1
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Wu P, Hartman T, Almond L, Stevens J, Thrift J, Ojha J, Alves C, Shaw D, Laird MW, Emmins R, Zhu Y, Liu R, Du Z, Koehler R, Jostock T, Anderson K, Campbell C, Clarke H. Advancing Biologics Development Programs with Legacy Cell Lines: Advantages and Limitations of Genetic Testing for Addressing Clonality Concerns Prior to Availability of Late Stage Process and Product Consistency Data. PDA J Pharm Sci Technol 2019; 74:264-274. [PMID: 31519780 DOI: 10.5731/pdajpst.2018.009316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The bioprocessing industry uses recombinant mammalian cell lines to generate therapeutic biologic drugs. To ensure consistent product quality of the therapeutic proteins, it is imperative to have a controlled production process. Regulatory agencies and the biotechnology industry consider cell line "clonal origin" an important aspect of maintaining process control. Demonstration of clonal origin of the cell substrate, or production cell line, has received considerable attention in the past few years, and the industry has improved methods and devised standards to increase the probability and/or assurance of clonal derivation. However, older production cell lines developed before the implementation of these methods, herein referred to as "legacy cell lines," may not meet current regulatory expectations for demonstration of clonal derivation. In this article, the members of the IQ Consortium Working Group on Clonality present our position that the demonstration of process consistency and product comparability of critical quality attributes throughout the development life cycle should be sufficient to approve a license application without additional genetic analysis to support clonal origin, even for legacy cell lines that may not meet current day clonal derivation standards. With this commentary, we discuss advantages and limitations of genetic testing methods to support clonal derivation of legacy cell lines and wish to promote a mutual understanding with the regulatory authorities regarding their optional use during early drug development, subsequent to Investigational New Drug (IND) application and before demonstration of product and process consistency at Biologics License Applications (BLA) submission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Wu
- Bayer HealthCare LLC, Berkeley, CA;
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yuan Zhu
- GSK, King of Prussia, PA; Stevenage, UK
| | - Ren Liu
- Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ
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2
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Dübel S, Breitling F, Frenzel A, Jostock T, Marschall ALJ, Schirrmann T, Hust M. Anwendungsgebiete für rekombinante Antikörper. Rekombinante Antikörper 2019. [PMCID: PMC7153412 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-50276-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Antikörper werden seit Jahrzenten in zahlreichen unterschiedlichen Assays eingesetzt. Der wohl meistverbreitete Assay in der Forschung und Diagnostik ist der Immunblot, auch häufig als Westernblot bezeichnet. Hier werden zuerst Proteine mittels SDS-PAGE aufgetrennt, dann auf eine Nitrocellulose- oder PVDF-Membran übertragen und die nachzuweisenden Proteine mit Hilfe eines Detektionsantikörpers gefärbt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Dübel
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Deutschland
| | - Frank Breitling
- Institut für Mikrostrukturtechnik, Karlsruher Institut für Technologie, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Deutschland
| | | | | | | | | | - Michael Hust
- Institut für Biochemie, Biotechnologie und Bioinformatik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Deutschland
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3
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Ritter A, Nuciforo S, Schulze A, Oertli M, Rauschert T, Voedisch B, Geisse S, Jostock T, Laux H. Fam60A
plays a role for production stabilities of recombinant CHO cell lines. Biotechnol Bioeng 2016; 114:701-704. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anett Ritter
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research; Basel Switzerland
- Novartis Pharma AG; Integrated Biologics Profiling Unit; Werk Klybeck Postfach CH-4002 Basel Switzerland
| | - Sandro Nuciforo
- Novartis Pharma AG; Integrated Biologics Profiling Unit; Werk Klybeck Postfach CH-4002 Basel Switzerland
| | - Axel Schulze
- Novartis Pharma AG; Integrated Biologics Profiling Unit; Werk Klybeck Postfach CH-4002 Basel Switzerland
| | - Mevion Oertli
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research; Basel Switzerland
- Novartis Pharma AG; Integrated Biologics Profiling Unit; Werk Klybeck Postfach CH-4002 Basel Switzerland
| | | | - Bernd Voedisch
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research; Basel Switzerland
| | - Sabine Geisse
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research; Basel Switzerland
| | - Thomas Jostock
- Novartis Pharma AG; Integrated Biologics Profiling Unit; Werk Klybeck Postfach CH-4002 Basel Switzerland
| | - Holger Laux
- Novartis Pharma AG; Integrated Biologics Profiling Unit; Werk Klybeck Postfach CH-4002 Basel Switzerland
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4
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Ritter A, Rauschert T, Oertli M, Piehlmaier D, Mantas P, Kuntzelmann G, Lageyre N, Brannetti B, Voedisch B, Geisse S, Jostock T, Laux H. Disruption of the gene C12orf35
