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Fong PY, Loh TKS, Shen L, Eu DKC, Lim CM. Patterns of recurrence in HNSCC patients treated definitively with upfront surgery, chemoradiation. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2024; 281:2645-2653. [PMID: 38498191 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-024-08556-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Locally-advanced oropharynx (LA-OPSCC) and hypopharynx/larynx (LA-HPLSCC) cancers may be treated with surgical or non-surgical modalities. While survival outcomes are comparable, patterns of disease recurrence are not well established. METHODS Retrospective review of 98 consecutive patients with LA-OPSCC or LA-HPLSCC treated by either surgery plus adjuvant therapy (S-POAT, n = 48) or chemoradiation (CRT, n = 50). RESULTS CRT-treated patients had higher recurrence risk (42% vs 14.6%, p = 0.003). This was significant only among LA-OPSCC (p = 0.002) but not LA-HPLSCC patients (p = 0.159). Median time to recurrence in LA-OPSCC was 16.8 vs 11.6 months, and 16.6 vs 15.1 months in LA-HPLSCC, comparing surgically treated and CRT cohorts. Surgically-treated p16-negative LA-OPSCC experienced improved locoregional control than CRT-treated patients (100% vs 12.5%, p = 0.045) and 3-year RFS (83.0% vs 33.3%, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Locoregional control and RFS benefit was observed in surgically treated p16 negative LA-OPSCC patients. Locoregional recurrence is the main reason of treatment failure in LA-HNSCC, occurring commonly within the first 2 years post-treatment, regardless of treatment option.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Yuan Fong
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Thomas Kwok Seng Loh
- Department of Otolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery, National University Health System, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Level 7 NUHS Tower Block, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
- National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Liang Shen
- Biostatistics Unit, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Donovan Kum Chuen Eu
- Department of Otolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery, National University Health System, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Level 7 NUHS Tower Block, Singapore, 119228, Singapore.
- National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Chwee Ming Lim
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, 20 College Road, Level 5 Academia, Singapore, 169856, Singapore.
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2
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Yang SP, Nga ME, Bundele MM, Chiosea SI, Tan SH, Lum JHY, Parameswaran R, Lim MY, Li H, Cheah WK, Sek KSY, Tan ATH, Loh TKS, Ngiam KY, Tan WB, Huang X, Ho TWT, Lim KH, Lim CM, Singaporewalla RM, Rao AD, Rao NCL, Chua DYK, Chin DCW, Wald AI, LiVolsi VA, Nikiforov YE, Tai ES. Performance of a multigene genomic classifier and clinical parameters in predicting malignancy in a Southeast Asian cohort of patients with cytologically indeterminate thyroid nodules. Cancer Cytopathol 2024; 132:309-319. [PMID: 38319805 DOI: 10.1002/cncy.22796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most thyroid nodules are benign. It is important to determine the likelihood of malignancy in such nodules to avoid unnecessary surgery. The primary objective of this study was to characterize the genetic landscape and the performance of a multigene genomic classifier in fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsies of cytologically indeterminate thyroid nodules in a Southeast Asian cohort. The secondary objective was to assess the predictive contribution of clinical characteristics to thyroid malignancy. METHODS This prospective, multicenter, blinded study included 132 patients with 134 nodules. Molecular testing (MT) with ThyroSeq v3 was performed on clinical or ex-vivo FNA samples. Centralized pathology review also was performed. RESULTS Of 134 nodules, consisting of 61% Bethesda category III, 20% category IV, and 19% category V cytology, and 56% were histologically malignant. ThyroSeq yielded negative results in 37.3% of all FNA samples and in 42% of Bethesda category III-IV cytology nodules. Most positive samples had RAS-like (41.7%), followed by BRAF-like (22.6%), and high-risk (17.9%) alterations. Compared with North American patients, the authors observed a higher proportion of RAS-like mutations, specifically NRAS, in Bethesda categories III and IV and more BRAF-like mutations in Bethesda category III. The test had sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value, and positive predictive value of 89.6%, 73.7%, 84.0%, and 82.1%, respectively. The risk of malignancy was predicted by positive MT and high-suspicion ultrasound characteristics according to American Thyroid Association criteria. CONCLUSIONS Even in the current Southeast Asian cohort with nodules that had a high pretest cancer probability, MT could lead to potential avoidance of diagnostic surgery in 42% of patients with Bethesda category III-IV nodules. MT positivity was a stronger predictor of malignancy than clinical parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Peiling Yang
