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Cushman RA, Yake HK, Snider AP, Lents CA, Murphy TW, Freking BA. An extreme model of fertility in sheep demonstrates the basis of controversies surrounding antral follicle count and circulating concentrations of anti-Müllerian hormone as predictors of fertility in ruminants. Anim Reprod Sci 2023; 259:107364. [PMID: 37922623 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2023.107364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian ultrasonography and measurement of circulating concentrations of anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) have been used to estimate follicle number and predict fertility in mammalian females, but no study has evaluated follicle number and circulating concentrations of AMH in ewes known to differ in fertility. We tested the hypothesis that ewes that had failed to lamb (BARREN) in four consecutive annual breeding seasons of 21-35 d have fewer follicles and diminished circulating concentrations of AMH compared to closely matched ewes that consistently produced lambs (FERTILE) under the same breeding protocols. Once identified, BARREN ewes (n = 19) were paired by breed and sire to a FERTILE control ewe (n = 19) and reproductive tracts were recovered at necropsy. Visible antral follicles in both ovaries were counted and a representative cross section of one ovary was embedded for histological evaluation of pre-antral follicle numbers. Paired t-tests indicated that BARREN ewes had fewer antral follicles, fewer primordial follicles, and decreased circulating concentrations of AMH compared to FERTILE ewes (P ≤ 0.01), but there were ewes in each fertility classification that had ovarian phenotypes like the opposite fertility classification. The best technologies we have currently for estimating follicle numbers are ultrasonography and measurement of circulating concentrations of AMH, but no single technique is perfect for predicting fertility. A better understanding of the under-lying biological mechanisms linking AMH, folliculogenesis, and fertility is required to improve the use of measurements of follicle number for predicting fertility in livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Cushman
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933-0166, United States.
| | - Hannah K Yake
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933-0166, United States
| | - Alexandria P Snider
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933-0166, United States
| | - Clay A Lents
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933-0166, United States
| | - Thomas W Murphy
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933-0166, United States
| | - Bradley A Freking
- USDA, Agricultural Research Service, US Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933-0166, United States
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Carbajales-Dale M, Murphy TW. The environmental and moral implications of human space travel. Sci Total Environ 2023; 856:159222. [PMID: 36209886 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Humans have long dreamed of traveling to space. In response to the recent increase in commercial space flight, this paper evaluates environmental impacts of human space travel, both past and present, to shed light on the large environmental footprint of such activities. This environmental impact also has a moral component, since most of the global population will never be able to participate in such activities, yet still must bear the cost. Ironically, instead of a space future acting as a relief valve on Earth's resources, few activities exact a heavier burden on our planet's resources than the space pursuit, for the number of people it serves. This analysis utilized the structure of life cycle assessment. Data on launch vehicles mass and propellant type and mass was taken from public sources. Combustion emission results were calculated using combustion analysis software. These data were then combined with data from life cycle inventory databases and impact assessment methods to evaluate midpoint impact indicators. The hourly impact from sustaining humans in space over 1500 kg CO2-eq per hour. To put this into context, this is 2000 times greater than the emission rate of the average person on the globe, which we term global citizen equivalents (GCE). This global warming impact is also 650 times greater than the average person in the U.S. In terms of familiar activities, this is equivalent to continuously supplying at least 4 MW of electricity from the U.S. grid; simultaneously driving over sixty diesel buses; or occupying twenty seats on a Boeing 747 that never lands. Clearly such impacts raise questions not only to the sustainability of such activities, but also to the moral and ethical implications where such travel is limited to only the very wealthiest, but the costs are borne by all with few benefits to show from the endeavour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Carbajales-Dale
- Environmental Engineering & Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Brackett Hall, Clemson 29634, SC, USA.
| | - Thomas W Murphy
- Physics, UC San Diego, Gilman Drive, La Jolla 92093, CA, USA
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Flórez JM, Martins K, Solin S, Bostrom JR, Rodríguez-Villamil P, Ongaratto F, Larson SA, Ganbaatar U, Coutts AW, Kern D, Murphy TW, Kim ES, Carlson DF, Huisman A, Sonstegard TS, Lents CA. CRISPR/Cas9-editing of KISS1 to generate pigs with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism as a castration free trait. Front Genet 2023; 13:1078991. [PMID: 36685939 PMCID: PMC9854396 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.1078991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Most male pigs are surgically castrated to avoid puberty-derived boar taint and aggressiveness. However, this surgical intervention represents a welfare concern in swine production. Disrupting porcine KISS1 is hypothesized to delay or abolish puberty by inducing variable hypogonadotropism and thus preventing the need for castration. Methods: To test this hypothesis, we generated the first KISS1-edited large animal using CRISPR/Cas9-ribonucleoproteins and single-stranded donor oligonucleotides. The targeted region preceded the sequence encoding a conserved core motif of kisspeptin. Genome editors were intracytoplasmically injected into 684 swine zygotes and transferred to 19 hormonally synchronized surrogate sows. In nine litters, 49 American Yorkshire and 20 Duroc liveborn piglets were naturally farrowed. Results: Thirty-five of these pigs bore KISS1-disruptive alleles ranging in frequency from 5% to 97% and did not phenotypically differ from their wild-type counterparts. In contrast, four KISS1-edited pigs (two boars and two gilts) with disruptive allele frequencies of 96% and 100% demonstrated full hypogonadotropism, infantile reproductive tracts, and failed to reach sexual maturity. Change in body weight during development was unaffected by editing KISS1. Founder pigs partially carrying KISS1-disruptive alleles were bred resulting in a total of 53 KISS1 +/+, 60 KISS1 +/-, and 34 KISS1 -/- F1 liveborn piglets, confirming germline transmission. Discussion: Results demonstrate that a high proportion of KISS1 alleles in pigs must be disrupted before variation in gonadotropin secretion is observed, suggesting that even a small amount of kisspeptin ligand is sufficient to confer proper sexual development and puberty in pigs. Follow-on studies will evaluate fertility restoration in KISS1 KO breeding stock to fully realize the potential of KISS1 gene edits to eliminate the need for surgical castration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio M. Flórez
- Acceligen Inc., Eagan, MN, United States,Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Reproduction, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | | | - Staci Solin