leads to increased productivities in recombinant CHO cell lines. Biotechnol Bioeng 2016; 113:2433-42. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anett Ritter
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research; Basel Switzerland
- Novartis Pharma AG; Integrated Biologics Profiling Unit, Werk Klybeck Postfach CH-4002; Basel Switzerland
| | | | - Mevion Oertli
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research; Basel Switzerland
- Novartis Pharma AG; Integrated Biologics Profiling Unit, Werk Klybeck Postfach CH-4002; Basel Switzerland
| | - Daniel Piehlmaier
- Novartis Pharma AG; Integrated Biologics Profiling Unit, Werk Klybeck Postfach CH-4002; Basel Switzerland
| | - Panagiotis Mantas
- Novartis Pharma AG; Integrated Biologics Profiling Unit, Werk Klybeck Postfach CH-4002; Basel Switzerland
| | | | - Nadine Lageyre
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research; Basel Switzerland
| | | | - Bernd Voedisch
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research; Basel Switzerland
| | - Sabine Geisse
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research; Basel Switzerland
| | - Thomas Jostock
- Novartis Pharma AG; Integrated Biologics Profiling Unit, Werk Klybeck Postfach CH-4002; Basel Switzerland
| | - Holger Laux
- Novartis Pharma AG; Integrated Biologics Profiling Unit, Werk Klybeck Postfach CH-4002; Basel Switzerland
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5
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Lang S, Drewello D, Wichter J, Nommay A, Wilms B, Knopf HP, Jostock T. Surface display vectors for selective detection and isolation of high level antibody producing cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2016; 113:2386-93. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Lang
- Integrated Biologics Profiling; Novartis Pharma AG; Postfach CH-4002, Basel Switzerland
| | - Delia Drewello
- Integrated Biologics Profiling; Novartis Pharma AG; Postfach CH-4002, Basel Switzerland
| | - Johannes Wichter
- GBW/H, White Biotechnology Research-Microbiology; BASF; Ludwigshafen Germany
| | - Audrey Nommay
- Integrated Biologics Profiling; Novartis Pharma AG; Postfach CH-4002, Basel Switzerland
| | - Burkhard Wilms
- Integrated Biologics Profiling; Novartis Pharma AG; Postfach CH-4002, Basel Switzerland
| | - Hans-Peter Knopf
- Integrated Biologics Profiling; Novartis Pharma AG; Postfach CH-4002, Basel Switzerland
| | - Thomas Jostock
- Integrated Biologics Profiling; Novartis Pharma AG; Postfach CH-4002, Basel Switzerland
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6
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Laux H, Bodendorf U, Romand S, Ritter A, Jostock T, Wilms B. Technology toolbox for cell line development - next generation cell line development technologies. BMC Proc 2015. [PMCID: PMC4685323 DOI: 10.1186/1753-6561-9-s9-p17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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7
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Ritter A, Wienberg J, Voedisch B, Wilms B, Geisse S, Jostock T, Laux H. Generation and characterization of a superior host cell line for biomanufacturing. BMC Proc 2015. [PMCID: PMC4685394 DOI: 10.1186/1753-6561-9-s9-p13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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8
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Ritter A, Voedisch B, Wienberg J, Wilms B, Geisse S, Jostock T, Laux H. Deletion of a telomeric region on chromosome 8 correlates with higher productivity and stability of CHO cell lines. Biotechnol Bioeng 2015; 113:1084-93. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.25876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anett Ritter
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research; Basel Switzerland
- Novartis Pharma AG; Integrated Biologics Profiling Unit; Werk Klybeck Postfach CH-4002 Basel Switzerland
| | - Bernd Voedisch
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research; Basel Switzerland
| | | | - Burkhard Wilms
- Novartis Pharma AG; Integrated Biologics Profiling Unit; Werk Klybeck Postfach CH-4002 Basel Switzerland
| | - Sabine Geisse
- Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research; Basel Switzerland
| | - Thomas Jostock
- Novartis Pharma AG; Integrated Biologics Profiling Unit; Werk Klybeck Postfach CH-4002 Basel Switzerland
| | - Holger Laux
- Novartis Pharma AG; Integrated Biologics Profiling Unit; Werk Klybeck Postfach CH-4002 Basel Switzerland
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9
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Laux H, Romand S, Ritter A, Oertli M, Fornaro M, Jostock T, Wilms B. Generation of genetically engineered CHO cell lines to support the production of a difficult to express therapeutic protein. BMC Proc 2013. [PMCID: PMC3980709 DOI: 10.1186/1753-6561-7-s6-p1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Abstract
Many therapeutically relevant proteins, like IgG antibodies, are highly complex, multimeric glycoproteins that are difficult to express in microbial systems and thus usually produced in mammalian host cells. During the past two decades, stable mammalian expression technologies have made huge progress resulting in highly increased speed of cell line development and yield of manufacturing processes. Here, we give an overview of technologies that are applied at different stages of state-of-the-art cell line development processes for biomanufacturing.