- Endocrinology Division, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Endocrinology Division, Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Min En Nga
- Department of Pathology, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Simion I Chiosea
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sze Hwa Tan
- Department of Pathology, Changi General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jeffrey H Y Lum
- Department of Pathology, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Rajeev Parameswaran
- Division of Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ming Yann Lim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wei Keat Cheah
- Division of Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Breast and Endocrine Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Ng Teng Fong General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kathleen Su-Yen Sek
- Endocrinology Division, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Endocrinology Division, Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Andre Teck Huat Tan
- Endocrinology Division, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Endocrinology Division, Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Thomas Kwok Seng Loh
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Otolaryngology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kee Yuan Ngiam
- Division of Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wee Boon Tan
- Division of Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Endocrine Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xinyong Huang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Changi General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Keng Hua Lim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chwee Ming Lim
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Duke-National University of Singapore Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Reyaz M Singaporewalla
- Endocrine and Head Neck Surgery Unit, Department of General Surgery, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anil Dinkar Rao
- Endocrine and Head Neck Surgery Unit, Department of General Surgery, Khoo Teck Puat Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Nandini C L Rao
- Department of Pathology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dennis Yu Kim Chua
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - David Chao-Wu Chin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Changi General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Abigail I Wald
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Virginia A LiVolsi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yuri E Nikiforov
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - E Shyong Tai
- Endocrinology Division, Department of Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
- Endocrinology Division, Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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3
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Yeo LLL, Chan ACY, Jing MX, Dan YY, Loh TKS, Fisher D, Ong JJY. Protecting high-risk institutionalised residents from COVID-19: a Singapore dormitory experience. Singapore Med J 2024; 65:S9-S11. [PMID: 35611519 DOI: 10.11622/smedj.2022059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Leong Litt Yeo
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Amanda Chee Yun Chan
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ming Xue Jing
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yock Young Dan
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Thomas Kwok Seng Loh
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Dale Fisher
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Jonathan Jia Yuan Ong
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Wu B, Loh TKS, Vanecek T, Michal M, Petersson F. (Mammary Analogue) Secretory Carcinoma of the Nasal Cavity: Report of a Rare Case with p63 and DOG1 Expression and Uncommon Exon 4-Exon 14 ETV6-NTRK3 Fusion Diagnosed with Next Generation Sequencing. Head Neck Pathol 2019; 14:542-549. [PMID: 31273600 PMCID: PMC7235099 DOI: 10.1007/s12105-019-01051-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
We present a 72 years old male with a left nasal cavity (mammary analogue) secretory carcinoma (SC) which exhibited classical morphological features on light microscopical examination, diffuse strong S100 and mammoglobin positivity on immunohistochemistry, and ETV6-NTRK3 gene fusion on next generation sequencing (NGS) analysis. Unusual features of this tumor are expression of p63 and DOG1 on immunohistochemistry and the atypical junction between Exon 4 of the ETV6 gene and Exon 14 of the NTRK3 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingcheng Wu
- grid.410759.e0000 0004 0451 6143Department of Pathology, National University Health System, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119074 Singapore
| | - Thomas Kwok Seng Loh
- grid.410759.e0000 0004 0451 6143Department of Otolaryngology, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tomas Vanecek
- Molecular and Genetic Laboratory, Biopticka Laboratory Ltd, Plzen, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Michal