- Recombinetics Inc., Eagan, MN, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Doug Kern
- Recombinetics Inc., Eagan, MN, United States
| | - Thomas W. Murphy
- USDA, ARS, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE, United States
| | | | | | - Abe Huisman
- Hypor, Hendrix Genetics, Boxmeer, Netherlands
| | - Tad S. Sonstegard
- Acceligen Inc., Eagan, MN, United States,*Correspondence: Tad S. Sonstegard,
| | - Clay A. Lents
- USDA, ARS, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE, United States
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Murphy TW. 376 Genetic Approaches to Improve Reproductive Performance in the U.S. Sheep Industry. J Anim Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac247.338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The U.S. sheep industry has experienced many changes over the last 50 years, the most prominent being a 75% reduction in the national breeding ewe inventory. Wool now accounts for ~10% of enterprise returns compared to ~80% from the sale of market lambs. Most breeding objective work indicates greatest emphasis should be placed on traits associated with ewe reproductive efficiency [e.g., number of lambs born/weaned (NLB/NLW), lamb survival]. Still, average NLB across the U.S. (1.07 lambs/ewe) and within geographic regions (East = 1.13, Midwest = 1.25, West = 1.09, Southwest = 0.79 lambs/ewe) remains low. Several genetic technologies are available to improve reproductive performance. Introgression of large effect gene variants, such as those within BMPR-1B, have increased NLB by ~1.0 and ~1.5 lambs in heterozygous and homozygous ewes, respectively. However, without joint improvement in maternal ability and/or husbandry, advantages in NLW are less pronounced and few U.S. producers utilize such variants in practice. Reproductive efficiency traits present challenges in selection programs as they are lowly heritable (< 0.15) and sex-limited. Previous single-trait selection experiments had modest improvement in NLB (0.01 – 0.02 lambs/yr). Selection accuracy is greatly improved by including pedigree and/or genomic relationships when deriving estimated breeding values (EBV). Since 2000, NLW EBV have increased by 0.01 lambs/yr with concurrent improvement in direct (0.02 kg/yr) and maternal (0.04 kg/yr) weaning weight for Polypay flocks enrolled in the National Sheep Improvement Program (NSIP). Still, NSIP flocks represent < 1% of production-oriented U.S. flocks so considerable expansion is needed to realize within-breed genetic improvement at a national level. Perhaps most importantly, large differences in reproductive efficiency traits exist across breeds and should be utilized to a greater extent in strategic crossbreeding systems. Optimizing reproductive performance for specific production environments is essential for the sustainability of the U.S. sheep industry.
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Murphy TW, Taylor JB. The relationship between milk score near parturition and udder score near weaning and their effects on Polypay, Rambouillet, and Targhee ewe productivity. Transl Anim Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/tas/txab176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Murphy
- USDA, ARS, Livestock Bio-systems Research Unit, Roman. L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933, USA
| | - J Bret Taylor
- USDA, ARS, Range Sheep Production Efficiency Research Unit, U.S. Sheep Experiment Station, Dubois, ID 83423, USA
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Murphy TW, Chitko-McKown CG, Heaton MP, Freking BA. Effect of TMEM154 E35K variant (haplotypes 1 and 3) on the incidence of ovine lentivirus infection and ewe productivity during lifetime exposure. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:6407712. [PMID: 34673957 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovine progressive pneumonia virus (OPPV) is a small ruminant lentivirus that is widespread throughout U.S. sheep flocks. Infections with OPPV are lifelong and effects are multi-systemic with significant implications for animal well-being and productivity. A protein isoform with lysine at position 35 (K35, haplotype "1") encoded by the ovine transmembrane protein 154 (TMEM154) gene has been associated with reduced susceptibility to infection when two copies are present (i.e., diplotype "1,1"). Conversely, the ancestral protein isoform with glutamate at position 35 (E35, haplotype "3") is associated with high susceptibility to infection when at least one copy is present. The beneficial effect of TMEM154 K35 alleles on ewe productivity has not been previously measured in controlled challenge experiments and was a major objective of this study. Ewes with TMEM154 diplotypes "1,1"; "1,3"; and "3,3" (n = 31, 47, and 30, respectively) were born and reared by OPPV-infected dams and managed under continual natural exposure to OPPV. Ewes were tested for serological status at 4-mo intervals for up to 5.5 yr. The incidence of infection in ewes with diplotype "1,1" was 6.5% to 9.7% and significantly lower (P < 0.001) than ewes with diplotype "1,3" (60.5 to 97.3%) or "3,3" (64.0 to 91.4%). Furthermore, the incidence among ewes with diplotype "1,1" did not increase from 10 to 67 mo of age (P > 0.99), whereas the incidence among diplotype "1,3" and "3,3" ewes increased steadily until reaching an asymptote at approximately 52 mo of age. Total number and weight of lamb weaned per ewe exposed through 5.5 yr from ewes with diplotype "1,1" far exceeded (P ≤ 0.05) those with diplotypes "1,3" and "3,3" by, on average, 2.1 lambs and 40 kg, respectively. The present study confirmed that TMEM154 diplotype "1,1" animals have reduced incidence of OPPV infection and, correspondingly, improved productivity. In flocks with a high frequency of TMEM154 haplotype "3," selection for haplotype "1" appears to be a cost-effective approach to mitigate the impact of this economically important disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Murphy
- USDA, ARS, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933, USA
| | - Carol G Chitko-McKown
- USDA, ARS, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933, USA
| | - Mike P Heaton
- USDA, ARS, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933, USA
| | - Brad A Freking
- USDA, ARS, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933, USA
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Suraci JP, Gaynor KM, Allen ML, Alexander P, Brashares JS, Cendejas-Zarelli S, Crooks K, Elbroch LM, Forrester T, Green AM, Haight J, Harris NC, Hebblewhite M, Isbell F, Johnston B, Kays R, Lendrum PE, Lewis JS, McInturff A, McShea W, Murphy TW, Palmer MS, Parsons A, Parsons MA, Pendergast ME, Pekins C, Prugh LR, Sager-Fradkin KA, Schuttler S, Şekercioğlu ÇH, Shepherd B, Whipple L, Whittington J, Wittemyer G, Wilmers CC. Disturbance type and species life history predict mammal responses to humans. Glob Chang Biol 2021; 27:3718-3731. [PMID: 33887083 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Human activity and land use change impact every landscape on Earth, driving declines in many animal species while benefiting others. Species ecological and life history traits may predict success in human-dominated landscapes such that only species with "winning" combinations of traits will persist in disturbed environments. However, this link between species traits and successful coexistence with humans remains obscured by the complexity of anthropogenic disturbances and variability among study systems. We compiled detection data for 24 mammal species from 61 populations across North America to quantify the effects of (1) the direct presence of people and (2) the human footprint (landscape modification) on mammal occurrence and activity levels. Thirty-three percent of mammal species exhibited a net negative response (i.e., reduced occurrence or activity) to increasing human