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12
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Chalaris A, Adam N, Sina C, Rosenstiel P, Lehmann-Koch J, Schirmacher P, Hartmann D, Cichy J, Gavrilova O, Schreiber S, Jostock T, Matthews V, Häsler R, Becker C, Neurath MF, Reiß K, Saftig P, Scheller J, Rose-John S. Critical role of the disintegrin metalloprotease ADAM17 for intestinal inflammation and regeneration in mice. J Biophys Biochem Cytol 2010. [DOI: 10.1083/jcb1901oia2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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13
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Chalaris A, Adam N, Sina C, Rosenstiel P, Lehmann-Koch J, Schirmacher P, Hartmann D, Cichy J, Gavrilova O, Schreiber S, Jostock T, Matthews V, Häsler R, Becker C, Neurath MF, Reiss K, Saftig P, Scheller J, Rose-John S. Critical role of the disintegrin metalloprotease ADAM17 for intestinal inflammation and regeneration in mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 207:1617-24. [PMID: 20603312 PMCID: PMC2916135 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20092366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The protease a disintegrin and metalloprotease (ADAM) 17 cleaves tumor necrosis factor (TNF), L-selectin, and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R) ligands from the plasma membrane. ADAM17 is expressed in most tissues and is up-regulated during inflammation and cancer. ADAM17-deficient mice are not viable. Conditional ADAM17 knockout models demonstrated proinflammatory activities of ADAM17 in septic shock via shedding of TNF. We used a novel gene targeting strategy to generate mice with dramatically reduced ADAM17 levels in all tissues. The resulting mice called ADAM17ex/ex were viable, showed compromised shedding of ADAM17 substrates from the cell surface, and developed eye, heart, and skin defects as a consequence of impaired EGF-R signaling caused by failure of shedding of EGF-R ligands. Unexpectedly, although the intestine of unchallenged homozygous ADAM17ex/ex mice was normal, ADAM17ex/ex mice showed substantially increased susceptibility to inflammation in dextran sulfate sodium colitis. This was a result of impaired shedding of EGF-R ligands resulting in failure to phosphorylate STAT3 via the EGF-R and, consequently, in defective regeneration of epithelial cells and breakdown of the intestinal barrier. Besides regulating the systemic availability of the proinflammatory cytokine TNF, our results demonstrate that ADAM17 is needed for vital regenerative activities during the immune response. Thus, our mouse model will help investigate ADAM17 as a potential drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athena Chalaris
- Institute of Biochemistry, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
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14
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Jostock T, Dragic Z, Fang J, Jooss K, Wilms B, Knopf HP. Combination of the 2A/furin technology with an animal component free cell line development platform process. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 87:1517-24. [PMID: 20461511 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-2625-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2010] [Revised: 04/14/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The recently described 2A/furin technology combines both chains of the antibody in a single open reading frame. Upon translation and secretion, the peptide is processed by the cell to generate native fully functional IgG antibodies. Here, we describe the results of an evaluation study of this technology for an industrial CHO cell line development process. The 2A/furin expression cassette setup was combined with a Novartis vector system. A transfection, selection, and cloning procedure in chemically defined media was established at Novartis and applied for a monoclonal test antibody. The productivity of 2A/furin-vector-derived clones in non-optimized generic shake flask fed-batch models was in a comparable range with clones derived from the reference control vector. Higher clonal production stability was seen for the majority of clones generated with the 2A/furin technology compared to the clones generated with the reference control vector. Product quality was analyzed by SDS-PAGE and no significant difference was detected between the two systems. Thus, it was shown that the 2A/furin technology can be successfully combined with a Novartis CHO expression system and platform. Due to the single ORF setup, the 2A/furin technology may therefore offer a suitable approach to reduce vector size and complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Jostock
- Process Sciences and Production, Novartis Biologics, Basel, Switzerland.
