1
|
Askari I, Wenglorz L, Gajewski FJ, Jänner M, Vetter A, Askari A, Askari S, Balázsy Z, Bramer-Ugur S, Reinermann D, Nolting T, Meisenzahl E, Kujovic M. Predicting the role of coping factors on pandemic-related anxiety. Curr Psychol 2022; 42:1-10. [PMID: 35600263 PMCID: PMC9106324 DOI: 10.1007/s12144-022-03188-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The year 2020 saw the emergence of a worldwide pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus COVID-19. Measures against further spread of the virus were taken nearly everywhere in the world. Many countries also imposed social distancing rules and lockdowns on their population. This situation has caused a lot of fear and insecurity, along with reactance and even unrest in some countries. In this study, we measured the psychological concepts of resilience, reactance, positive schemas, social solidarity, and anxiety among psychiatric patients and in how far these factors influence their psychopathological anxiety during the pandemic. The aim was to better understand in what ways these factors influence pandemic anxiety to be able to reduce its negative psychological effects. Findings show a significant effect of positive schemas and social solidarity on the level of pandemic anxiety in a sample of psychiatric patients, but no correlation between resilience or reactance and pandemic anxiety. Based on these insights, the inclusion of positive schemas and social solidarity for therapy should be considered. Looking deeper into the relation between positive schemas and pandemic anxiety could provide insight into the different ways that schemas influence people's anxiety and determine whether some of them are particularly important.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iman Askari
- LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Kliniken der Heinrich-Heine Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | | | - Michaela Jänner
- LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Kliniken der Heinrich-Heine Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alicia Vetter
- LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Kliniken der Heinrich-Heine Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Amir Askari
- Iranian Institute of Schema Therapy, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Zsuzsánna Balázsy
- LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Kliniken der Heinrich-Heine Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Silke Bramer-Ugur
- LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Kliniken der Heinrich-Heine Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Dirk Reinermann
- LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Kliniken der Heinrich-Heine Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Thorsten Nolting
- LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Kliniken der Heinrich-Heine Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Eva Meisenzahl
- LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Kliniken der Heinrich-Heine Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Milenko Kujovic
- LVR-Klinikum Düsseldorf, Kliniken der Heinrich-Heine Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Horn A, Scheller C, du Plessis S, Arendt G, Nolting T, Joska J, Sopper S, Maschke M, Obermann M, Husstedt IW, Hain J, Maponga T, Riederer P, Koutsilieri E. Increases in CSF dopamine in HIV patients are due to the dopamine transporter 10/10-repeat allele which is more frequent in HIV-infected individuals. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2013; 120:1411-9. [PMID: 24057505 PMCID: PMC3779317 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-013-1086-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Dysfunction of dopaminergic neurotransmission has been implicated in HIV infection. We showed previously increased dopamine (DA) levels in CSF of therapy-naïve HIV patients and an inverse correlation between CSF DA and CD4 counts in the periphery, suggesting adverse effects of high levels of DA on HIV infection. In the current study including a total of 167 HIV-positive and negative donors from Germany and South Africa (SA), we investigated the mechanistic background for the increase of CSF DA in HIV individuals. Interestingly, we found that the DAT 10/10-repeat allele is present more frequently within HIV individuals than in uninfected subjects. Logistic regression analysis adjusted for gender and ethnicity showed an odds ratio for HIV infection in DAT 10/10 allele carriers of 3.93 (95% CI 1.72-8.96; p = 0.001, Fishers exact test). 42.6% HIV-infected patients harbored the DAT 10/10 allele compared to only 10.5% uninfected DAT 10/10 carriers in SA (odds ratio 6.31), whereas 68.1 versus 40.9%, respectively, in Germany (odds ratio 3.08). Subjects homozygous for the 10-repeat allele had higher amounts of CSF DA and reduced DAT mRNA expression but similar disease severity compared with those carrying other DAT genotypes. These intriguing and novel findings show the mutual interaction between DA and HIV, suggesting caution in the interpretation of CNS DA alterations in HIV infection solely as a secondary phenomenon to the virus and open the door for larger studies investigating consequences of the DAT functional polymorphism on HIV epidemiology and progression of disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Horn
- Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 7, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Carsten Scheller
- Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 7, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stefan du Plessis
- Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Gabriele Arendt
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Thorsten Nolting
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - John Joska
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | | | - Matthias Maschke
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Mark Obermann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ingo W. Husstedt
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Johannes Hain
- Institute of Mathematics and Informatics, Chair of Mathematics VIII (Statistics), University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tongai Maponga
- Department of Virology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Peter Riederer
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Eleni Koutsilieri
- Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Versbacher Str. 7, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abstract
After the introduction of antiretroviral combination therapy for the treatment of HIV infection in 1996 (highly active antiretroviral therapy = HAART, nowadays called combination antiretroviral therapy = cART), a steady decline in infection associated complications had been expected, especially with respect to central and peripheral nervous system manifestations. Until the beginning of the new millenium this hope came in fact true, but since then there has been a slow, but constant rise in the prevalence, and later on also in the incidence of directly virus-associated neurological complications in HIV infected patients. HIV-associated diseases that neurologists might see in their routine work include HIV-associated dementia (HAD) and its precursor stages, HIV-associated myelopathy, HIV-associated polyneuropathies and myopathies as well as the opportunistic brain infections and immune reconstitution phenomena (IRIS). This article describes practical diagnostic procedures according to the guidelines of the German Neurological Society and the respective therapeutic options.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Arendt
- Neurologische Klinik, Medizinische Fakultät der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Moorenstrasse 5, Düsseldorf.
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nolting T, Lindecke A, Hartung HP, Koutsilieri E, Maschke M, Husstedt IW, Sopper S, Stüve O, Arendt G. Cytokine levels in CSF and neuropsychological performance in HIV patients. J Neurovirol 2012; 18:157-61. [PMID: 22528475 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-012-0091-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Revised: 03/04/2012] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
HIV-associated dementia and its precursors are frequently observed complications of HIV infection, even in the presence of combination antiretroviral treatment (cART). The development, surveillance and treatment of this condition are still not completely understood. Cytokines, as immunological transmitters, may be one key to gaining a deeper understanding of the disease. A total of 33 HIV-positive male patients were evaluated by neuropsychological testing, lumbar and venous puncture, neuroimaging and neurological examination. The cytokine content in the CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) was examined by a solid-phase protein array. The Digit-Symbol Test, contraction time analysis, Rey-Osterrieth Figure and Grooved-Pegboard Test showed inferior results in the presence of an inflammatory CSF environment, whereas neuroprotective or anti-inflammatory conditions were correlated to better results in contraction time analysis. Higher CSF levels of cytokines were independently correlated with the duration of HIV infection. The study showed a correlation of cytokine levels in the CSF of HIV patients with test results of their neuropsychological functioning. The effect was pronounced with regard to the more complex executive tasks. Determining CSF cytokine levels may be a useful supplement to the assessment of HIV patients and contribute helpful information to predict neurocognitive performance. Therapeutic strategies to ameliorate a negative impact of an altered cytokine milieu may aid in slowing the evolution of neurocognitive dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Nolting