- Molecular and Genetic Laboratory, Biopticka Laboratory Ltd, Plzen, Czech Republic ,grid.4491.80000 0004 1937 116XDepartment of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine in Plzen, Charles University, Plzen, Czech Republic
| | - Fredrik Petersson
- grid.410759.e0000 0004 0451 6143Department of Pathology, National University Health System, 5 Lower Kent Ridge Road, Singapore, 119074 Singapore
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5
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Goh X, Lum J, Yang SP, Chionh SB, Koay E, Chiu L, Parameswaran R, Ngiam KY, Loh TKS, Nga ME, Lim CM. BRAF mutation in papillary thyroid cancer-Prevalence and clinical correlation in a South-East Asian cohort. Clin Otolaryngol 2018; 44:114-123. [PMID: 30294871 DOI: 10.1111/coa.13238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE BRAF mutation is the commonest mutation seen in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC), but its prevalence and clinical significance vary across countries. We aim to evaluate the prevalence and clinico-pathological correlation of BRAF mutation in PTC patients at our centre. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective cohort study of 75 consecutive archival thyroid specimens, whereby BRAF mutation was detected using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique and correlated with clinical and pathological features and outcomes. SETTING Tertiary university hospital in Singapore. PARTICIPANTS A total of 75 consecutive histologically proven archival thyroid specimens from patients who underwent thyroidectomy for PTC were accrued for this study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Main outcome is to determine the prevalence of the BRAF mutation in our South-East Asian population. Secondary aim is to correlate the mutational status with adverse pathological features like histological variants, multi-focality, lymphovascular invasion and extra-thyroidal extension, clinical features like demographics, TNM stage, recurrence and survival, as well as treatment details like type of surgery performed and radioiodine doses. RESULTS BRAF mutation was detected in 56% (42/75) of PTC. All but one BRAF-mutated PTC had the BRAFV600E mutation. BRAF-mutated tumours were associated with an advanced T-stage (P = 0.049) and were more likely to have a central neck dissection (P = 0.036). There was no significant correlation between BRAF mutation status and clinical outcomes. CONCLUSION The prevalence of BRAF mutation is 56%. BRAF mutation-positive tumours were associated with locally advanced disease, but not poorer survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueying Goh
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | - Jeffery Lum
- Department of Pathology, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | - Samantha Peiling Yang
- Division of Endocrinology, University Medicine Cluster, National University Hospital, Singapore.,Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Siok Bee Chionh
- Division of Endocrinology, University Medicine Cluster, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | - Evelyn Koay
- Department of Pathology, National University Hospital, Singapore.,Department of Pathology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | - Lily Chiu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | - Rajeev Parameswaran
- Division of General Surgery, University Surgical Cluster, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | - Kee Yuan Ngiam
- Division of General Surgery, University Surgical Cluster, National University Hospital, Singapore
| | - Thomas Kwok Seng Loh
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, National University Hospital, Singapore.,Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Min En Nga
- Department of Pathology, National University Hospital, Singapore.,Department of Pathology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chwee Ming Lim
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, National University Hospital, Singapore.,Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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6
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Syn NL, Lim PL, Kong LR, Wang L, Wong ALA, Lim CM, Loh TKS, Siemeister G, Goh BC, Hsieh WS. Pan-CDK inhibition augments cisplatin lethality in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell lines and xenograft models. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2018; 3:9. [PMID: 29666673 PMCID: PMC5897350 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-018-0010-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In addition to their canonical roles in regulating cell cycle transition and transcription, cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) have been shown to coordinate DNA damage response pathways, suggesting a rational pairing of CDK inhibitors with genotoxic chemotherapeutic agents in the treatment of human malignancies. Here, we report that roniciclib (BAY1000394), a potent pan-CDK inhibitor, displays promising anti-neoplastic activity as a single agent and potentiates cisplatin lethality in preclinical nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) models. Proliferation of the NPC cell lines HONE-1, CNE-2, C666-1, and HK-1 was effectively curbed by roniciclib treatment, with IC50 values between 11 and 38 nmol/L. These anticancer effects were mediated by pleiotropic mechanisms consistent with successful blockade of cell cycle CDKs 1, 2, 3, and 4 and transcriptional CDKs 7 and 9, ultimately resulting in arrest at G1/S and G2/M, downregulation of the transcriptional apparatus, and repression of anti-apoptotic proteins. Considerably enhanced tumor cell apoptosis was achieved following combined treatment with 10 nmol/L roniciclib and 2.0 μmol/L cisplatin; this combination therapy achieved a response over 250% greater than either drug alone. Although roniciclib chemosensitized NPC cells to cisplatin, it did not sensitize untransformed (NP69) cells. The administration of 0.5 mg/kg roniciclib to BALB/c xenograft mice was well tolerated and effectively restrained tumor growth comparable to treatment with 6 mg/kg cisplatin, whereas combining these two agents produced far greater tumor suppression than either of the monotherapies. In summary, these data demonstrate that roniciclib has strong anti-NPC activity and synergizes with cisplatin chemotherapy at clinically relevant doses, thus justifying further evaluation of this combinatorial approach in clinical settings. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is an uncommon malignancy arising from the nasopharynx epithelium, and is endemic to east and southeast parts of Asia where they account for 70% of worldwide incidence. Researchers from the Cancer Science Institute of Singapore examined the anti-tumor effects of roniciclib—a small-molecule drug that blocks a family of enzymes known as cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) which are classically involved in cell cycle progression and transcription—in cell lines and mouse models of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Because CDK/cyclin complexes have a putative role in DNA repair, roniciclib was combined with cisplatin, a DNA-damaging agent which is currently used in chemotherapy of NPC. The authors found that roniciclib had potent anti-NPC effects when given alone, whereas the combination of roniciclib and cisplatin proved to be highly synergistic and restrained tumor growth to a greater extent than either drugs given alone. Interestingly, roniciclib appeared to selectively enhance the anti-cancer effects of cisplatin in cancerous cells while this “chemo-sensitizing” phenomenon was not seen in non-cancerous cells, suggesting that giving both drugs together could improve the effectiveness of standard chemotherapy without incurring additional toxicities. These findings suggest that roniciclib should be evaluated clinically in patients with NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas L Syn
- 1Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,2Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Pei Li Lim
- 1Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Li Ren Kong
- 1Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lingzhi Wang
- 1Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,3Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Andrea Li-Ann Wong
- 1Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,2Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chwee Ming Lim
- 4Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Thomas Kwok Seng Loh
- 4Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Boon Cher Goh
- 1Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,2Department of Haematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute, Singapore, Singapore.,3Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wen-Son Hsieh
- 1Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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7
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Yuan J, Jiang YY, Mayakonda A, Huang M, Ding LW, Lin H, Yu F, Lu Y, Loh TKS, Chow M, Savage S, Tyner JW, Lin DC, Koeffler HP. Super-Enhancers Promote Transcriptional Dysregulation in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma. Cancer Res 2017; 77:6614-6626. [PMID: 28951465 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-1143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 08/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is an invasive cancer with particularly high incidence in Southeast Asia and Southern China. The pathogenic mechanisms of NPC, particularly those involving epigenetic dysregulation, remain largely elusive, hampering clinical management of this malignancy. To identify novel druggable targets, we carried out an unbiased high-throughput chemical screening and observed that NPC cells were highly sensitive to inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK), especially THZ1, a covalent inhibitor of CDK7. THZ1 demonstrated pronounced antineoplastic activities both in vitro and in vivo An integrative analysis using both whole-transcriptome sequencing and chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing pinpointed oncogenic transcriptional amplification mediated by super-enhancers (SE) as a key mechanism underlying the vulnerability of NPC cells to THZ1 treatment. Further characterization of SE-mediated networks identified many novel SE-associated oncogenic transcripts, such as BCAR1, F3, LDLR, TBC1D2, and the long noncoding RNA TP53TG1. These transcripts were highly and specifically expressed in NPC and functionally promoted NPC malignant phenotypes. Moreover, DNA-binding motif analysis within the SE segments suggest that several transcription factors (including ETS2, MAFK, and TEAD1) may help establish and maintain SE activity across the genome. Taken together, our data establish the landscape of SE-associated oncogenic transcriptional network in NPC, which can be exploited for the development of more effective therapeutic regimens for this disease. Cancer Res; 77(23); 6614-26. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Yuan