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15
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Abstract
Assembly of immunoglobulin G (IgG) molecules from two heavy and two light chains can be facilitated by connecting the light chain to the heavy chain by an oligopeptide linker. Production of the anti-lysozyme D1.3-single chain (sc) IgG1 in HEK293T cells yielded up to 8 mg/L functional scIgG polypeptide. Size exclusion chromatography of material purified by protein-A affinity chromatography revealed that the majority of the D1.3-scIgG1 molecules were 150 kDa monomers, with a K(D) of 1.8 x 10(-10) M measured by surface plasmon resonance; however, significant fractions of scIgG dimers and oligomers with molecular masses of 300 kDa and >600 kDa, respectively, were identified. The oligomerization resulted in an increased avidity. The observed oligomerization capability may allow new approaches for the generation of bispecific/multivalent antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schirrmann
- Abteilung Biotechnologie, Institut für Biochemie und Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany.
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16
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Strebe N, Guse A, Schüngel M, Schirrmann T, Hafner M, Jostock T, Hust M, Müller W, Dübel S. Functional knockdown of VCAM-1 at the posttranslational level with ER retained antibodies. J Immunol Methods 2008; 341:30-40. [PMID: 19038261 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2008.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2008] [Revised: 09/01/2008] [Accepted: 10/22/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) is involved in the recruitment of leukocytes to inflammatory sites. In this study we present the first functional knockdown of VCAM-1 using an ER retained antibody construct. We generated a knockdown construct encoding the VCAM-1 specific single chain variable fragment scFv6C7.1 fused to the C-terminal ER retention sequence KDEL. HEK-293:VCAM-YFP cells stably expressing a VCAM-YFP fusion protein were transiently transfected with the knockdown construct and showed down-regulation of surface VCAM-1. Knockdown efficiency of the system is time-dependent due to used transient transfection of the intrabody construct. Furthermore, intrabody mediated knockdown of HEK-293:VCAM-YFP cells also impaired cell-cell interaction with Jurkat cells that are endogenously expressing VLA-4, the physiological partner of VCAM-1. Posttranslational knockdown with ER retained antibodies seems to be a promising technique, as shown here for VCAM-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Strebe
- Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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Li J, Zhang C, Jostock T, Dübel S. Analysis of IgG heavy chain to light chain ratio with mutant Encephalomyocarditis virus internal ribosome entry site. Protein Eng Des Sel 2007; 20:491-6. [PMID: 17951613 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzm038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is a heterotetrameric protein assembled from two identical heavy chain (HC) and two identical light chain (LC) polypeptides. The HC and LC folding and assembly are a crucial step for IgG production. It is affected by the ratio of HC to LC expression (HC:LC). To date, the HC:LC ratio was analysed mainly by cotransfection of different amounts of two monocistronic HC and LC expression plasmids, an approach biased by different transfection efficiencies. To circumvent this problem, a series of Encephalomyocarditis virus internal ribosome entry site (EMCV IRES) variants with different translation efficiencies were created and used to mediate HC translation in bicistronic constructs. HC and LC were translated from the same mRNA, which provides a more accurate method for the evaluation of the optimal ratio of HC:LC. The results show that the IgG optimal expression levels were obtained when the IRES mediated translation efficiency of the HC was about 50% compared to the cap-dependent translation of the LC. A surprisingly sharp transition to low production was shown when the ratios were below 40%. This study provides a new method to investigate the production of heterodimeric proteins in mammalian cells and adds understanding to the mechanisms of IgG folding and assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiandong Li
- Institut für Biochemie und Biotechnologie, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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18
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Li J, Menzel C, Meier D, Zhang C, Dübel S, Jostock T. A comparative study of different vector designs for the mammalian expression of recombinant IgG antibodies. J Immunol Methods 2006; 318:113-24. [PMID: 17161420 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2006.