- Department of Neurology, Medical School, Heinrich-Heine-University, Duesseldorf, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Nolting T, Lindecke A, Koutsilieri E, Maschke M, Husstedt IW, Sopper S, Stüve O, Hartung HP, Arendt G. Measurement of soluble inflammatory mediators in cerebrospinal fluid of human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients at distinct stages of infection by solid-phase protein array. J Neurovirol 2010; 15:390-400. [PMID: 20001608 DOI: 10.3109/13550280903350192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate immune cytokine expression in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1)-associated dementia (HAD) using a novel cytokine array assay. HIV-1 induces a condition resembling classical subcortical dementia, known as HAD. The immune mechanisms contributing to HAD have not been elucidated. Cytokine expression in CSF was determined by solid-phase protein array in 33 neurologically asymptomatic HIV-positive male patients and were compared to levels in non-HIV controls and patients with HAD. Neurological examinations and lumbar and venous punctures were conducted in all patients and controls. Interleukin (IL)-1, IL-4, and IL-10, were up-regulated in all treated acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients independent of neurological status compared to controls. In contrast, interferon gamma (IFN-gamma), IL-1alpha, IL-15, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) were highly expressed in patients with HAD compared to undemented HIV-positive patients. These results show that solid-phase protein array can detect immunological changes in patients infected with HIV. Cytokine expression levels differ in different disease stages and in patients on different treatment paradigms. Pending further validation on a larger number of patients, this method may be a useful tool in CSF diagnostics and the longitudinal evaluation of patient with HAD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Nolting
- Department of Neurology, Heinrich-Heine-University, Duesseldorf, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Scheller C, Arendt G, Nolting T, Antke C, Sopper S, Maschke M, Obermann M, Angerer A, Husstedt IW, Meisner F, Neuen-Jacob E, Müller HW, Carey P, Ter Meulen V, Riederer P, Koutsilieri E. Increased dopaminergic neurotransmission in therapy-naïve asymptomatic HIV patients is not associated with adaptive changes at the dopaminergic synapses. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2010; 117:699-705. [PMID: 20454983 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-010-0415-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2010] [Accepted: 04/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Central dopaminergic (DA) systems are affected during human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. So far, it is believed that they degenerate with progression of HIV disease because deterioration of DA systems is evident in advanced stages of infection. In this manuscript we found that (a) DA levels are increased and DA turnover is decreased in CSF of therapy-naïve HIV patients in asymptomatic infection, (b) DA increase does not modulate the availability of DA transporters and D2-receptors, (c) DA correlates inversely with CD4+ numbers in blood. These findings show activation of central DA systems without development of adaptive responses at DA synapses in asymptomatic HIV infection. It is probable that DA deterioration in advanced stages of HIV infection may derive from increased DA availability in early infection, resulting in DA neurotoxicity. Our findings provide a clue to the synergism between DA medication or drugs of abuse and HIV infection to exacerbate and accelerate HIV neuropsychiatric disease, a central issue in the neurobiology of HIV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Scheller
- Institute of Virology and Immunobiology, University of Würzburg, Versbacherstr. 7, 97078 Würzburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Arendt G, Orhan E, Koutsilieri E, Maschke M, Sopper S, Husstedt IW, Lindecke A, Nolting T. Neuropsychologische Leistungsfähigkeit und veränderte Immunkontrolle im Liquor von HIV-Patienten. Akt Neurol 2009. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1238627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
8
|
Nolting T, Orhan E, Husstedt IW, Maschke M, Sopper S, Lindecke A, Koutsilieri E, Arendt G. HIV-assoziierte Demenz: Pathomechanismen in verschiedenen Stadien der Infektion. Akt Neurol 2009. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1238324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
9
|
|
10
|
Nolting T, Arendt G. Der Einfluss unterschiedlicher antiretroviraler Therapie-Regime auf den Langzeitverlauf neuro-cognitiver Veränderungen bei HIV-Infizierten. Akt Neurol 2008. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1086902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
11
|