presence and/or footprint across populations, whereas 58% of species were positively associated with increasing disturbance. However, apparent benefits of human presence and footprint tended to decrease or disappear at higher disturbance levels, indicative of thresholds in mammal species' capacity to tolerate disturbance or exploit human-dominated landscapes. Species ecological and life history traits were strong predictors of their responses to human footprint, with increasing footprint favoring smaller, less carnivorous, faster-reproducing species. The positive and negative effects of human presence were distributed more randomly with respect to species trait values, with apparent winners and losers across a range of body sizes and dietary guilds. Differential responses by some species to human presence and human footprint highlight the importance of considering these two forms of human disturbance separately when estimating anthropogenic impacts on wildlife. Our approach provides insights into the complex mechanisms through which human activities shape mammal communities globally, revealing the drivers of the loss of larger predators in human-modified landscapes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin P Suraci
- Center for Integrated Spatial Research, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Kaitlyn M Gaynor
- National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
| | - Maximilian L Allen
- Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL, USA
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | | | - Justin S Brashares
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | | | - Kevin Crooks
- Department of Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | | | - Austin M Green
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jeffrey Haight
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Nyeema C Harris
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mark Hebblewhite
- Department of Ecosystem and Conservation Science, University of Montana, Missoula, MT, USA
| | - Forest Isbell
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
| | | | - Roland Kays
- North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences, Raleigh, NC, USA
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Patrick E Lendrum
- World Wildlife Fund, Northern Great Plains Program, Bozeman, MT, USA
| | - Jesse S Lewis
- College of Integrative Sciences and Arts, Arizona State University, Mesa, AZ, USA
| | | | - William McShea
- Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA, USA
| | | | - Meredith S Palmer
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Arielle Parsons
- Department of Forestry and Environmental Resources, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | | | | | - Charles Pekins
- Fort Hood Natural Resources Management Branch, United States Army Garrison, Fort Hood, TX, USA
| | - Laura R Prugh
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Çağan H Şekercioğlu
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Koç University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | | | - Laura Whipple
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | | | - George Wittemyer
- Department of Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Christopher C Wilmers
- Center for Integrated Spatial Research, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
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Knuth RM, Stewart WC, Taylor JB, Bisha B, Yeoman CJ, Van Emon ML, Murphy TW. Relationships among intramammary health, udder and teat characteristics, and productivity of extensively managed ewes. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:6149519. [PMID: 33630062 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mastitis is an economically important disease and its subclinical state is difficult to diagnose, which makes mitigation more challenging. The objectives of this study were to screen clinically healthy ewes in order to 1) identify cultivable microbial species in milk, 2) evaluate somatic cell count (SCC) thresholds associated with intramammary infection, and 3) estimate relationships between udder and teat morphometric traits, SCC, and ewe productivity. Milk was collected from two flocks in early (<5 d) and peak (30 to 45 d) lactation to quantify SCC (n = 530) and numerate cultivable microbial species by culture-based isolation followed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS; n = 243) identification. Within flock and lactation stage, 11% to 74% (mean = 36%) of samples were culture positive. More than 50 unique identifications were classified by MALDI-TOF MS analysis, and Bacillus licheniformis (18% to 27%), Micrococcus flavus (25%), Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (7% to 18%), and Staphylococcus epidermidis (26%) were among the most common within flock and across lactation stage. Optimum SCC thresholds to identify culture-positive samples ranged from 175 × 103 to 1,675 × 103 cells/mL. Ewe productivity was assessed as total 120-d adjusted litter weight (LW120) and analyzed within flock with breed, parity, year, and the linear covariate of log10 SCC (LSCC) at early or peak lactation. Although dependent on lactation stage and year, each 1-unit increase in LSCC (e.g., an increase in SCC from 100 × 103 to 1,000 × 103 cells/mL) was predicted to decrease LW120 between 9.5 and 16.1 kg when significant. Udder and teat traits included udder circumference, teat length, teat placement, and degree of separation of the udder halves. Correlations between traits were generally low to moderate within and across lactation stage and most were not consistently predictive of ewe LSCC. Overall, the frequencies of bacteria-positive milk samples indicated that subclinical mastitis (SCM) is common in these flocks and can impact ewe productivity. Therefore, future research is warranted to investigate pathways and timing of microbial invasion, genomic regions associated with susceptibility, and husbandry to mitigate the impact of SCM in extensively managed ewes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Knuth
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Whitney C Stewart
- Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Joshua B Taylor
- USDA, ARS, Range Sheep Production Efficiency Research Unit, U.S. Sheep Experiment Station, Dubois, ID 83423, USA
| | - Bledar Bisha
- Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071, USA
| | - Carl J Yeoman
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Megan L Van Emon
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717, USA
| | - Thomas W Murphy
- USDA, ARS, Livestock Bio-systems Research Unit, Roman. L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE 68933, USA
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Whaley JR, Means WJ, Ritten JP, Murphy TW, Gifford CL, Cunningham-Hollinger HC, Woodruff KL, McKibben HN, Page CM, Stewart WC. Harvest season, carcass weight, and fat measurement effects on lamb carcass characteristics and economic comparison of moderate and heavy weight lamb carcasses in the Western lamb processing industry. Transl Anim Sci 2021; 4:S27-S31. [PMID: 33381716 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txaa091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jaelyn R Whaley
- Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY
| | - Warrie J Means
- College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY
| | - John P Ritten
- Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY
| | | | - Cody L Gifford
- Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY
| | | | - Kelly L Woodruff
- Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY
| | | | - Chad M Page
- Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY
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Murphy TW, Thomson JM, Berardinelli JG, Roeder BL. Phenotypic and genetic differences in Rambouillet lines divergently selected for reproductive rate over 50 years . Transl Anim Sci 2021; 4:S90-S93. [PMID: 33381727 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txaa111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Murphy
- USDA, ARS, Genetics, Breeding, and Animal Health Research Unit, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE
| | - Jennifer M Thomson
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT
| | | | - Brent L Roeder
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT
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Murphy TW, Stewart WC, Notter DR, Knuth RM, Feagler TT, Taylor JB. Fleece and fiber characteristics of Rambouillet, Targhee, and their reciprocal-crosses at first shearing . Transl Anim Sci 2021; 4:S108-S112. [PMID: 33381731 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txaa115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Murphy
- USDA-ARS, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE
| | | | - David R Notter
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Ryan M Knuth
- Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY
| | - Trestin T Feagler
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT
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Murphy TW, Freking BA. Comparison of performance of F1 Romanov crossbred ewes with wool and hair breeds during fall lambing and body weight and longevity through six production years. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:skaa400. [PMID: 33340044 PMCID: PMC7799584 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate wool (Dorset and Rambouillet) and hair (Dorper, Katahdin, and White Dorper) breeds for their ability to complement Romanov germplasm in an annual fall lambing system by estimating direct maternal grandsire and sire breed effects on economically important lamb and ewe traits. After 3 yr of evaluation under spring lambing, ewes of the five F1 types were transitioned to spring mating, exposed to composite terminal sires, and evaluated under a barn lambing system at 4, 5, and 6 yr of age. A total of 527 first generation crossbred (F1) ewes produced 1,151 litters and 2,248 lambs from 1,378 May exposures. After accounting for differences in dam age, birth type, and sex, lamb survival to weaning was unaffected by maternal grandsire breed (P = 0.30). However, lambs born to 50% Dorset (16.8 ± 0.21 kg) or 50% White Dorper ewes (16.8 ± 0.28 kg) were heavier at weaning than those born to 50% Katahdin dams (13.8 ± 0.32 kg; P < 0.001). Additionally, lambs born to 50% Dorset ewes were heavier than those born to 50% Rambouillet (16.0 ± 0.22 kg) and 50% Dorper ewes (15.7 ± 0.33; P ≤ 0.03), but no other pairwise maternal grandsire breed differences were observed (P ≥ 0.06). Ewe body weight (n = 3,629) was recorded prior to each of six possible mating seasons and, across ages, was greatest for Dorset- and Rambouillet-sired ewes (56.7 ± 0.44 and 56.5 ± 0.45 kg, respectively), intermediate for Dorper- and White Dorper-sired ewes (54.7 ± 0.78 and 54.1 ± 0.64 kg, respectively), and least for Katahdin-sired ewes (51.5 ± 0.45 kg). Fertility after spring mating (0.80 ± 0.03 to 0.87 ± 0.02), litter size at birth (1.46 ± 0.09 to 1.71 ± 0.07), and litter size at weaning (1.25 ± 0.06 to 1.46 ± 0.06) were not impacted by sire breed (P ≥ 0.16). Ewe longevity, assessed as the probability of being present after 6 production years, was also not affected by sire breed (0.39 ± 0.03 to 0.47 ± 0.03; P = 0.44). Rambouillet-sired ewes weaned more total weight of lamb (21.5 ± 0.94 kg) than Katahdin-sired ewes (17.8 ± 0.94 kg; P = 0.05), but no other sire breed differences were detected (P ≥ 0.07). Results demonstrated that incorporating the Romanov into a crossbreeding system is a practical means of improving out-of-season ewe productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Murphy
- U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, USDA, ARS, Clay Center, NE, USA
| | - Brad A Freking
- U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, USDA, ARS, Clay Center, NE, USA
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Page CM, Murphy TW, Taylor JB, Julian AAM, Whaley JR, Woodruff KL, Hummel GL, Demarco CF, Laverell DM, Cunningham-Hollinger HC, Rule DC, Stewart WC. Effects of dietary Zn on ewe milk minerals and somatic cell count. Transl Anim Sci 2021; 4:S17-S21. [PMID: 33381714 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txaa089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chad M Page
- University of Wyoming, Department of Animal Science, Laramie, WY
| | - Thomas W Murphy
- USDA, ARS, Genetics, Breeding, and Animal Health Research Unit, U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE
| | - Joshua Bret Taylor
- USDA, ARS, U.S. Sheep Experiment Station, Range Sheep Production Efficiency Research Unit, Dubois, ID
| | | | - Jaelyn R Whaley
- University of Wyoming, Department of Animal Science, Laramie, WY
| | - Kelly L Woodruff
- University of Wyoming, Department of Animal Science, Laramie, WY
| | | | - Claudia F Demarco
- Federal University of Pelotas, Department of Animal Science, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Dylan M Laverell
- University of Wyoming, Department of Animal Science, Laramie, WY
| | | | - Daniel C Rule
- University of Wyoming, Department of Animal Science, Laramie, WY
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Murphy TW, Freking BA, Bennett GL, Keele JW. Development, selection criteria, and performance of Composite IV sheep at the U.S. Meat Animal Research Center . Transl Anim Sci 2020; 4:S150-S154. [PMID: 33381741 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txaa125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Murphy
- USDA, ARS, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE
| | - Brad A Freking
- USDA, ARS, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE
| | - Gary L Bennett
- USDA, ARS, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE
| | - John W Keele
- USDA, ARS, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE
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Murphy TW, Keele JW, Freking BA. Genetic and nongenetic factors influencing ewe prolificacy and lamb body weight in a closed Romanov flock. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:5899135. [PMID: 32860702 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The U.S. Meat Animal Research Center was the first entity in the United States to import the Romanov breed and it has been maintained as a closed flock for over 30 yr. Incorporating this super-prolific breed into crossbred and composite populations has resulted in large improvements in ewe productivity. However, few have quantified factors contributing to genetic and nongenetic variation in ewe reproduction and lamb growth within purebred Romanov populations, which were the objectives of this study. The pedigree contained a total of 8,683 lambs born to 218 and 1,600 unique sires and dams, respectively. Number of lambs born on a per ewe exposed (NLBE) and lambing (NLBL) basis were analyzed in univariate repeatability animal models. As expected, the proportion of phenotypic variance (σP2) in litter size attributable to additive genetic (0.06 to 0.08) and permanent environmental (0.05 to 0.07) effects of the ewe was low. The service sire permanent environmental effect contributed to a small but significant amount of σP2 in NLBE (0.03) but not NLBL. However, the service sire additive genetic effect did not influence σP2 in NLBE or NLBL. Lamb body weight was recorded at birth (BWB) and upon weaning from either milk replacer (~30 d; BWW-N) or their dam (~60 d; BWW-D) and were analyzed in a three-trait model with random additive direct and maternal effects. Estimated direct heritabilities were low for all body weight (BW) traits (0.07 to 0.10). Maternal heritability was moderate for BWB (0.34) but low for weaning BW (0.11 to 0.18). This was the first to report direct and maternal genetic correlations between BW of nursery- and dam-reared lambs, and both were estimated to be moderate (0.43 to 0.47). Additionally, the direct and maternal effects of BWB were more strongly correlated with BWW-N (0.74 to 0.82) than BWW-D (0.17 to 0.33). Despite inbreeding coefficients having increased at a rate of 0.33% per birth year (1986 to 2019) in this flock, they were not consistently associated with reductions in ewe or lamb performance. Parameter estimates generally agreed with those from less-prolific breeds, and results indicate that selection can be an effective means of improving subcomponents of ewe productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Murphy