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2006] [Revised: 09/19/2006] [Accepted: 10/15/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (Mab) are the fastest growing group of biopharmaceuticals in development. For production in mammalian cells, the four polypeptide chains of the immunoglobulin diheterotetramer must be assembled prior to exit from the endoplasmic reticulum. Various recombinant Mab expression vectors have been developed utilizing mono-and bicistronic expression cassettes encoded on one or two plasmids. However, there are only few studies providing information on the type of vector design optimal for stable or transient production of recombinant IgG. Consequently, in this study, we have constructed a series of mammalian expression vectors for the production of recombinant human or chimeric IgG antibodies with different expression cassette designs. Versions for monocistronic and bicistronic expression with different promoters and cistron arrangements were generated. Antibody production levels were evaluated in transiently transfected 293T and CHO-K1 cells. Furthermore, stable CHO cell lines were generated and analyzed for antibody production levels and stability. Our results indicate that compared to monocistronic expression, EMCV IRES-mediated bicistronic expression constructs yield similar antibody expression levels and show long-term stability in CHO cell lines. Addition of a third cistron encoding YFP was shown to facilitate screening and isolation of clones using a FACS sorter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiandong Li
- Institut für Biochemie und Biotechnologie, Abteilung Biotechnologie, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstr.7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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19
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Abstract
A multitude of systems for the presentation of foreign peptides or proteins on the surface of microorganisms has been developed within the past two decades. However, the majority of the bacterial surface display systems are devoted to the presentation of heterologous antigens to the immune system (vaccine generation). Bacteria are the preferable hosts for the generation of vast genetic repertoires, and their genetic manipulation and cultivation is easy. As a consequence, they provide promising systems for large-scale functional screenings, e.g. for enzyme activity or protein-protein interactions. This review will focus on examples of microbial surface display used for the screening of combinatorial repertoires. Further, we discuss future opportunities and promising candidate proteins not yet employed for that task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Jostock
- Technical University of Braunschweig, Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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20
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Jostock T, Vanhove M, Brepoels E, Van Gool R, Daukandt M, Wehnert A, Van Hegelsom R, Dransfield D, Sexton D, Devlin M, Ley A, Hoogenboom H, Müllberg J. Rapid generation of functional human IgG antibodies derived from Fab-on-phage display libraries. J Immunol Methods 2004; 289:65-80. [PMID: 15251413 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2004.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2003] [Revised: 01/16/2004] [Accepted: 03/25/2004] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a procedure for the rapid generation of fully human antibodies derived from "Fab-on-phage" display libraries. The technology is based on the compatibility of display vectors and IgG expression constructs, and allows reformatting of individual Fab clones to IgG, as well as reformatting of antibody repertoires. Examples of batch reformatting of an uncharacterized Fab repertoire and of a pool of Fabs, previously analyzed at the phage level, are presented. The average transient expression levels of the IgG constructs in HEK293T cells are above 10 microg/ml, allowing the use of conditioned media in functional assays without antibody purification. Furthermore, we describe a high-throughput purification method yielding IgG amounts sufficient for initial antibody characterization. Our technology allows the generation and production of antigen-specific complete human antibodies as fast or even faster than raising monoclonal antibodies by conventional hybridoma techniques.
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21
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Jostock T, Müllberg J, Ozbek S, Atreya R, Blinn G, Voltz N, Fischer M, Neurath MF, Rose-John S. Soluble gp130 is the natural inhibitor of soluble interleukin-6 receptor transsignaling responses. Eur J Biochem 2001; 268:160-7. [PMID: 11121117 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2001.01867.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 490] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Signal transduction in response to interleukin-6 (IL-6) requires binding of the cytokine to its receptor (IL-6R) and subsequent homodimerization of the signal transducer gp130. The complex of IL-6 and soluble IL-6R (sIL-6R) triggers dimerization of gp130 and induces responses on cells that do not express membrane bound IL-6R. Naturally occurring soluble gp130 (sgp130) can be found in a ternary complex with IL-6 and sIL-6R. We created recombinant sgp130 proteins that showed binding to IL-6 in complex with sIL-6R and inhibited IL-6/sIL-6R induced proliferation of BAF/3 cells expressing gp130. Surprisingly, sgp130 proteins did not affect IL-6 stimulated proliferation of BAF/3 cells expressing gp130 and membrane bound IL-6R, indicating that sgp130 did not interfere with IL-6 bound to IL-6R on the cell surface. Additionally, sgp130 partially inhibited proliferation induced by leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) and oncostatin M (OSM) albeit at higher concentrations. Recombinant sgp130 protein could be used to block the anti-apoptotic effect of sIL-6R on lamina propria cells from Crohn disease patients. We conclude that sgp130 is the natural inhibitor of IL-6 responses dependent on sIL-6R. Furthermore, recombinant sgp130 is expected to be a valuable therapeutic tool to specifically block disease states in which sIL-6R transsignaling responses exist, e.g. in morbus Crohn disease.