Arendt G, Nolting T. Soll man Langzeit-Überlebende HIV-Infizierte mit asymptomatischem Verlauf antiretroviral behandeln? Akt Neurol 2008. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1086895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
12
|
Abstract
The non-nucleoside analogue inhibitor of the reverse transcriptase, efavirenz (EFV), has become commonly used in highly active antiretroviral combination therapy in the treatment of HIV infection. Although being effective in suppressing plasma viral load, neuropsychiatric side effects have been reported in individuals treated with EFV. There are early complications, such as acute psychosis resembling reactions to LSD intake, as well as nightmares occurring for several days up to 4 weeks after the start of therapy. Although LSD-like psychosis provokes the necessity of therapy discontinuation, the nightmares, as well as irritability and concentration problems in daily life, disappear after several weeks of treatment. Late complications are depressive episodes that must be carefully differentiated from pre-existing psychiatric disease and virus-induced brain damage. This review describes neuropsychiatric symptoms provoked by EFV, differential-diagnostic procedures and treatment options, and provides pro's and con's for EFV use in clinical practice with respect to drug safety.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Arendt
- University Hospital of Duesseldorf, Department of Neurology, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
von Geldern G, Cepok S, Nolting T, Grummel V, Adams O, Hartung HP, Arendt G, Hemmer B. The impact of CD8+ T-cell subsets on HIV replication in the cerebrospinal fluid. Akt Neurol 2007. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-987468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
14
|
Arendt G, Nolting T, Frisch C, Husstedt IW, Gregor N, Koutsilieri E, Maschke M, Angerer A, Obermann M, Neuen-Jacob E, Adams O, Loeffert S, Riederer P, ter Meulen V, Sopper S. Intrathecal viral replication and cerebral deficits in different stages of human immunodeficiency virus disease. J Neurovirol 2007; 13:225-32. [PMID: 17613712 DOI: 10.1080/13550280701315355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study is to clarify whether there are phases critical for the infection of the central nervous system (CNS) as defined by active viral replication in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. One hundred and nine HIV-1-positive homo- and bisexual patients in early and late disease stages with or without highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) were included in the cross-sectional, diagnostic (phase I) multicenter study. No patients had any overt neurological deficits; all underwent venous and lumbar puncture as well as neuropsychological testing. In untreated early-stage patients, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) viral load correlated with inflammatory parameters, but not significantly with neuropsychological abnormalities. CSF viral load and inflammatory reactions were suppressed in HAART-treated early-stage patients. In HAART-treated late-stage patients, there was a weak correlation between CSF viral load and CSF cell count as well as a moderate correlation with immune activation markers and with distinct cerebral deficits independent of CSF viral load. Seventeen of the 109 patients had higher CSF than plasma viral loads and marked inflammatory reactions and immune activation. In patients with greater plasma than CSF viral loads, the factors contributing to cerebral deficits still need to be identified. The results suggest not only that there is an early "set point" for CSF/central nervous system (CNS) infection, but also that there is a subgroup of patients in whom intrathecal viral replication correlates with cerebral deficits. Lumbar puncture should be performed in all positive patients to identify members of this subgroup and to ascertain what characteristic factors they have in common in order to improve therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Arendt
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Dusseldorf (UKD), Dusseldorf, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Cepok S, von Geldern G, Nolting T, Grummel V, Srivastava R, Zhou D, Hartung HP, Adams O, Arendt G, Hemmer B. Viral load determines the B-cell response in the cerebrospinal fluid during human immunodeficiency virus infection. Ann Neurol 2007; 62:458-67. [PMID: 17703460 DOI: 10.1002/ana.21195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection of the central nervous system (CNS) is frequently associated with intrathecal immunoglobulin synthesis and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pleocytosis, but little is known about the B-cell response in the CSF of these patients. In this study, we investigated the relation between virus load and the frequency and phenotype of B cells in the CSF of HIV-infected patients. METHODS The distribution of T cells, B cells, short-lived plasmablasts, and long-lived plasma cells was analyzed by flow cytometry in CSF