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Lamy K, Tran A, Portafaix T, Leroux MD, Baldet T. Impact of regional climate change on the mosquito vector Aedes albopictus in a tropical island environment: La Réunion. Sci Total Environ 2023; 875:162484. [PMID: 36889019 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The recent expansion of Aedes albopictus across continents in both tropical and temperate regions and the exponential growth of dengue cases over the past 50 years represent a significant risk to human health. Although climate change is not the only factor responsible for the increase and spread of dengue cases worldwide, it might increase the risk of disease transmission at global and regional scale. Here we show that regional and local variations in climate can induce differential impacts on the abundance of Ae. albopictus. We use the instructive example of Réunion Island with its varied climatic and environmental conditions and benefiting from the availability of meteorological, climatic, entomological and epidemiological data. Temperature and precipitation data based on regional climate model simulations (3 km × 3 km) are used as inputs to a mosquito population model for three different climate emission scenarios. Our objective is to study the impact of climate change on the life cycle dynamics of Ae. albopictus in the 2070-2100 time horizon. Our results show the joint influence of temperature and precipitation on Ae. albopictus abundance as a function of elevation and geographical subregion. At low-elevations areas, decreasing precipitation is expected to have a negative impact on environmental carrying capacity and, consequently, on Ae. albopictus abundance. At mid- and high-elevations, decreasing precipitation is expected to be counterbalanced by a significant warming, leading to faster development rates at all life stages, and consequently increasing the abundance of this important dengue vector in 2070-2100.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Lamy
- LACy, Laboratoire de l'Atmosphère et des Cyclones (UMR 8105 CNRS, Université de La Réunion, Météo-France), Saint-Denis de La Réunion, France.
| | - A Tran
- CIRAD, UMR TETIS, Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France
| | - T Portafaix
- LACy, Laboratoire de l'Atmosphère et des Cyclones (UMR 8105 CNRS, Université de La Réunion, Météo-France), Saint-Denis de La Réunion, France
| | - M D Leroux
- Météo-France, Direction Interrégionale pour l'Océan Indien, Saint-Denis de La Réunion, France
| | - T Baldet
- ASTRE, Univ. Montpellier, Cirad, INRA, Sainte-Clotilde, La Réunion, France
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Lamy K, Ranaivombola M, Bencherif H, Portafaix T, Toihir MA, Lakkala K, Arola A, Kujanpää J, Pitkänen MRA, Cadet JM. Correction: Lamy et al. Monitoring Solar Radiation UV Exposure in the Comoros. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 10475. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2021; 18:ijerph182413399. [PMID: 34949039 PMCID: PMC8707826 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182413399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kévin Lamy
- LACy, Laboratoire de L’Atmosphère et des Cyclones, UMR 8105 CNRS, Université de La Réunion, Météo-France, 97744 Saint-Denis, France; (M.R.); (H.B.); (T.P.); (J.-M.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Marion Ranaivombola
- LACy, Laboratoire de L’Atmosphère et des Cyclones, UMR 8105 CNRS, Université de La Réunion, Météo-France, 97744 Saint-Denis, France; (M.R.); (H.B.); (T.P.); (J.-M.C.)
| | - Hassan Bencherif
- LACy, Laboratoire de L’Atmosphère et des Cyclones, UMR 8105 CNRS, Université de La Réunion, Météo-France, 97744 Saint-Denis, France; (M.R.); (H.B.); (T.P.); (J.-M.C.)
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Thierry Portafaix
- LACy, Laboratoire de L’Atmosphère et des Cyclones, UMR 8105 CNRS, Université de La Réunion, Météo-France, 97744 Saint-Denis, France; (M.R.); (H.B.); (T.P.); (J.-M.C.)
| | | | - Kaisa Lakkala
- Space and Earth Observation Centre, Finnish Meteorological Institute, 99600 Sodankylä, Finland; (K.L.); (J.K.); (M.R.A.P.)
