasundaram
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
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Morton TA, Runquist JA, Ragsdale SW, Shanmugasundaram T, Wood HG, Ljungdahl LG. The primary structure of the subunits of carbon monoxide dehydrogenase/acetyl-CoA synthase from Clostridium thermoaceticum. J Biol Chem 1991; 266:23824-8. [PMID: 1748656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
CO dehydrogenase/acetyl-coenzyme A synthase (CODH) is the central enzyme in the pathway of acetyl-coenzyme A biosynthesis in Clostridium thermoaceticum. It catalyzes the interconversion of CO and CO2 and the synthesis of acetyl-coenzyme A from the methylated corrinoid/iron sulfur protein, CO, and coenzyme A. It is a nickel-iron-sulfur protein and contains two subunits in the form (alpha beta)3. Reported here is the cloning and sequencing of the genes for both subunits of CODH. The gene for the alpha subunit codes for a protein with 729 amino acids and a molecular weight of 81,730, and the beta gene for a protein with 674 amino acids and a molecular weight of 72,928. The alpha subunit follows the beta subunit by 23 bases and the genes for both subunits are preceded by a sequence which is similar to the Shine-Dalgarno sequence of Escherichia coli. No significant amino acid sequence homology has been found to any known sequence. Labeling CODH with 2,4-dinitrophenylsulfenyl chloride and isolating labeled peptide fragments demonstrated that a tryptophan, residue 418 of the alpha subunit, is protected by coenzyme A and thus may be considered a potential part of the coenzyme A site.
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Affiliation(s)
- T A Morton
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Georgia, Athens 30602
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Morton T, Runquist J, Ragsdale S, Shanmugasundaram T, Wood H, Ljungdahl L. The primary structure of the subunits of carbon monoxide dehydrogenase/acetyl-CoA synthase from Clostridium thermoaceticum. J Biol Chem 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(18)54357-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
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Shanmugasundaram T, Kumar GK, Shenoy BC, Wood HG. Chemical modification of the functional arginine residues of carbon monoxide dehydrogenase from Clostridium thermoaceticum. Biochemistry 1989; 28:7112-6. [PMID: 2819052 DOI: 10.1021/bi00443a049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Carbon monoxide dehydrogenase (CODH) is the key enzyme of autotrophic growth with CO or CO2 and H2 by the acetyl-CoA pathway. The enzyme from Clostridium thermoaceticum catalyzes the formation of acetyl-CoA from the methyl, carbonyl, and CoA groups and has separate binding sites for these moieties. In this study, we have determined the role of arginine residues in binding of CoA by CODH. Phenylglyoxal, an arginine-specific reagent, inactivated CODH, and CoA afforded about 80-85% protection against this inactivation. The other ligands, such as the carbonyl and the methyl groups, gave no protection. By circular dichroism, it was shown that the loss of activity is not due to extensive structural changes in CODH. Earlier, we showed that tryptophan residues are located at the CoA binding site of CODH [Shanmugasundaram, T., Kumar, G. K., & Wood, H. G. (1988) Biochemistry 27, 6499-6503]. A comparison of the fluorescence spectra of the native and phenylglyoxal-modified enzymes indicates that the reactive arginine residues appear to be located close to fluorescing tryptophans. Fluorescence spectral studies with CoA analogues or its components showed that CoA interacts with the tryptophan(s) of CODH through its adenine moiety. In addition, evidence is presented that the arginines interact with the pyrophosphate moiety of CoA.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Shanmugasundaram
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
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Shanmugasundaram T, Kumar GK, Wood HG. Involvement of tryptophan residues at the coenzyme A binding site of carbon monoxide dehydrogenase from Clostridium thermoaceticum. Biochemistry 1988; 27:6499-503. [PMID: 3219350 DOI: 10.1021/bi00417a045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Carbon monoxide dehydrogenase (CODH) from Clostridium thermoaceticum plays a central role in the newly discovered acetyl-CoA pathway [Wood, H.G., Ragsdale, S.W., & Pezacka, E. (1986) FEMS Microbiol. Rev. 39, 345-362]. The enzyme catalyzes the formation of acetyl-CoA from methyl, carbonyl, and CoA groups, and it has specific binding sites for these moieties. In this study, we have determined the role of tryptophans at these subsites. N-Bromosuccinimide (NBS) oxidation of the exposed and reactive tryptophans (5 out of a total of approximately 20) of CODH at pH 5.5 results in the partial inactivation of the exchange reaction (approximately 50%) involving carbon monoxide and the carbonyl group of the acetyl-CoA. Also, about 70% of the acetyl-CoA synthesis was abolished as a result of NBS modification. The presence of CoA (10 microM) produced complete protection against the partial inhibition of the exchange activity and the overall synthesis of acetyl-CoA caused by NBS. Additionally, none of the exposed tryptophans of CODH was modified in the presence of CoA. Ligands such as the methyl or the carbonyl groups did not afford protection against these inactivations or the modification of the exposed tryptophans. A significant fraction of the accessible fluorescence of CODH was shielded in the presence of CoA against acrylamide quenching. On the basis of these observations, it appears that certain tryptophans are involved at or near the CoA binding site of CODH.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Shanmugasundaram
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106
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Shanmugasundaram T, Ragsdale SW, Wood HG. Role of carbon monoxide dehydrogenase in acetate synthesis by the acetogenic bacterium, Acetobacterium woodii. Biofactors 1988; 1:147-52. [PMID: 2855585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Carbon monoxide dehydrogenase (CODH) plays a key role in acetate synthesis by the acetogenic bacterium, Clostridium thermoaceticum. Acetobacterium woodii, like C. thermoaceticum contains high levels of CODH. In this work we show that crude extracts of A. woodii synthesize acetate from methyl tetrahydrofolate or methyl iodide, carbon monoxide and coenzyme A (CoA). The purified CODH from A. woodii catalyzes an exchange reaction between CO and the carbonyl group of acetyl-CoA even faster than the C. thermoaceticum enzyme, indicating the CODH of A. woodii, like that of C. thermoaceticum is an acetyl-CoA synthetase. Fluorescence and EPR studies further support this postulate by demonstrating that CODH binds CoA near the CO binding site involving a tryptophan residue. The UV absorption spectra and the amino acid compositions of A. woodii and C. thermoaceticum CODHs are very similar. Evidence is presented using purified enzymes from A. woodii that the synthesis of acetyl-CoA occurs by a pathway similar to that utilized by C. thermoaceticum.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Shanmugasundaram
- Department of Biochemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
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