and peripheral blood of 33 patients with HIV infection compared with 12 patients with noninfectious CNS diseases. HIV RNA copy number in CSF and serum was quantified by kinetic polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS B-cell and plasmablast levels were increased in the CSF of HIV-infected patients compared with patients with noninfectious CNS diseases. Whereas CSF B cells were found at similar frequency during early and late stages of HIV infection, plasmablasts were more prevalent in the CSF during early infection. Plasmablasts in the CSF correlated with intrathecal IgG synthesis and even stronger with HIV RNA copy numbers in CSF, in particular, in untreated, early HIV-infected individuals. Initiation of antiviral treatment in therapy-naive patients strongly decreased HIV copy numbers and plasmablasts in CSF. INTERPRETATION Our findings demonstrate that HIV infection of the CNS triggers an early profound B-cell response, with plasmablasts serving as the main virus-related B-cell subset in the CSF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Cepok
- Department of Neurology, Heinrich Heine-University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Arendt G, Nolting T, Husstedt IW, Koutsilieri E, Maschke M, Sopper S, Riederer P, ter Meulen V. Muster neuropsychologischer Defizite bei HIV-positiven Patienten mit höherer Viruslast im Liquor als im Plasma. Akt Neurol 2007. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2007-987442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
17
|
Nolting T, Dotse J, Frisch C, Arendt G. Psychiatrische Komorbiditäten und ihr Einfluss auf den Verlauf der HIV-Infektion in einer deutschen NeuroAIDS Kohorte. Akt Neurol 2006. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-953385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
18
|
Arendt G, Jäger Y, Nolting T. Der Verlauf der systemischen und neurologischen HIV-Infektion bei Frauen. Akt Neurol 2006. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-953383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
19
|
Kraemer C, Nolting T, Arendt G, Evers S, Husstedt I. Cidofovir und HAART in der Therapie der AIDS-assoziierten PML. Akt Neurol 2006. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-953384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
20
|
von Geldern G, Cepok S, Nolting T, Grummel V, Hartung H, Adams O, Arendt G, Hemmer B. B cell responses in HIV infection of the central nervous system. Akt Neurol 2006. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-953033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
21
|
Arendt G, Nolting T, Husstedt I, Maschke M, Obermann M, Sopper S, Koutsilieri E, Riederer P, Kotsis V, ter Meulen V. Wann wird das HI-Virus für das menschliche Gehirn gefährlich? Akt Neurol 2006. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2006-953032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
22
|
von Giesen H, Adams O, Nolting T, Köller H, Arendt G. Korrelation der HIV-Liquorviruslast mit verschiedenen Phasen der HIV-assoziierten ZNS Erkrankung. Akt Neurol 2005. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-919178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
23
|
Nolting T, Koutsilieri E, Arendt G, Loeffert S, Husstedt I, Maschke M, Sopper S, Riederer P, ter Meulen V. Die Rolle des Monoamintransmitterstoffwechsels im Verlauf der HIV-1-assoziierten Enzephalopathie. Akt Neurol 2005. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-919179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
24
|
Vogel F, Nolting T, von Geldern G, Cepok S, Grummel V, Hartung H, Arendt G, Hemmer B. Analyse der erworbenen Immunantwort in Blut und Liquor von Patienten mit HIV Infektion. Akt Neurol 2005. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-919424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
25
|
Steinbach R, Schaal H, Nolting T, Schreiber M, Arendt G, Köller H. Different HIV-1 gp120 envelope protein mutants differentially affect calcium responses in cultured cortical astrocytes. Akt Neurol 2005. [DOI: 10.1055/s-2005-919425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
26
|
Arendt G, Nolting T. [Neurological manifestations of the HIV infection]. MMW Fortschr Med 2005; 147 Spec No 1:75-7. [PMID: 16385884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
As a result of improved therapeutic possibilities with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), an increasing prevalence of neurological complications of the HIV infection is observed. In particular, some authors now also describe a "morphogenesis" of the HIV-1-related encephalopathy. The current state of knowledge should be taken into account in the diagnostics and therapy of HIV-1-related encephalopathy, depression, progressive multifocal leukencephalopathy and polyneuropathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Arendt
- Oberärztin der Neurologischen Universitätsklinik Düsseldorf, Leiterin der neurologischen HIV-Ambulanz.
| | | |
Collapse
|