- Climate Research Programme, Finnish Meteorological Institute, 70211 Kuopio, Finland;
| | - Antti Arola
- Climate Research Programme, Finnish Meteorological Institute, 70211 Kuopio, Finland;
| | - Jukka Kujanpää
- Space and Earth Observation Centre, Finnish Meteorological Institute, 99600 Sodankylä, Finland; (K.L.); (J.K.); (M.R.A.P.)
| | - Mikko R. A. Pitkänen
- Space and Earth Observation Centre, Finnish Meteorological Institute, 99600 Sodankylä, Finland; (K.L.); (J.K.); (M.R.A.P.)
- Climate Research Programme, Finnish Meteorological Institute, 70211 Kuopio, Finland;
| | - Jean-Maurice Cadet
- LACy, Laboratoire de L’Atmosphère et des Cyclones, UMR 8105 CNRS, Université de La Réunion, Météo-France, 97744 Saint-Denis, France; (M.R.); (H.B.); (T.P.); (J.-M.C.)
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Cadet JM, Bencherif H, Cadet N, Lamy K, Portafaix T, Belus M, Brogniez C, Auriol F, Metzger JM, Wright CY. Solar UV Radiation in the Tropics: Human Exposure at Reunion Island (21° S, 55° E) during Summer Outdoor Activities. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:ijerph17218105. [PMID: 33153111 PMCID: PMC7662767 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17218105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Reunion Island is a popular tourist destination with sandy beaches, an active volcano (Piton de la Fournaise), and Piton des Neiges, the highest and most dominant geological feature on the island. Reunion is known to have high levels of solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) with an ultraviolet index (UVI) which can reach 8 in winter and 16 in summer (climatological conditions). UVR has been linked to skin cancer, melanoma, and eye disease such as cataracts. The World Health Organization (WHO) devised the UVI as a tool for expressing UVR intensity. Thresholds ranging from low (UVI 1-2) to extreme (UVI > 11) were defined depending on the risk to human health. The purpose of the study was to assess UVR exposure levels over three of the busiest tourist sites on the island. UVR was measured over several hours along popular hiking trails around Piton de la Fournaise (PDF), Piton des Neiges (PDN), and St-Leu Beach (LEU). The results were compared with those recorded by the local UV station at Saint-Denis. In addition, cumulative standard erythemal dose (SED) was calculated. Results showed that UVI exposure at PDF, PDN, and LEU were extreme (>11) and reached maximum UVI levels of 21.1, 22.5, and 14.5, respectively. Cumulative SEDs were multiple times higher than the thresholds established by the Fitzpatrick skin phototype classification. UVI measurements at the three study sites showed that Reunion Island is exposed to extreme UVR conditions. Public awareness campaigns are needed to inform the population of the health risks related to UVR exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Maurice Cadet
- LACy, Laboratoire de l’Atmosphère et des Cyclones (UMR 8105 CNRS, Université de La Réunion, Météo-France), Saint-Denis de La Réunion 97744, France; (H.B.); (K.L.); (T.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +26-22-6293-8297
| | - Hassan Bencherif
- LACy, Laboratoire de l’Atmosphère et des Cyclones (UMR 8105 CNRS, Université de La Réunion, Météo-France), Saint-Denis de La Réunion 97744, France; (H.B.); (K.L.); (T.P.)
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Nicolas Cadet
- Faculté de Lettres et Sciences Humaines, Université de La Réunion, Saint-Denis de La Réunion 97744, France;
| | - Kévin Lamy
- LACy, Laboratoire de l’Atmosphère et des Cyclones (UMR 8105 CNRS, Université de La Réunion, Météo-France), Saint-Denis de La Réunion 97744, France; (H.B.); (K.L.); (T.P.)
| | - Thierry Portafaix
- LACy, Laboratoire de l’Atmosphère et des Cyclones (UMR 8105 CNRS, Université de La Réunion, Météo-France), Saint-Denis de La Réunion 97744, France; (H.B.); (K.L.); (T.P.)
| | - Matthias Belus
- Conseil Régional de La Réunion, 5 Avenue René Cassin, Sainte-Clotilde 97490, La Réunion, France;
| | - Colette Brogniez
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8518–LOA–Laboratoire d’Optique Atmosphérique, F-59000 Lille, France; (C.B.); (F.A.)