- Genetics, Breeding, and Animal Health Research Unit, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, USDA, ARS, Clay Center, Nebraska
| | - John W Keele
- Genetics, Breeding, and Animal Health Research Unit, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, USDA, ARS, Clay Center, Nebraska
| | - Brad A Freking
- Genetics, Breeding, and Animal Health Research Unit, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, USDA, ARS, Clay Center, Nebraska
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Li H, Wu XL, Tait RG, Bauck S, Thomas DL, Murphy TW, Rosa GJM. Genome-wide association study of milk production traits in a crossbred dairy sheep population using three statistical models. Anim Genet 2020; 51:624-628. [PMID: 32510640 DOI: 10.1111/age.12956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Milk production is one of the most important characteristics of dairy sheep, and the identification of genes affecting milk production traits is critical to understanding the genetics and improve milk production in future generations. Three statistical techniques, namely GWAS, ridge-regression BLUP and BayesC π , were used to identify SNPs in significant association with three milk production traits (milk yield, fat yield and protein yield) in a crossbred dairy sheep population. The results suggested that chromosomes 1, 3, 4, 5, 7 and 11 were likely to harbor genes important to milk production because these chromosomes had the greatest top-100-SNP variance contributions on the three milk production traits. The GWAS analysis identified between 74 and 288 genome-wide significant SNP (P < 0.05) whereas the BayesCπ model revealed between six and 63 SNPs, each with >95% posterior probability of inclusion as having a non-zero association effect on at least one of the three milk production traits. Positional candidate genes for milk production in sheep were searched, based on the sheep genomic assembly OAR version 3.1, such as those which map position coincided with or was located within 0.1 Mbp of a genome-wide suggestive or significant SNP. These identified SNPs and candidate genes supported some previous findings and also added new information about genetic markers for genetic improvement of lactation in dairy sheep, but keeping in mind that the majority of these positional candidate genes are not necessarily true causative loci for these traits and future validations are thus necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Li
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.,Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Neogen GeneSeek, Lincoln, NE, 68504, USA
| | - X-L Wu
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.,Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Neogen GeneSeek, Lincoln, NE, 68504, USA
| | - R G Tait
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Neogen GeneSeek, Lincoln, NE, 68504, USA
| | - S Bauck
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Neogen GeneSeek, Lincoln, NE, 68504, USA
| | - D L Thomas
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - T W Murphy
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - G J M Rosa
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.,Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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Knuth RM, Stewart WC, Taylor JB, Yeoman CJ, Bisha B, Page CM, Rowley CM, Lindsey BC, Van Emon ML, Murphy TW. Subclinical mastitis in sheep: etiology and association with milk somatic cell count and ewe productivity in three research flocks in the Western United States. Transl Anim Sci 2019; 3:1739-1743. [PMID: 33336153 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txz078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Knuth
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT
| | | | - J Bret Taylor
- USDA, ARS, Range Sheep Production Efficiency Research Unit, U.S. Sheep Experiment Station, Dubois, ID
| | - Carl J Yeoman
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT
| | - Bledar Bisha
- Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY
| | - Chad M Page
- Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY
| | - Chayse M Rowley
- Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY
| | - Brenna C Lindsey
- Department of Animal Science, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY
| | - Megan L Van Emon
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT
| | - Thomas W Murphy
- USDA, ARS, Genetics, Breeding, and Animal Health Research Unit, Roman. L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE
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Kerth CR, Wall KR, Miller RK, Whitney TR, Stewart WC, Boles JA, Murphy TW. Effects of feeding juniper as a roughage on feedlot performance, carcass measurements, meat sensory attributes, and volatile aroma compounds of yearling Rambouillet wethers1,2. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:2850-2864. [PMID: 31100114 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The majority of U.S. lambs are born during late winter or early spring, which can create downstream variability in carcass quality if commercial lamb harvest is to be relatively constant throughout the year. Flavor is an important quality determining characteristic of sheep meat and is influenced, in part, by animal age at harvest. However, management practices to mitigate the risk of objectionable flavors in meat from old crop lambs or yearlings are not well known. Yearling (16.8 ± 0.14 mo) Rambouillet wethers were assigned to 1 of 3 treatment groups, which consisted of feeding a 20% ground sorghum-sudangrass hay diet for 40 d (JUN0; n = 10), a 20% ground juniper diet for 40 d (JUN40; n = 10), or a 20% ground hay diet for 20 d followed by a 20% ground juniper diet for 20 d (JUN20; n = 10). Wethers were harvested on day 41 and a whole bone-in loin and a boneless inside leg roast were fabricated from one side each of carcass. After grilling (loin chop) or convection air roasting (leg roast), trained sensory panel evaluation and measurement of aroma volatiles by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry were performed. Treatment diet did not affect (P ≥ 0.17) wether feedlot performance, dressing percentage, or loin eye area. However, wethers fed JUN0 tended (P = 0.06) to have greater back fat depth than wethers fed JUN20 or JUN40. No trained sensory panel trait of loin chop samples was affected (P > 0.10) by treatment. Leg roasts from JUN0 and JUN20 wethers had greater (P = 0.01) lamb identification sensory score than JUN40. Benzaldehyde, 1-heptanol, and 1-octanol concentrations were greater (P < 0.05) and decanal and nonenal concentrations were less (P < 0.05) in loin chops from JUN0 compared with JUN40 wethers. Additionally, the terpenes cedr-8-ene, gamma muurolene, and widdrene tended to be greater (P < 0.07) in loin chops from JUN20 and JUN40 than JUN0 wethers. The 2-pentyl-furan concentrations were greatest (P = 0.03) in leg roasts from JUN40 wethers. Like the loin chops, cedr-8-ene, gamma-muurolene, toluene, and widdrene were greater (P < 0.05) in leg roasts from wethers fed either of the juniper diets compared with JUN0. Yearling wethers can be finished on a feedlot diet containing 20% juniper for up to 40 d prior to harvest with no impact on feedlot performance, carcass characteristics, nor negative impact on sensory attributes or volatile compounds of either grilled loin chops or roasted legs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kayley R Wall