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yan-Yi Jiang
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Anand Mayakonda
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Moli Huang
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ling-Wen Ding
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Han Lin
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Fenggang Yu
- Department of Otolaryngology, National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yanan Lu
- Department of Otolaryngology, National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore
| | - Thomas Kwok Seng Loh
- Department of Otolaryngology, National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore
- National University Cancer Institute of Singapore, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Marilynn Chow
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Samantha Savage
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Jeffrey W Tyner
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - De-Chen Lin
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
| | - H Phillip Koeffler
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, University of California, Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California
- National University Cancer Institute, National University Hospital Singapore, Singapore
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8
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Tan CS, Wang TT, Lim CM, Loh TKS, Chin SY, Sundar R, Chong WQ, Ow SGW, Soo RA, Lee SC, Goh BC. Randomised study of 2 low doses of sunitinib to modulate tumor microvasculature prior to chemotherapy in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). J Clin Oncol 2016. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2016.34.15_suppl.6034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chee Seng Tan
- National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore
| | - Ting Ting Wang
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chwee-Ming Lim
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Thomas Kwok Seng Loh
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, National University Hospital, Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Si Yin Chin
- National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Raghav Sundar
- National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wan Qin Chong
- National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Samuel Guan Wei Ow
- National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ross A. Soo
- National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Soo-Chin Lee
- National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Boon C. Goh
- National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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9
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Kong LR, Chua KN, Ho J, Nga ME, Soo RA, Pang YH, Loh TKS, Lee SC, Goh BC. MAPK/ERK as a biomarker for cisplatin resistance in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). J Clin Oncol 2014. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2014.32.15_suppl.2625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Li Ren Kong
- Cancer Science Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Jingshan Ho
- National University Cancer Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Min En Nga
- National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ross A. Soo
- National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yin Huei Pang
- National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Soo Chin Lee
- National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Boon C. Goh
- National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
