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Kim CK, Choi JW, Jiao Z, Wang D, Wu J, Yi TY, Halsey KC, Eweje F, Tran TML, Liu C, Wang R, Sollee J, Hsieh C, Chang K, Yang FX, Singh R, Ou JL, Huang RY, Feng C, Feldman MD, Liu T, Gong JS, Lu S, Eickhoff C, Feng X, Kamel I, Sebro R, Atalay MK, Healey T, Fan Y, Liao WH, Wang J, Bai HX. An automated COVID-19 triage pipeline using artificial intelligence based on chest radiographs and clinical data. NPJ Digit Med 2022; 5:5. [PMID: 35031687 PMCID: PMC8760275 DOI: 10.1038/s41746-021-00546-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
While COVID-19 diagnosis and prognosis artificial intelligence models exist, very few can be implemented for practical use given their high risk of bias. We aimed to develop a diagnosis model that addresses notable shortcomings of prior studies, integrating it into a fully automated triage pipeline that examines chest radiographs for the presence, severity, and progression of COVID-19 pneumonia. Scans were collected using the DICOM Image Analysis and Archive, a system that communicates with a hospital’s image repository. The authors collected over 6,500 non-public chest X-rays comprising diverse COVID-19 severities, along with radiology reports and RT-PCR data. The authors provisioned one internally held-out and two external test sets to assess model generalizability and compare performance to traditional radiologist interpretation. The pipeline was evaluated on a prospective cohort of 80 radiographs, reporting a 95% diagnostic accuracy. The study mitigates bias in AI model development and demonstrates the value of an end-to-end COVID-19 triage platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris K Kim
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, 02903, USA.,Department of Computer Science, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Ji Whae Choi
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, 02903, USA.,Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Zhicheng Jiao
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, 02903, USA.,Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Dongcui Wang
- Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Thomas Y Yi
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, 02903, USA.,Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Kasey C Halsey
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, 02903, USA.,Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Feyisope Eweje
- Perelman School of Medicine at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Thi My Linh Tran
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, 02903, USA.,Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Chang Liu
- Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Robin Wang
- Perelman School of Medicine at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - John Sollee
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, 02903, USA.,Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Celina Hsieh
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, 02903, USA.,Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Ken Chang
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Fang-Xue Yang
- Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Ritambhara Singh
- Department of Computer Science, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA.,Center for Computational Molecular Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Jie-Lin Ou
- Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Raymond Y Huang
- Department of Radiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Cai Feng
- Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Michael D Feldman
- Perelman School of Medicine at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Ji Sheng Gong
- Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Shaolei Lu
- Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China
| | - Carsten Eickhoff
- Center for Biomedical Informatics, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Xue Feng
- Carina Medical, Lexington, KY, 40513, USA
| | - Ihab Kamel
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Ronnie Sebro
- Perelman School of Medicine at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Michael K Atalay
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, 02903, USA.,Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Terrance Healey
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, 02903, USA.,Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Yong Fan
- Perelman School of Medicine at University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Wei-Hua Liao
- Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410011, China.
| | - Jianxin Wang
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Harrison X Bai
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, RI, 02903, USA. .,Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA. .,Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA.
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3
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Jiao Z, Choi JW, Halsey K, Tran TML, Hsieh B, Wang D, Eweje F, Wang R, Chang K, Wu J, Collins SA, Yi TY, Delworth AT, Liu T, Healey TT, Lu S, Wang J, Feng X, Atalay MK, Yang L, Feldman M, Zhang PJL, Liao WH, Fan Y, Bai HX. Prognostication of patients with COVID-19 using artificial intelligence based on chest x-rays and clinical data: a retrospective study. Lancet Digit Health 2021; 3:e286-e294. [PMID: 33773969 PMCID: PMC7990487 DOI: 10.1016/s2589-7500(21)00039-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chest x-ray is a relatively accessible, inexpensive, fast imaging modality that might be valuable in the prognostication of patients with COVID-19. We aimed to develop and evaluate an artificial intelligence system using chest x-rays and clinical data to predict disease severity and progression in patients with COVID-19. METHODS We did a retrospective study in multiple hospitals in the University of Pennsylvania Health System in Philadelphia, PA, USA, and Brown University affiliated hospitals in Providence, RI, USA. Patients who presented to a hospital in the University of Pennsylvania Health System via the emergency department, with a diagnosis of COVID-19 confirmed by RT-PCR and with an available chest x-ray from their initial presentation or admission, were retrospectively identified and randomly divided into training, validation, and test sets (7:1:2). Using the chest x-rays as input to an EfficientNet deep neural network and clinical data, models were trained to predict the binary outcome of disease severity (ie, critical or non-critical). The deep-learning features extracted from the model and clinical data were used to build time-to-event models to predict the risk of disease progression. The models were externally tested on patients who presented to an independent multicentre institution, Brown University affiliated hospitals, and compared with severity scores provided by radiologists. FINDINGS 1834 patients who presented via the University of Pennsylvania Health System between March 9 and July 20, 2020, were identified and assigned to the model training (n=1285), validation (n=183), or testing (n=366) sets. 475 patients who presented via the Brown University affiliated hospitals between March 1 and July 18, 2020, were identified for external testing of the models. When chest x-rays were added to clinical data for severity prediction, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC-AUC) increased from 0·821 (95% CI 0·796-0·828) to 0·846 (0·815-0·852; p<0·0001) on internal testing and 0·731 (0·712-0·738) to 0·792 (0·780-0 ·803; p<0·0001) on external testing. When deep-learning features were added to clinical data for progression prediction, the concordance index (C-index) increased from 0·769 (0·755-0·786) to 0·805 (0·800-0·820; p<0·0001) on internal testing and 0·707 (0·695-0·729) to 0·752 (0·739-0·764; p<0·0001) on external testing. The image and clinical data combined model had significantly better prognostic performance than combined severity scores and clinical data on internal testing (C-index 0·805 vs 0·781; p=0·0002) and external testing (C-index 0·752 vs 0·715; p<0·0001). INTERPRETATION In patients with COVID-19, artificial intelligence based on chest x-rays had better prognostic performance than clinical data or radiologist-derived severity scores. Using artificial intelligence, chest x-rays can augment clinical data in predicting the risk of progression to critical illness in patients with COVID-19. FUNDING Brown University, Amazon Web Services Diagnostic Development Initiative, Radiological Society of North America, National Cancer Institute and National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering of the National Institutes of Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Jiao
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ji Whae Choi
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Rhode Island Hospital and Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Kasey Halsey
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Rhode Island Hospital and Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Thi My Linh Tran
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Rhode Island Hospital and Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Ben Hsieh
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Rhode Island Hospital and Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Dongcui Wang
- Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Feyisope Eweje
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Robin Wang
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ken Chang
- Athinoula A Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jing Wu
- Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Scott A Collins
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Rhode Island Hospital and Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Thomas Y Yi
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Rhode Island Hospital and Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Andrew T Delworth
- Department of Computer Science, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Terrance T Healey
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Rhode Island Hospital and Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Shaolei Lu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Jianxin Wang
- School of Computer Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xue Feng
- Carina Medical, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Michael K Atalay
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Rhode Island Hospital and Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Michael Feldman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Paul J L Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Wei-Hua Liao
- Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Yong Fan
- Department of Radiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - Harrison X Bai
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Rhode Island Hospital and Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA.
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