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MESH Headings
- Acute-Phase Reaction
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, CD/isolation & purification
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, CD/pharmacology
- Apoptosis
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Crohn Disease/pathology
- Cytokine Receptor gp130
- Humans
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/cytology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/drug effects
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/isolation & purification
- Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Membrane Glycoproteins/pharmacology
- Mice
- Protein Synthesis Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Receptors, Interleukin-6/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Interleukin-6/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/isolation & purification
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology
- Signal Transduction
- Solubility
- Transfection
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- T Jostock
- I. Medizinische Klinik, Section Pathophysiologie, Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz, Germany
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22
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Peters M, Blinn G, Jostock T, Schirmacher P, Meyer zum Büschenfelde KH, Galle PR, Rose-John S. Combined interleukin 6 and soluble interleukin 6 receptor accelerates murine liver regeneration. Gastroenterology 2000; 119:1663-71. [PMID: 11113088 DOI: 10.1053/gast.2000.20236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Liver regeneration after loss of hepatic tissue leads to hepatocyte and nonparenchymal cell proliferation and rapid restoration of liver parenchyma. Interleukin (IL)-6 is a key inducer of transcription factors involved in liver regeneration. Whenever IL-6 activates target cells, it binds to a specific IL-6 receptor (IL-6R). The IL-6/IL-6R complex then associates with the signal transducer gp130, leading to activation of intracellular signaling. METHODS We have recently constructed the designer cytokine Hyper-IL-6 consisting of soluble IL-6R covalently linked to IL-6, which directly stimulates gp130 even in the absence of membrane-bound IL-6R. We compared the influence of IL-6 and Hyper-IL-6 on liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy in mice. RESULTS The IL-6/soluble IL-6 fusion protein Hyper-IL-6, but not IL-6 alone, led to an earlier onset of hepatocellular proliferation resulting in an acceleration of liver weight restoration. Also, during liver regeneration, soluble IL-6R levels were increased. CONCLUSIONS These results emphasize a central role for IL-6 and soluble IL-6R in liver regeneration and indicate a possible therapeutic potential for the designer cytokine Hyper-IL-6 in clinical situations associated with liver regeneration such as acute hepatic failure or resection of chronically damaged liver tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Peters
- Division of Pathophysiology, First Department of Medicine, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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23
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Hoischen SH, Vollmer P, März P, Ozbek S, Götze KS, Peschel C, Jostock T, Geib T, Müllberg J, Mechtersheimer S, Fischer M, Grötzinger J, Galle PR, Rose-John S. Human herpes virus 8 interleukin-6 homologue triggers gp130 on neuronal and hematopoietic cells. Eur J Biochem 2000; 267:3604-12. [PMID: 10848977 DOI: 10.1046/j.1432-1327.2000.01389.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Human herpes virus-8 (HHV8) encodes a cytokine named viral interleukin-6 (vIL-6) that shares 25% amino-acid identity with its human homologue. Human IL-6 is known to be a growth and differentiation factor of lymphatic cells and plays a potential role in the pathophysiology of various lymphoproliferative diseases. vIL-6 is expressed in HHV8-associated-diseases including Kaposi's sarcoma, Body-cavity-based-lymphoma and Castleman's disease, suggesting a pathogenetic involvement in the malignant growth of B-cell associated diseases and other malignant tumours. We expressed vIL-6 in Escherichia coli as a fusion protein with recombinant periplasmic maltose binding protein. After cleavage from the maltose binding protein moiety and purification, vIL-6 was shown to be correctly folded using circular dichroism spectroscopy. A rabbit antiserum was raised against the recombinant vIL-6 protein. vIL-6 turned out to be active on cells that expressed gp130 but no IL-6 receptor (IL-6-R) suggesting that, in contrast to human IL-6, vIL-6 stimulated gp130 directly. Accordingly, vIL-6 activity could be inhibited by a soluble gp130 Fc Fusion protein. vIL-6 was shown to induce neuronal differentiation of rat pheochromocytoma cells and to stimulate colony formation of human hematopoietic progenitor cells. Thus, vIL-6 exhibits biologic activity that has only been observed for the IL-6/soluble IL-6-R complex but not for IL-6 alone. These properties are important for the evaluation of the pathophysiological potential of vIL-6.