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Sim ACN, Too CT, Oo MZ, Lai J, Eio MY, Song Z, Srinivasan N, Tan DAL, Pang SW, Gan SU, Lee KO, Loh TKS, Chen J, Chan SH, MacAry PA. Defining the expression hierarchy of latent T-cell epitopes in Epstein-Barr virus infection with TCR-like antibodies. Sci Rep 2013; 3:3232. [PMID: 24240815 PMCID: PMC3831236 DOI: 10.1038/srep03232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a gamma herpesvirus that causes a life-long latent infection in human hosts. The latent gene products LMP1, LMP2A and EBNA1 are expressed by EBV-associated tumors and peptide epitopes derived from these can be targeted by CD8 Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte (CTL) lines. Whilst CTL-based methodologies can be utilized to infer the presence of specific latent epitopes, they do not allow a direct visualization or quantitation of these epitopes. Here, we describe the characterization of three TCR-like monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting the latent epitopes LMP1(125-133), LMP2A(426-434) or EBNA1(562-570) in association with HLA-A0201. These are employed to map the expression hierarchy of endogenously generated EBV epitopes. The dominance of EBNA1(562-570) in association with HLA-A0201 was consistently observed in cell lines and EBV-associated tumor biopsies. These data highlight the discordance between MHC-epitope density and frequencies of associated CTL with implications for cell-based immunotherapies and/or vaccines for EBV-associated disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Chong Nyi Sim
- 1] Immunology Program, Department of Microbiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore [2] NUS Graduate School of Integrative Sciences and Engineering (NGS), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore [3]
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Hsieh WS, Tan EH, Lim WT, Soo RA, Chan ATC, Hui EP, Lee SC, Low JSW, Lim PL, Loh TKS, Ames MM, Reid JM, Murray PG, Tao Q, Goh BC, Ambinder RF. A phase IB trial of 5-azacitidine (5AC) and suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid (SAHA) in patients with metastatic or locally recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and NK-T cell lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 2013. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2013.31.15_suppl.e17017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
e17017 Background: Epigenetic up-regulation of EBV and cellular genes via demethylation and histone deacetylase inhibition can induce EBV lytic replication enhancing immune mediated tumor killing and up-regulation of tumor suppressor genes resulting in tumor apoptosis. Methods: Patients (Pt) with relapsed or refractory NPC and NK-T cell lymphomas were enrolled to determine safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics (PK), pharmacodynamics and preliminary anti-tumor activity using a dose escalation design. 5AC was administered on days 1 to 10 sub-cutaneously while SAHA was administered on days 1 to 14 orally. PK for SAHA, EBV viral load, characterization of circulating EBV, Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and EBV promoter methylation analysis in tumor tissue were performed. Results: 11 pt have been treated (M:F 8:3, median age 48, R: 35-71) at 3 dose levels – 5AC 50 mg/m2 and SAHA 200 mg b.i.d. (dose level 1), 5AC 37.5 mg/m2 and SAHA 200 mg q. am and 100 mg q. pm (dose level 2), and 5AC 25 mg/m2 and SAHA 100 mg b.i.d (dose level 3). Median number of previous treatment regimens was 3 (R:1-6). Dose limiting toxicities (DLT) were seen in 2/2 pts at dose level 1: grade 4 thrombocytopenia (1 pt), grade 3 nausea, vomiting and fatigue (2 pts), and grade 5 hepatic failure (1 pt). Two of six patients at dose level 2 experienced DLT: grade 3 fatigue (1 pt) and worsening of pre-existing Sweet’s Syndrome (1 pt). Common AEs (G1/2) included fatigue (73%), cough (64%), anorexia (55%), and injection site reaction (45%). One minor response was seen and 5 pt had prolonged stable disease (>16 weeks), including one patient for 88 weeks. Analysis of post-treatment tumor biopsies showed demethylation of EBV lytic cycle gene promoters after treatment. SAHA PK, IHC results for EBV gene expression in tumor tissue, EBV viral load and characterization of circulating EBV will be presented. Conclusions: 5AC/SAHA appears to be tolerable at dose level 3 with suggestion of clinical benefit. Analysis of post-treatment tumor and blood samples suggests that modulation of EBV gene expression may play a role in the mechanism underlying clinical benefit. Continued accrual at dose level 3 is ongoing. Clinical trial information: NCT00336063.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Son Hsieh
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | - Ross A. Soo
- National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anthony T. C. Chan
- Sir YK Pao Center for Cancer, Hong Kong Cancer Institute and Li Ka Shing Institute for Health Sciences, CUHK, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Edwin P. Hui
- Sir YK Pao Center for Cancer, Hong Kong Cancer Institute and Li Ka Shing Institute for Health Sciences, CUHK, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Soo-Chin Lee
- National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Pei Li Lim
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | - Joel M. Reid
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Paul Gerard Murray
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Qian Tao
- Sir YK Pao Center for Cancer, Hong Kong Cancer Institute and Li Ka Shing Institute for Health Sciences, CUHK, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Boon C. Goh
- Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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Tan YO, Alfanta EM, Lopa RAB, Lim EH, Whang HY, Wong K, Jordan P, Corfield E, Salter M, Field M, Akoulitchev A, Loh TKS, Goh BC, Hsieh WS. A blood-based epigenetic test for early detection of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). J Clin Oncol 2013. [DOI: 10.1200/jco.2013.31.15_suppl.6063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