| | - Frédérique Auriol
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8518–LOA–Laboratoire d’Optique Atmosphérique, F-59000 Lille, France; (C.B.); (F.A.)
| | - Jean-Marc Metzger
- Observatoire des Sciences de l’Univers de La Réunion, UMS 3365, 97744 Saint-Denis de La Réunion, France;
| | - Caradee Y. Wright
- Department of Geography, Geoinformatics and Meteorology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa;
- Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
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Cadet JM, Portafaix T, Bencherif H, Lamy K, Brogniez C, Auriol F, Metzger JM, Boudreault LE, Wright CY. Inter-Comparison Campaign of Solar UVR Instruments under Clear Sky Conditions at Reunion Island (21°S, 55°E). Int J Environ Res Public Health 2020; 17:ijerph17082867. [PMID: 32326363 PMCID: PMC7215606 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17082867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Measurement of solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is important for the assessment of potential beneficial and adverse impacts on the biosphere, plants, animals, and humans. Excess solar UVR exposure in humans is associated with skin carcinogenesis and immunosuppression. Several factors influence solar UVR at the Earth’s surface, such as latitude and cloud cover. Given the potential risks from solar UVR there is a need to measure solar UVR at different locations using effective instrumentation. Various instruments are available to measure solar UVR, but some are expensive and others are not portable, both restrictive variables for exposure assessments. Here, we compared solar UVR sensors commercialized at low or moderate cost to assess their performance and quality of measurements against a high-grade Bentham spectrometer. The inter-comparison campaign took place between March 2018 and February 2019 at Saint-Denis, La Réunion. Instruments evaluated included a Kipp&Zonen UVS-E-T radiometer, a Solar Light UV-Biometer, a SGLux UV-Cosine radiometer, and a Davis radiometer. Cloud fraction was considered using a SkyCamVision all-sky camera and the Tropospheric Ultraviolet Visible radiative transfer model was used to model clear-sky conditions. Overall, there was good reliability between the instruments over time, except for the Davis radiometer, which showed dependence on solar zenith angle. The Solar Light UV-Biometer and the Kipp&Zonen radiometer gave satisfactory results, while the low-cost SGLux radiometer performed better in clear sky conditions. Future studies should investigate temporal drift and stability over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Maurice Cadet
- LACy, Laboratoire de l’Atmosphère et des Cyclones (UMR 8105 CNRS, Université de La Réunion, Météo-France), 97744 Saint-Denis de La Réunion, France; (T.P.); (H.B.); (K.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +262-262-93-82-97
| | - Thierry Portafaix
- LACy, Laboratoire de l’Atmosphère et des Cyclones (UMR 8105 CNRS, Université de La Réunion, Météo-France), 97744 Saint-Denis de La Réunion, France; (T.P.); (H.B.); (K.L.)
| | - Hassan Bencherif
- LACy, Laboratoire de l’Atmosphère et des Cyclones (UMR 8105 CNRS, Université de La Réunion, Météo-France), 97744 Saint-Denis de La Réunion, France; (T.P.); (H.B.); (K.L.)
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Kévin Lamy
- LACy, Laboratoire de l’Atmosphère et des Cyclones (UMR 8105 CNRS, Université de La Réunion, Météo-France), 97744 Saint-Denis de La Réunion, France; (T.P.); (H.B.); (K.L.)
| | - Colette Brogniez
- Laboratoire d’Optique Atmosphérique, Université Lille, CNRS, UMR 8518, F-59000 Lille, France; (C.B.); (F.A.)
| | - Frédérique Auriol
- Laboratoire d’Optique Atmosphérique, Université Lille, CNRS, UMR 8518, F-59000 Lille, France; (C.B.); (F.A.)