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24
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Atreya R, Mudter J, Finotto S, Müllberg J, Jostock T, Wirtz S, Schütz M, Bartsch B, Holtmann M, Becker C, Strand D, Czaja J, Schlaak JF, Lehr HA, Autschbach F, Schürmann G, Nishimoto N, Yoshizaki K, Ito H, Kishimoto T, Galle PR, Rose-John S, Neurath MF. Blockade of interleukin 6 trans signaling suppresses T-cell resistance against apoptosis in chronic intestinal inflammation: evidence in crohn disease and experimental colitis in vivo. Nat Med 2000; 6:583-8. [PMID: 10802717 DOI: 10.1038/75068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 981] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-6 (refs. 1-5) can bind to cells lacking the IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) when it forms a complex with the soluble IL-6R (sIL-6R) (trans signaling). Here, we have assessed the contribution of this system to the increased resistance of mucosal T cells against apoptosis in Crohn disease (CD), a chronic inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract. A neutralizing antibody against IL-6R suppressed established experimental colitis in various animal models of CD mediated by type 1 T-helper cells, by inducing apoptosis of lamina propria T cells. Similarly, specific neutralization of sIL-6R in vivo by a newly designed gp130-Fc fusion protein caused suppression of colitis activity and induction of apoptosis, indicating that sIL-6R prevents mucosal T-cell apoptosis. In patients with CD, mucosal T cells showed strong evidence for IL-6 trans signaling, with activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, bcl-2 and bcl-xl. Blockade of IL-6 trans signaling caused T-cell apoptosis, indicating that the IL-6-sIL-6R system mediates the resistance of T cells to apoptosis in CD. These data indicate that a pathway of T-cell activation driven by IL-6-sIL-6R contributes to the perpetuation of chronic intestinal inflammation. Specific targeting of this pathway may be a promising new approach for the treatment of CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Atreya
- Lab. of Immunology and Section Pathophysiology, I. Medical Clinic, University of Mainz, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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25
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Müllberg J, Geib T, Jostock T, Hoischen SH, Vollmer P, Voltz N, Heinz D, Galle PR, Klouche M, Rose-John S. IL-6 receptor independent stimulation of human gp130 by viral IL-6. J Immunol 2000; 164:4672-7. [PMID: 10779772 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.9.4672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The genome of human herpes virus 8, which is associated with Kaposi's sarcoma, encodes proteins with similarities to cytokines and chemokines including a homologue of IL-6. Although the function of these viral proteins is unclear, they might have the potential to modulate the immune system. For viral IL-6 (vIL-6), it has been demonstrated that it stimulates IL-6-dependent cells, indicating that the IL-6R system is used. IL-6 binds to IL-6R, and the IL-6/IL-6R complex associates with gp130 which dimerizes and initiates intracellular signaling. Cells that only express gp130 but no IL-6R cannot be stimulated by IL-6 unless a soluble form of the IL-6R is present. This type of signaling has been shown for hematopoietic progenitor cells, endothelial cells, and smooth muscle cells. In this paper we show that purified recombinant vIL-6 binds to gp130 and stimulates primary human smooth muscle cells. IL-6R fails to bind vIL-6 and is not involved in its signaling. A Fc fusion protein of gp130 turned out to be a potent inhibitor of vIL-6. Our data demonstrate that vIL-6 is the first cytokine which directly binds and activates gp130. This property points to a possible role of this viral cytokine in the pathophysiology of human herpes virus 8.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Müllberg
- I. Medizinische Klinik, Abteilung Pathophysiologie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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26
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Müllberg J, Althoff K, Jostock T, Rose-John S. The importance of shedding of membrane proteins for cytokine biology. Eur Cytokine Netw 2000; 11:27-38. [PMID: 10705296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Most transmembrane proteins are subjected to limited proteolysis by cellular proteases. The recent molecular cloning of the TNF-a converting enzyme (TACE) revealed that this shedding enzyme belongs to a family of metalloproteinases which contain a disintegrin domain (ADAM family). The activity of these proteases seems to be tightly regulated. Mice lacking functional TACE are not viable demonstrating the importance of this enzyme for body homeostasis. This review describes the current knowledge of shedding enzymes, the ADAM protein family, the mechanism of shedding as well as physiological consequences of shedding of cytokines and cytokine receptors for cytokine biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Müllberg
- I. Medical Clinic, Section Pathophysiology, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 63, D-55101 Mainz, Germany
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27