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | - Rhonda K Miller
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX
| | | | | | - Jane A Boles
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT
| | - Thomas W Murphy
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT.,USDA, ARS, Genetics, Breeding, and Animal Health Research Unit, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE
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Murphy TW, Stewart WC, Notter DR, Mousel MR, Lewis GS, Taylor JB. Evaluation of Rambouillet, Polypay, and Romanov-White Dorper × Rambouillet ewes mated to terminal sires in an extensive rangeland production system: body weight and wool characteristics1,2. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:1568-1577. [PMID: 30767013 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Though lamb sales account for the majority of annual receipts on U.S. sheep operations, wool is an important income source for many Western flocks. Crossing fine-wool sheep with prolific or composite hair sheep breeds can increase lamb production, but fleece quality and marketability may be reduced by a greater content of nonwool fibers (e.g., med and kemp). The objectives of this study were to compare BW and wool characteristics of Rambouillet, Polypay, and Romanov-White Dorper × Rambouillet (RW-RA) ewes under extensive rangeland management conditions. Ewe BW was collected before mating (fall) and 30 d postlambing (spring) each year from 1 yr up to 4 yr of age. In spring and fall, Rambouillet and Polypay ewes were similar in BW (P ≥ 0.94). Spring BW did not differ (P = 0.13) between RW-RA and Polypay, but Rambouillet ewes were heavier than RW-RA in the spring (P = 0.02). Both Rambouillet and Polypay ewes were heavier (P < 0.07) than RW-RA in the fall. Greasy fleece weight and mid-side wool samples were collected from ewes at 1 and 4 yr of age. Clean fleece weights (CFW) were estimated from average laboratory scoured yield of mid-side wool samples composited within-breed. Average fiber diameter (AFD), SD of fiber diameter (SD-FD), and percentage med (%M), kemp (%K), and total medullated fibers (%T) were quantified on individual mid-side wool samples. There was no difference in 1-yr-old CFW among breed types (P ≥ 0.96). Four-yr-old Rambouillet ewes had heavier CFW (2.29 kg; P < 0.001) than 4-yr-old Polypay (1.83 kg) and RW-RA ewes (1.86 kg), which were not different (P > 0.99). Within 1- and 4-yr-olds, AFD differed among breed type (P < 0.001) and was the finest for Rambouillet (20.1 and 21.9 µm, respectively), intermediate for RW-RA (22.8 and 24.8 µm), and coarsest for Polypay (24.2 and 26.7 µm). Also within 1- and 4-yr olds, SD-FD was lowest in Rambouillet, intermediate in Polypay, and greatest in RW-RA (P < 0.01). Wool from RW-RA ewes had greater %M, %K, and %T (P < 0.001) than wool from Rambouillet and Polypay ewes, which were not different (P > 0.99). Results indicated superior wool production for Rambouillet compared with the coarser, more variable wool produced by Polypay and RW-RA. Still, past research reported greater lamb production in Polypay and RW-RA ewes which, under recent market conditions, would be associated with greater annual gross revenue for these breed types than for Rambouillet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Murphy
- USDA, ARS, Roman L. Hruska U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE
| | | | - David R Notter
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA
| | - Michelle R Mousel
- USDA, ARS, Range Sheep Production Efficiency Research Unit, U.S. Sheep Experiment Station, Dubois, ID
| | - Gregory S Lewis
- USDA, ARS, Range Sheep Production Efficiency Research Unit, U.S. Sheep Experiment Station, Dubois, ID
| | - J Bret Taylor
- USDA, ARS, Range Sheep Production Efficiency Research Unit, U.S. Sheep Experiment Station, Dubois, ID
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Ishaq SL, Page CM, Yeoman CJ, Murphy TW, Van Emon ML, Stewart WC. Zinc AA supplementation alters yearling ram rumen bacterial communities but zinc sulfate supplementation does not. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:687-697. [PMID: 30508094 PMCID: PMC6358250 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the body of research into Zn for human and animal health and productivity, very little work has been done to discern whether this benefit is exerted solely on the host organism, or whether there is some effect of dietary Zn upon the gastrointestinal microbiota, particularly in ruminants. We hypothesized that (i) supplementation with Zn would alter the rumen bacterial community in yearling rams, but that (ii) supplementation with either inorganically sourced ZnSO4, or a chelated Zn AA complex, which was more bioavailable, would affect the rumen bacterial community differently. Sixteen purebred Targhee yearling rams were utilized in an 84-d completely randomized design, and allocated to one of three pelleted dietary treatments: control diet without fortified Zn (~1 × NRC), a diet fortified with a Zn AA complex (~2 × NRC), and a diet fortified with ZnSO4 (~2 × NRC). Rumen bacterial community was assessed using Illumina MiSeq of the V4 to V6 region of the 16S rRNA gene. One hundred and eleven OTUs were found with > 1% abundance across all samples. The genera Prevotella, Solobacterium, Ruminococcus, Butyrivibrio, Olsenella, Atopobium, and the candidate genus Saccharimonas were abundant in all samples. Total rumen bacterial evenness and diversity in rams were reduced by supplementation with a Zn AA complex, but not in rams supplemented with an equal concentration of ZnSO4, likely due to differences in bioavailability between organic and inorganically sourced supplement formulations. A number of bacterial genera were altered by Zn supplementation, but only the phylum Tenericutes was significantly reduced by ZnSO4 supplementation, suggesting that either Zn supplementation formulation could be utilized without causing a high-level shift in the rumen bacterial community which could have negative consequences for digestion and animal health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chad M Page
- Montana State University, Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Bozeman
| | - Carl J Yeoman
- Montana State University, Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Bozeman
| | - Thomas W Murphy
- Montana State University, Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Bozeman
| | - Megan L Van Emon
- Montana State University, Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Bozeman
| | - Whit C Stewart
- Montana State University, Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Bozeman
- University of Wyoming, Department of Animal Science, Laramie
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Knuth RM, Stewart WC, Boles JA, Page CM, Williams AF, Murphy TW. Evaluating the effect of South African Meat Merino breeding on pre and postweaning growth, feedlot performance, carcass traits, and wool characteristics in an extensive production setting. Transl Anim Sci 2018; 2:S163-S166. [PMID: 32704765 PMCID: PMC7200968 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txy036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Knuth
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman
| | | | - Jane A Boles
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman
| | - Chad M Page
- Animal Science Department, University of Wyoming, Laramie
| | - Andrew F Williams
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman
| | - Thomas W Murphy
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman,Corresponding author:
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Murphy TW, Stewart WC, Taylor JB. Factors affecting ewe somatic cell count and its relationship with lamb weaning weight in extensively managed flocks. Transl Anim Sci 2018; 2:S159-S162. [PMID: 32704764 PMCID: PMC7200898 DOI: 10.1093/tas/txy031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Murphy
- Department of Animal and Range Sciences, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT
| | | | - Joshua B Taylor
- USDA, ARS, Range Sheep Production Efficiency Research Unit, U.S. Sheep Experiment Station, Dubois, ID
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Murphy TW, Berger YM, Holman PW, Baldin M, Burgett RL, Thomas DL. Estimates of genetic parameters, genetic trends, and inbreeding in a crossbred dairy sheep research flock in the United States. J Anim Sci 2018; 95:4300-4309. [PMID: 29108066 DOI: 10.2527/jas2017.1844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
For the past 2 decades, the Spooner Agriculture Research Station (ARS) of the University of Wisconsin-Madison operated the only dairy sheep research flock in North America. The objectives of the present study were to 1) obtain estimates of genetic parameters for lactation and reproductive traits in dairy ewes, 2) estimate the amount of genetic change in these traits over time, and 3) quantify the level of inbreeding in this flock over the last 20 yr. Multiple-trait repeatability models (MTRM) were used to analyze ewe traits through their first 6 parities. The first MTRM jointly analyzed milk (180-d-adjusted milk yield [180d MY]), fat (180-d-adjusted fat yield [180d FY]), and protein (180-d-adjusted protein yield [180d PY]) yields adjusted to 180 d of lactation; number of lambs born per ewe lambing (NLB); and lactation average test-day somatic cell score (LSCS). A second MTRM analyzed 180d MY, NLB, LSCS, and percentage milk fat (%F) and percentage milk protein (%P). The 3 yield traits were moderately heritable (0.26 to 0.32) and strongly genetically correlated (0.91 to 0.96). Percentage milk fat and %P were highly heritable (0.53 and 0.61, respectively) and moderately genetically correlated (0.61). Milk yield adjusted to 180 d was negatively genetically correlated with %F and %P (-0.31 and -0.34, respectively). Ewe prolificacy was not significantly ( > 0.67) genetically correlated with yield traits, %P, or LSCS but lowly negatively correlated with %F (-0.26). Lactation somatic cell score was unfavorably genetically correlated with yield traits (0.28 to 0.39) but not significantly ( > 0.09) correlated with %F, %P, and NLB. Within-trait multiple-trait models through the first 4 parities revealed that 180d MY, 180d FY, 180d PY, %F, and %P were strongly genetically correlated across parity (0.67 to 1.00). However, the genetic correlations across parity for NLB and LSCS were somewhat lower (0.51 to 0.96). Regressing predicted breeding values for 180d MY, without and with the addition of breed effects, on ewe year of birth revealed a positive genetic gain of 2.30 and 6.24 kg/yr, respectively, over the past 20 yr in this flock. Inbreeding coefficients of ewes with an extended pedigree ranged from 0.0 to 0.29, with an average of 0.07. To optimize genetic gains and avoid excessive inbreeding, the development of a national genetic improvement program should be a top priority for the growing dairy sheep industry.
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Murphy TW, Berger YM, Holman PW, Baldin M, Burgett RL, Thomas DL. Factors affecting ewe performance in a crossbred dairy sheep research flock in the United States. J Anim Sci 2017; 95:1892-1899. [PMID: 28727024 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2016.1175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The Spooner Agricultural Research Station operated the only dairy sheep research flock in North America through 2016. The original nondairy ewe flock was "bred up" to a crossbred dairy flock through the use of rams and semen of the East Friesian (EF) and Lacaune (LA) dairy breeds. The objective of this study was to determine the environmental and nonadditive genetic effects that influence performance of dairy ewes. The traits analyzed were 180 d adjusted milk (180d MY), fat (180d FY), and protein (180d PY) yields, percentage fat (%F) and protein (%P) in milk, lactation average somatic cell score (LSCS), and number of lambs born per ewe lambing (NLB). The univariate repeatability models included the fixed effects of year of lambing, age, weaning system (except for the trait of NLB), individual breed composition, and individual retained heterosis along with the random additive genetic, permanent environmental, and residual effects. Estimates of heritability were moderate for 180d MY (0.32 ± 0.04), 180d FY (0.26 ± 0.04), and 180d PY (0.29 ± 0.04), high for %F (0.54 ± 0.04) and %P (0.61 ± 0.04), and low for LSCS (0.12 ± 0.03) and NLB (0.08 ± 0.02). Ewes that reared their lambs had lower ( < 0.01) 180d MY, 180d FY, 180d PY, %F, and %P and higher ( < 0.001) LSCS than ewes that had their lambs removed shortly after parturition. Relative to nondairy breeding, EF and LA breeding had positive ( < 0.001) effects on 180d MY, 180d FY, and 180d PY, but a negative ( < 0.03) effect on %P. Purebred EF ewes were predicted to have lower ( < 0.001) %F than purebred LA or nondairy ewes. Purebred LA ewes were predicted to have a higher ( < 0.001) LSCS than purebred EF or nondairy ewes. Purebred EF ewes were expected to be more ( < 0.001) prolific than purebred LA or nondairy ewes. Individual retained heterosis had a favorable ( < 0.01) effect on 180d MY, 180d FY, 180d PY, and NLB. Knowledge of the factors affecting dairy ewe performance are important for dairy sheep producers to make more informed husbandry and breeding decisions.
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Abstract
Lunar laser ranging has provided many of the best tests of gravitation since the first Apollo astronauts landed on the Moon. The march to higher precision continues to this day, now entering the millimeter regime, and promising continued improvement in scientific results. This review introduces key aspects of the technique, details the motivations, observables, and results for a variety of science objectives, summarizes the current state of the art, highlights new developments in the field, describes the modeling challenges, and looks to the future of the enterprise.
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Affiliation(s)
- T W Murphy
- Center for Astrophysics and Space Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0424, USA.
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Murphy TW, Goodrow SD. Polarization and far-field diffraction patterns of total internal reflection corner cubes. Appl Opt 2013; 52:117-126. [PMID: 23314626 DOI: 10.1364/ao.52.000117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Many corner cube prisms, or retroreflectors, employ total internal reflection (TIR) via uncoated rear surfaces. The different elliptical polarization states emerging from the six unique paths through the corner cube complicate the far-field diffraction pattern by introducing various phase delays between the six paths. In this paper, we present a computational framework to evaluate polarization through TIR corner cubes for arbitrary incidence angles and input polarization states, presenting example output for key normal-incidence conditions. We also describe a method to produce far-field diffraction patterns resulting from the polarization analysis, presenting representative images--broken into orthogonal polarizations--and characterizing key cases. Laboratory confirmation is also presented for both polarization states and far-field diffraction patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas W Murphy
- Center for Astrophysics and Space Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, MC-0424, La Jolla, CA 92093-0424, USA.