| | - Jean-Marc Metzger
- Observatoire des Sciences de l’Univers de la Réunion, UMS 3365, 97744 Saint-Denis de la Réunion, France;
| | | | - Caradee Yael Wright
- Department of Geography, Geo-informatics and Meteorology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa;
- Environment and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria 0001, South Africa
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Lamy K, Portafaix T, Josse B, Brogniez C, Godin-Beekmann S, Bencherif H, Revell L, Akiyoshi H, Bekki S, Hegglin MI, Jöckel P, Kirner O, Marecal V, Morgenstern O, Stenke A, Zeng G, Abraham NL, Archibald AT, Butchart N, Chipperfield MP, Di Genova G, Deushi M, Dhomse SS, Hu RM, Kinnison D, Michou M, O'Connor FM, Oman LD, Pitari G, Plummer DA, Pyle JA, Rozanov E, Saint-Martin D, Sudo K, Tanaka TY, Visioni D, Yoshida K. Ultraviolet radiation modelling using output from the Chemistry Climate Model Initiative. Atmos Chem Phys Discuss 2019; 19:10087-10110. [PMID: 31632450 PMCID: PMC6800685 DOI: 10.5194/acp-2018-525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
We have derived values of the Ultraviolet Index (UVI) at solar noon using the Tropospheric Ultraviolet Model (TUV) driven by ozone, temperature and aerosol fields from climate simulations of the first phase of the Chemistry-Climate Model Initiative (CCMI-1). Since clouds remain one of the largest uncertainties in climate projections, we simulated only the clear-sky UVI. We compared the modelled UVI climatologies against present-day climatological values of UVI derived from both satellite data (the OMI-Aura OMUVBd product) and ground-based measurements (from the NDACC network). Depending on the region, relative differences between the UVI obtained from CCMI/TUV calculations and the ground-based measurements ranged between -5.9% and 10.6%. We then calculated the UVI evolution throughout the 21st century for the four Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs 2.6, 4.5, 6.0 and 8.5). Compared to 1960s values, we found an average increase in the UVI in 2100 (of 2-4%) in the tropical belt (30°N-30°S). For the mid-latitudes, we observed a 1.8 to 3.4 % increase in the Southern Hemisphere for RCP 2.6, 4.5 and 6.0, and found a 2.3% decrease in RCP 8.5. Higher increases in UVI are projected in the Northern Hemisphere except for RCP 8.5. At high latitudes, ozone recovery is well identified and induces a complete return of mean UVI levels to 1960 values for RCP 8.5 in the Southern Hemisphere. In the Northern Hemisphere, UVI levels in 2100 are higher by 0.5 to 5.5% for RCP 2.6, 4.5 and 6.0 and they are lower by 7.9% for RCP 8.5. We analysed the impacts of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) on UVI from 1960 by comparing CCMI sensitivity simulations (1960-2100) with fixed GHGs or ODSs at their respective 1960 levels. As expected with ODS fixed at their 1960 levels, there is no large decrease in ozone levels and consequently no sudden increase in UVI levels. With fixed GHG, we observed a delayed return of ozone to 1960 values, with a corresponding pattern of change observed on UVI, and looking at the UVI difference between 2090s values and 1960s values, we found an 8 % increase in the tropical belt during the summer of each hemisphere. Finally we show that, while in the Southern Hemisphere the UVI is mainly driven by total ozone column, in the Northern Hemisphere both total ozone column and aerosol optical depth drive UVI levels, with aerosol optical depth having twice as much influence on the UVI as total ozone column does.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kévin Lamy
- LACy, Laboratoire de l'Atmosphère et des Cyclones (UMR 8105 CNRS, Université de La Réunion, Météo-France), Saint-Denis de La Réunion, France
| | - Thierry Portafaix
- LACy, Laboratoire de l'Atmosphère et des Cyclones (UMR 8105 CNRS, Université de La Réunion, Météo-France), Saint-Denis de La Réunion, France
| | - Béatrice Josse
- Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques (CNRM) UMR 3589, Météo-France/CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Colette Brogniez
- Laboratoire d'Optique Atmosphérique (LOA), Université de Lille, Faculté des Sciences et Technologies, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Sophie Godin-Beekmann
- Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales, Service d'Aéronomie (LATMOS), CNRS, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, Pierre et Marie Curie University, Paris, France
| | - Hassan Bencherif
- LACy, Laboratoire de l'Atmosphère et des Cyclones (UMR 8105 CNRS, Université de La Réunion, Météo-France), Saint-Denis de La Réunion, France
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Laura Revell
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zürich (ETHZ), Zürich, Switzerland
- Bodeker Scientific, Christchurch, New Zealand
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | | | - Slimane Bekki
- Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales, Service d'Aéronomie (LATMOS), CNRS, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, Pierre et Marie Curie University, Paris, France