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Jostock T, Blinn G, Renné C, Kallen KJ, Rose-John S, Müllberg J. Immunoadhesins of interleukin-6 and the IL-6/soluble IL-6R fusion protein hyper-IL-6. J Immunol Methods 1999; 223:171-83. [PMID: 10089096 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(98)00218-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Signal transduction in response to interleukin-6 (IL-6) results from homodimerization of gp130. This dimerization occurs after binding of IL-6 to its surface receptor (IL-6R) and can also be triggered by the complex of soluble IL-6R and IL-6. We fused IL-6 to the constant region of a human IgG1 heavy chain (Fc). IL-6Fc was expressed in COS-7 cells and purified via Protein A Sepharose. Using three different assays we found that the biological activity of this dimeric IL-6 protein is comparable with monomeric IL-6. Recently, we described the designer cytokine Hyper-IL-6 (H-IL-6) in which soluble IL-6R and IL-6 are connected via a flexible peptide linker. This molecule turned out to be 100-1000 times more effective than unlinked IL-6 and soluble IL-6R. Hyper-IL-6 acts on cells only expressing gp130 and is a potent stimulator of in vitro expansion of early hematopoietic precursors. Here we show that a Fc fusion protein of H-IL-6 (H-IL-6Fc) has the same biological activity on BAF/gp130 cells as H-IL-6. Furthermore, both H-IL-6 forms have a similar ability to induce the synthesis of acute phase proteins in human hepatoma cells HepG2 and in mice in vivo. The introduction of a thrombin cleavage site between H-IL-6 and the Fc portion of H-IL-6Fc made it possible to specifically recover biologically active monomeric H-IL-6 by limited proteolysis of the fusion protein. A more general use of cleavable immunoadhesins expressed in mammalian cells is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Jostock
- Medical Clinic, Pathophysiology Section, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Germany
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28
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Abstract
The interleukin-6-type family of cytokines bind to receptor complexes that share gp130 as a common signal-transducing subunit. So far, receptor antagonists for interleukin-6-type cytokines have been constructed that still bind to the specific ligand binding subunit of the receptor complex, but have lost the ability to stimulate gp130. Such receptor antagonists compete for a specific receptor of a member of the cytokine family. Interleukin-6 only binds to gp130 when complexed with the interleukin-6 receptor that exists as a membrane bound and soluble molecule. Here we have constructed fusion proteins that consist of the soluble form of the human interleukin-6 receptor covalently linked to interleukin-6 receptor antagonists. These fusion proteins directly bind to gp130. Moreover, at concentrations of 10-50 nM they completely neutralize not only the biological activity of interleukin-6 but also of other cytokines of the interleukin-6-type family that act via gp130 homodimers or gp130/LIF-R heterodimers. Therefore, these gp130 targeting cytokine antagonists might be useful therapeutic tools in disease states that are related to cytokines of the interleukin-6 family.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Renné
- I. Medizinische Klinik, Abteilung Pathophysiologie, Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 63, D-55101 Mainz, Germany
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29
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Ozbek S, Grötzinger J, Krebs B, Fischer M, Wollmer A, Jostock T, Müllberg J, Rose-John S. The membrane proximal cytokine receptor domain of the human interleukin-6 receptor is sufficient for ligand binding but not for gp130 association. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:21374-9. [PMID: 9694899 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.33.21374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) belongs to the family of the "four-helix bundle" cytokines. The extracellular parts of their receptors consist of several Ig- and fibronectin type III-like domains. Characteristic of these receptors is a cytokine-binding module consisting of two such fibronectin domains defined by a set of four conserved cysteines and a tryptophan-serine-X-tryptophan-serine (WSXWS) sequence motif. On target cells, IL-6 binds to a specific IL-6 receptor (IL-6R), and the complex of IL-6.IL-6R associates with the signal transducing protein gp130. The IL-6R consists of three extracellular domains. The NH2-terminal Ig-like domain is not needed for ligand binding and signal initiation. Here we have investigated the properties and functional role of the third membrane proximal domain. The protein can be efficiently expressed in bacteria, and the refolded domain is shown to be sufficient for IL-6 binding. When complexed with IL-6, however, it fails to associate with the gp130 protein. Since the second and the third domain together with IL-6 can bind to gp130 and induce signaling, our data demonstrate the ligand binding function of the third domain and point to an important role of the second domain in complex formation with gp130 and signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ozbek
- I. Medizinische Klinik, Abteilung Pathophysiologie, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 63, D-55101 Mainz, Germany
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