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Goodrow SD, Murphy TW. Effects of thermal gradients on total internal reflection corner cubes. Appl Opt 2012; 51:8793-8799. [PMID: 23262618 DOI: 10.1364/ao.51.008793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Uncoated corner cube retroreflectors (CCRs) operating via total internal reflection (TIR) are less susceptible to internal heating than their metal-coated analogs, lacking an absorber on the rear surface. Even so, environments that induce differential heating within the CCR will result in thermal lensing of the incident wavefront, introducing aberrations that will generally reduce the central irradiance of the polarization-sensitive far-field diffraction pattern (FFDP). In this paper, we characterize the sensitivity of TIR CCRs to axial and radial thermal gradients. We present simulated FFDPs for key input polarizations and incidence angles and provide a generalized analytic model that approximates the behavior of the central irradiance as temperature differences are introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott D Goodrow
- Center for Astrophysics and Space Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0424, USA
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Abstract
Gravitomagnetism--a motional coupling of matter analogous to the Lorentz force in electromagnetism--has observable consequences for any scenario involving differing mass currents. Examples include gyroscopes located near a rotating massive body and the interaction of two orbiting bodies. In the former case, the resulting precession of the gyroscope is often called "frame dragging" and is the principal measurement sought by the Gravity Probe-B experiment. The latter case is realized in the Earth-Moon system, and the effect has in fact been confirmed via lunar laser ranging to approximately 0.1% accuracy--better than the anticipated accuracy of the Gravity-Probe-B result. This Letter shows the connection between these seemingly disparate phenomena by employing the same gravitomagnetic term in the equation of motion to obtain both gyroscopic precession and modification of the lunar orbit.
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Affiliation(s)
- T W Murphy
- University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0424, USA.
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Murphy TW. From racist stereotype to ethnic identity: instrumental uses of Mormon racial doctrine. Ethnohistory 1999; 46:451-480. [PMID: 20499476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
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Murphy TW, McCollum WH, Timoney PJ, Klingeborn BW, Hyllseth B, Golnik W, Erasmus B. Genomic variability among globally distributed isolates of equine arteritis virus. Vet Microbiol 1992; 32:101-15. [PMID: 1332249 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1135(92)90099-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Equine arteritis virus (EAV), a non-arthropod borne togavirus, has been shown to have a global distribution. To date, no major antigenic variation has been demonstrated between EAV isolates from different geographic origins. In this study, the genomic RNA of EAV isolates obtained from horses of different breeds in various countries around the world was oligonucleotide fingerprinted. Comparisons of these fingerprints were used to determine the extent of genomic variation among such isolates. Comparisons among isolates from North American horses revealed, for the most part, oligonucleotide homologies of less than 60%. Only 29 of the 98 comparisons revealed greater than 60% oligonucleotide homology. Nonetheless, several comparisons indicated a close epidemiologic relationship between isolates from horses of different breeds located in different states. Though all European isolates were of Standardbred origin and were from horses located in northern European countries, the majority had oligonucleotide homologies of less than 60%. Where oligonucleotide homology was apparent, it was, with one exception, greater than 70%. The two isolates from New Zealand had 93.2% oligonucleotide homology. This is indicative of an extremely close epidemiologic relationship. Comparisons between EAV isolates from around the world revealed oligonucleotide homologies between viruses from North America, Europe and New Zealand. In several instances, this homology was greater than 70% and in one case greater than 80%. No oligonucleotide homology was evident in comparisons involving the virus from South Africa. The high level of genomic conservation between certain EAV isolates of disparate geographic origins may reflect dissemination of the virus associated with the international movement of horses. The extent of genomic variation demonstrated between most of the EAV isolates used in this study confirms the need for further investigation of genomic heterogeneity among strains of this virus before techniques that rely upon nucleic acid hybridization can be effectively applied as diagnostic procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- T W Murphy
- Gluck Equine Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40546
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Roy R, Murphy TW, Maier TD, Gills Z, Hunt ER. Dynamical control of a chaotic laser: Experimental stabilization of a globally coupled system. Phys Rev Lett 1992; 68:1259-1262. [PMID: 10046121 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.68.1259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
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Perry PL, Kronman BJ, Murphy TW. Ancillary department information systems. Comput Healthc 1986; 7:28-31. [PMID: 10300931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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Timoney PJ, McCollum WH, Roberts AW, Murphy TW. Demonstration of the carrier state in naturally acquired equine arteritis virus infection in the stallion. Res Vet Sci 1986; 41:279-80. [PMID: 3022363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The chronic carrier state was virologically confirmed in 15 thoroughbred stallions naturally infected with equine arteritis virus based on the results of test matings and, or, isolations of the virus from semen. Carrier stallions were shown to shed equine arteritis virus in the semen for at least one to two years. Existence of a short-term or convalescent carrier state was also demonstrated in five additional stallions. The frequency of the long-term carrier state in stallions naturally infected with equine arteritis virus was 35 per cent; it varied considerably between groups of stallions on different farms. The carrier stallion would appear to play an important epidemiological role in the dissemination and perpetuation of equine arteritis virus.
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Murphy TW, Mazzia VD. Bioengineering and anesthesia. Bull N Y Acad Med 1969; 45:301-7. [PMID: 5251251 PMCID: PMC1750268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Murphy TW, Mazzia VD. A hybrid computing system for monitoring in anesthesia. Trans N Y Acad Sci 1967; 29:414-9. [PMID: 5233740 DOI: 10.1111/j.2164-0947.1967.tb02271.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Murphy TW. Computer studies of respiration. I. Calibration and investigation of the tidal volume-dead space relationship. Med Biol Eng 1966; 4:59-64. [PMID: 6012340 DOI: 10.1007/bf02474786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Murphy TW. Computer studies of respiration. II. Postural variations in ventilatory parameters. Med Biol Eng 1966; 4:65-72. [PMID: 6003932 DOI: 10.1007/bf02474787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Murphy TW. Computer studies of respiration. 3. The carbon dioxide response curve: a case of spurious correlation. Med Biol Eng 1966; 4:73-85. [PMID: 6003933 DOI: 10.1007/bf02474788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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