| | | | - Patrick Jöckel
- Institut für Physik der Atmosphäre, Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany
| | - Oliver Kirner
- Steinbuch Centre for Computing, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Virginie Marecal
- Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques (CNRM) UMR 3589, Météo-France/CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Olaf Morgenstern
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Andrea Stenke
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zürich (ETHZ), Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Guang Zeng
- National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA), Wellington, New Zealand
| | - N Luke Abraham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science, U.K
| | | | | | | | - Glauco Di Genova
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Universitá dell'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Makoto Deushi
- Meteorological Research Institute (MRI), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Sandip S Dhomse
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Rong-Ming Hu
- Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales, Service d'Aéronomie (LATMOS), CNRS, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace, Pierre et Marie Curie University, Paris, France
| | - Douglas Kinnison
- National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Martine Michou
- Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques (CNRM) UMR 3589, Météo-France/CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Luke D Oman
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration Goddard Space Flight Center (NASA GSFC), Greenbelt, Maryland, USA
| | - Giovanni Pitari
- Department of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Universitá dell'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | | | - John A Pyle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Eugene Rozanov
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science, ETH Zürich (ETHZ), Zürich, Switzerland
- Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos World Radiation Centre, Davos Dorf, Switzerland
| | - David Saint-Martin
- Centre National de Recherches Météorologiques (CNRM) UMR 3589, Météo-France/CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Kengo Sudo
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | | | - Daniele Visioni
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Kohei Yoshida
- Meteorological Research Institute (MRI), Tsukuba, Japan
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Portafaix T, Godin-Beekmann S, Payen G, de Mazière M, Langerock B, Fernandez S, Posny F, Cammas J, Metzger JM, Bencherif H, Vigouroux C, Marquestaut N. Ozone profiles obtained by DIAL technique at Maïdo Observatory in La Reunion Island: comparisons with ECC ozone-sondes, ground-based FTIR spectrometer and microwave radiometer measurements. EPJ Web of Conferences 2016. [DOI: 10.1051/epjconf/201611905005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Baray JL, Leveau J, Baldy S, Jouzel J, Keckhut P, Bergametti G, Ancellet G, Bencherif H, Cadet B, Carleer M, David C, De Mazière M, Faduilhe D, Beekmann SG, Goloub P, Goutail F, Metzger JM, Morel B, Pommereau JP, Porteneuve J, Portafaix T, Posny F, Robert L, Van Roozendael M. An instrumented station for the survey of ozone and climate change in the southern tropics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 8:1020-8. [PMID: 17240908 DOI: 10.1039/b607762e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The assessment of changes induced by human activities on Earth atmospheric composition and thus on global climate requires a long-term and regular survey of the stratospheric and tropospheric atmospheric layers. The objective of this paper is to describe the atmospheric observations performed continuously at Reunion Island (55.5 degrees east, 20.8 degrees south) for 15 years. The various instruments contributing to the systematic observations are described as well as the measured parameters, the accuracy and the database. The LiDAR systems give profiles of temperature, aerosols and ozone in the troposphere and stratosphere, probes give profiles of temperature, ozone and relative humidity, radiometers and spectrometers give stratospheric and tropospheric integrated columns of a variety of atmospheric trace gases. Data are included in international networks, and used for satellite validation. Moreover, some scientific activities for which this station offers exceptional opportunities are highlighted, especially air mass exchanges nearby dynamical barriers: (1) On the vertical scale through the tropical tropopause layer (stratosphere-troposphere exchange). (2) On the quasi-horizontal scale across the southern subtropical barrier separating the tropical stratospheric reservoir from mid- and high latitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Baray
- Pierre-Simon Laplace, Université Versailles Saint Quentin, 5 Boulevard d'Alembert, 78280 Guyancourt, France.
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