6063 Background: NPC is highly curable in early stages but 70% of NPC patients are diagnosed with advanced disease due to lack of effective screening. Genetic and epigenetic alterations involved in the pathogenesis of NPC are known. The higher order chromosomal structures reflecting aberrant transcriptional states of these genes can be measured via techniques such as chromosome conformation capture. Detection of these changes in peripheral blood may provide an accurate test for the early cancer detection. Methods: Blood samples have been collected from 84 patients with histologically confirmed NPC and 100 matched controls. Samples from 45 NPC patients and 68 controls have been analyzed. Fourteen genes known to be dysregulated in NPC were investigated. Potential higher order juxtaposition sites in the candidate genes were predicted using pattern recognition software. PCR primer sets were designed around the chosen sites to screen potential markers. Twenty-two markers showing predictability between NPC and control samples were analysed for optimal reproducibility using alternative primer sets. The optimal sets of markers were then tested amongst the complete set of samples. The dataset was processed by re-sampling using the synthetic minority oversampling technique. The overall sample was split into two groups (66% training set and 34% test set) in the classification. Results: Sixteen markers from 7 candidate genes were found to be optimal in differentiating between NPC and control samples in the first 103 samples. Using the multilayer perceptron (MLP) classification, the following results were obtained: Sensitivity 88.9%, 95% CI (79.2% - 98.6%); Specificity 72.7%, 95% CI (58.9% - 86.5%); PPV 72.7%, 95% CI (58.9% - 86.5%); NPV 88.9%, 95% CI (79.2% - 98.6%). The accuracy of the test was similar in detection of stage I and II NPC versus that of stage III or IV NPC. Conclusions: Using a PCR-based method to detect alterations in the cancer epigenome, the feasibility of developing a blood test of potential utility in early diagnosis of NPC was demonstrated. Analysis of larger numbers of patient samples and optimization of markers are ongoing. The performance characteristics of the test in the total population of 184 samples will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yew-Oo Tan
- Singapore Oncology Consultants, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | | | | | - Karmen Wong
- Singapore Oncology Consultants, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | | | - Megan Field
- Oxford Biodynamics Limited, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Boon C. Goh
- National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
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Thiagarajan A, Lin K, Tiong CE, Tan LKS, Loh TKS, Goh BC, Lu JJ. Sequential External Beam Radiotherapy and High???Dose-Rate Intracavitary Brachytherapy in T1 and T2 Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: An Evaluation of Long-Term Outcome. Laryngoscope 2006; 116:938-43. [PMID: 16735885 DOI: 10.1097/01.mlg.0000215173.14473.d0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS The standard treatment for nonmetastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is external beam radiotherapy (EBRT), with or without chemotherapy. Because local control in NPC is an independent prognostic factor for distant metastases and survival, various dose-escalation strategies have been used to reduce recurrences at the primary site. The objective of this report was to evaluate the outcome of adjuvant high-dose-rate intracavitary brachytherapy (HDRIB) in patients with T1 and T2 NPC. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Thirty-three consecutive patients with T1 and T2 NPC were treated prospectively according to a standardized institutional protocol between March 1999 and July 2001. Seventeen patients with stage I/II disease were treated with EBRT to 66 Gy followed by HDRIB (10 Gy in 2 weekly 5 Gy fractions). The remaining 16 patients with Stage III to IVb disease received chemotherapy in addition to radiation. All patients were assessed for treatment response, local control, survival, and toxicity. RESULTS Median follow-up for all surviving patients was 67 (range 52-76) months. Local failure occurred in two patients; both subsequently underwent successful salvage treatments. Three patients died of metastatic disease, whereas two died of unrelated causes. Five year local control, overall survival, and disease-free survival rates were 93.8%, 83.9% and 78.4%, respectively. All patients experienced acute or late radiotherapy-related sequelae. However, no grade 4/5 toxicities were reported. Specifically, toxicities that could be attributed to brachytherapy were not seen, except for in one patient who developed severe choanal stenosis. CONCLUSIONS EBRT supplemented by HDRIB produced superior local control rates for T1 and T2 NPC at 5 years of follow-up, with acceptable rates of acute and late toxicities.
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