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Johnson DA, Funnell MP, Heaney LM, Cable TG, Wheeler PC, Bailey SJ, Clifford T, James LJ. Cannabidiol Oil Ingested as Sublingual Drops or Within Gelatin Capsules Shows Similar Pharmacokinetic Profiles in Healthy Males. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2023. [PMID: 37733294 DOI: 10.1089/can.2023.0117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Cannabidiol (CBD) is a nonintoxicating phytocannabinoid used in clinical treatments and sold widely in consumer products. CBD products may be designed for sublingual or oral delivery, but it is unclear whether either is advantageous for CBD absorption. This study compared CBD pharmacokinetics after providing CBD oil as sublingual drops and within orally ingested gelatin capsules, at a dose relevant to consumer products. Materials and Methods: Eight males completed three conditions in a participant-blinded, randomized crossover design. Participants received the following combinations of placebo and CBD-containing (69 mg/mL) hemp oil in capsules and as sublingual drops: placebo capsules/placebo drops (Placebo), CBD capsules/placebo drops (CBD-Caps), and placebo capsules/CBD drops (CBD-Drops). Blood samples, blood pressure, and subjective scales were obtained/completed hourly for 6 h and at 24 h. Discussion: Plasma CBD concentrations were not different between CBD-Caps and CBD-Drops (interaction effect p=0.76). Peak CBD concentration (28.0±15.6 vs. 24.0±22.2 ng/mL), time of peak CBD concentration (4±1 vs. 4±2 h), and area under the concentration curve (45.3±20.3 vs. 41.8±23.3 ng/mL·6 h) were not different between conditions (p≥0.25). Cardiometabolic outcomes (plasma glucose/triacylglycerol, heart rate, blood pressure), liver function (plasma alanine aminotransferase/aspartate aminotransferase), kidney function (plasma creatinine), and subjective feelings/symptoms were not different between conditions (p≥0.07). Conclusions: Plasma CBD profiles were comparable between CBD-Caps and CBD-Drops, suggesting that there were not meaningful differences in routes of CBD absorption between conditions. This implies that CBD oil delivered sublingually is swallowed before oral mucosal CBD absorption occurs, which may have implications for research design, CBD product design, and consumer product choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drusus A Johnson
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Mark P Funnell
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Liam M Heaney
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas G Cable
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick C Wheeler
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J Bailey
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Clifford
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
| | - Lewis J James
- National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine, School of Sport, Health and Exercise Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, Leicestershire, United Kingdom
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Kirby NV, Lucas SJE, Cable TG, Armstrong OJ, Weaver SR, Lucas RAI. Sex differences in adaptation to intermittent post-exercise sauna bathing in trained middle-distance runners. Sports Med Open 2021; 7:51. [PMID: 34297227 PMCID: PMC8302716 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-021-00342-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of sex on the efficacy of intermittent post-exercise sauna bathing to induce heat acclimation and improve markers of temperate exercise performance in trained athletes. Methods Twenty-six trained runners (16 female; mean ± SD, age 19 ± 1 years, V̇O2max F: 52.6 ± 6.9 mL⋅kg−1⋅min−1, M: 64.6 ± 2.4 mL⋅kg−1⋅min−1) performed a running heat tolerance test (30 min, 9 km⋅h−1/2% gradient, 40 °C/40%RH; HTT) and temperate (18 °C) exercise tests (maximal aerobic capacity [V̇O2max] and lactate profile) pre and post 3 weeks of normal exercise training plus 29 ± 1 min post-exercise sauna bathing (101–108 °C) 3 ± 1 times per week. Results Females and males exhibited similar reductions (interactions p > 0.05) in peak rectal temperature (− 0.3 °C; p < 0.001), skin temperature (− 0.9 °C; p < 0.001) and heart rate (− 9 beats·min−1; p = 0.001) during the HTT at post- vs pre-intervention. Only females exhibited an increase in active sweat glands on the forearm (measured via modified iodine technique; F: + 57%, p < 0.001; M: + 1%, p = 0.47). Conversely, only males increased forearm blood flow (measured via venous occlusion plethysmography; F: + 31%, p = 0.61; M: + 123%; p < 0.001). Females and males showed similar (interactions p > 0.05) improvements in V̇O2max (+ 5%; p = 0.02) and running speed at 4 mmol·L−1 blood lactate concentration (+ 0.4 km·h−1; p = 0.001). Conclusions Three weeks of post-exercise sauna bathing effectively induces heat acclimation in females and males, though possibly amid different thermoeffector adaptations. Post-exercise sauna bathing is also an effective ergogenic aid for both sexes. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40798-021-00342-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie V Kirby
- School of Sport Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK. .,Human and Environmental Physiology Research Unit, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, K1N 6N5, Canada.
| | - Samuel J E Lucas
- School of Sport Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Thomas G Cable
- School of Sport Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | | | - Samuel R Weaver
- School of Sport Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Rebekah A I Lucas
- School of Sport Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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